Special Issue Introduction: Crises in Policing

This paper reviews the nexus between criminal activity and terrorism. This interaction is often called the ’crime-terror nexus’ because of the links between criminal enterprises—including gangs and criminal cartels. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, irregular warfare waged by criminal armed groups, and ‘intelligence-led’ state responses to their interactions are discussed.

Book: David H. Bayley and John M. Perito, The Police in War: Fighting Insurgency, Terrorism, and Violent Crime (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010). ISBN: 9781588267290 (hardcover); 978162378292 (ebook)

This paper discusses the range of intelligence challenges and approaches to addressing the cross-cutting issues of crime, gangs, and terrorism. These approaches include fusion centers, terrorism early warning, and analysis/synthesis approaches. Tools pote

This chapter covers the early history of bandits including the role of bandits in revolution (e.g., Pancho Villa), the rise of urban guerrillas (e.g., Che Guevara and the Cuban Revolution, Carlos Marighella (the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla)) in Brazil and the Tupamaros in Uruguay, and the transition from ideological revolt to criminal insurgency. The later transition will focus on the transition to crime by the FARC and ELN in Colombia succeeded by Bacrim in Colombia, mega-gangs in Venezuela, and by Brazilian gangs (i.e., The Commando Vermelho and Primeiro Comando da Capital), followed by the rise of criminal insurgency waged by territorial (third-generation) gangs (including maras such as MS-13 and Barrio 18 in Central America) and criminal cartels. The nexus between prison gangs and criminal gangs and the emergence of criminal enclaves (such as the Triple Frontier and Ciudad del Este) will be explored. A common thread will be a discussion of crime and social banditry (Hobsbawm) as mechanisms of revolt. Urban crime and instability and the emergence of crime wars and criminal insurgency will be discussed in context of state transition, globalization, and the rise of transnational organized crime.

This article looks at the evolution of US domestic intelligence prior to and since 9/11 in light of the Capitol attacks. It also reviews the literature and practice of intelligence reform in the context of foreign comparative experience (France, UK, Canada, Australia). It looks at the promise of fusion centers, cocontemporay domestic intelligence models, and the continuing need for domestic intelligence reform.Additional Keywords: Domestic Intelligence, Intelligence Reform, Intelligence Fusion

Book: Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents, ed. C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly (Delhi: Oxford Academic, 2014), ISBN 9780198094883 (print), ISBN 9780199082896 (online), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198094883.001.0001.

This chapter describes the transport processes of radiative energy in a thin luminescent paint, including the absorption of excitation light through the paint layer and the luminescent radiation from the paint layer. The response of a photodetector to the luminescent emission is discussed.

This chapter describes PSP measurements in various flows in a range of facilities. Both intensity-based and lifetime-based PSP measurements in high subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flows are first described since PSP is a more effective technique in these flows. Then, unsteady pressure measurements using fast PSPs (porous PSPs) are discussed, which reveal oscillating shock waves interacting with boundary layers in transonic flows and supersonic impinging jet resonant modes. PSP measurements on blunt bodies, rocket models, circular cone, and scramjet nozzle in high-enthalpy hypersonic and shock tunnels using fast PSPs reveal complex shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions, shock-body interactions, and boundary-layer separations. PSP results in low-speed flows where a change in air pressure is very small are obtained when the temperature effect of PSP is carefully compensated and noise-reduction techniques are applied. PSP measurements on rotating blades can be made using the single-shot two-gate lifetime method, as demonstrated in several examples here. Porous PSP is a unique technique for surface pressure measurements in low-pressure flows, and the examples include a low-density impinging jet and wings in the Mars wind tunnel. Other PSP applications include measurements in cryogenic wind tunnels, sonic impinging jets, flight testing, and acoustic resonance box.

This chapter describes the time responses of PSP and TSP to unsteady flows, which are determined by the oxygen and thermal diffusion processes in thin paint layers, respectively. The solutions of the 1D unsteady oxygen diffusion equation for a PSP layer are given, which describe the pressure response of PSP, diffusion timescale, and effect of the layer thickness. Theoretical analysis and experimental data indicate that a conventional polymer PSP has a slow time response such that it is not suitable for unsteady flow measurements. In contrast, a porous PSP can achieve a short response time of about microseconds. The relevant topics of time responses of porous PSP are discussed, including the pore geometry, effective diffusivity, Knudsen diffusion, nonlinear quenching kinetics, and the effect of the luminescent lifetime on the time response. The time response measurement apparatus for PSP are described, including solenoid valve, shock tube, acoustic resonance tube, and fluidic oscillator. Similarly, the solutions of the 1D unsteady heat conduction equation for a TSP layer are described along with time response measurement setups for TSP.

This chapter describes the relevant physical processes of luminescence, including excitation, emission, oxygen quenching, and thermal quenching. The kinetic models for conventional and porous PSPs are discussed, while the model for TSP is considered a reduced case. These models provide the physical foundations for the design and characterization of PSP and TSP, measurement uncertainty analysis, and data processing.

This chapter describes typical PSPs that use platinum porphyrins, ruthenium polypyridyls, and pyrene derivatives as pressure-sensing molecules in different polymer binders. The absorption and emission spectra of these PSPs are described and the Stern–Volmer relations of these PSPs are given. Then, fast PSPs (highly porous PSPs) for time-resolved measurements in unsteady flows are discussed, which are based on anodized aluminum (AA), polymer/ceramic (PC) mixture, and poly(TMSP). Furthermore, AA-PSP and poly(TMSP)-PSP can work at cryogenic temperatures. Multiple-luminophore PSP is used to relax the requirement of a wind-off reference image and reduce the temperature effect on PSP measurement. The condition for designing an “ideal PSP” is discussed. Similarly, typical TSPs are described for steady, transient, and time-resolved measurements along with cryogenic TSPs. The desirable properties of PSP (or TSP) for wind tunnel testing are discussed. This chapter is supplemented by Appendix A on chemistry, Appendix B on paint calibration and formulations, and Appendix C on paint recipes.

This chapter describes the response of the luminescent emission of PSP (or TSP) to time-varying excitation light and the luminescent lifetime measurement methodologies, including the pulse method, phase method, amplitude demodulation method, and gated intensity ratio method. Uncertainty analysis of the lifetime-based methods for PSP is given, and typical lifetime measurements are described. Compared to the intensity-based method, the intrinsic advantage of the lifetime-based method is that a relation between the luminescent lifetime and pressure is not dependent on the illumination intensity. The lifetime-based methods were applied earlier to a laser-scanning system for PSP and TSP. Currently, multi-gated digital cameras with LED lights for illumination (particularly with the single-shot two-gate lifetime method) are popular for PSP and TSP lifetime measurements.

This chapter describes TSP measurements in various flows particularly hypersonic flows. TSP application is first demonstrated in a small shock tube that is commonly available in universities to study complex shock-induced flow over a wall-mounted cylinder. TSP measurements on a circular cone, an inlet ramp, the AGARD HB-2 standard model, and single and double fins in hypersonic wind tunnels are described. Then, TSP measurements on a circular cone in a quiet Mach-6 Ludwieg tube are discussed for quantitative heat flux calculation from TSP data and correction of the lateral heat conduction effect. TSP is used as a global diagnostic tool for boundary-layer transition detection on various models. Heat flux measurements in a sonic impinging jet are described as an example of TSP application to general heat transfer problems.

This chapter describes extended applications of PSP and TSP in other problems. Based on the mass transfer analogy, PSP as an oxygen sensor provides a global method to determine the film cooling effectiveness on various gas turbines surfaces such as flat plate, blade surface, blade tip, endwall, and leading and trailing edges. Unsteady film cooling measurements with fast PSP are described. Skin friction is related to surface temperature, scalar concentration, and surface pressure, and the exact relations between skin friction and these quantities can be derived from the fundamental equations in fluid mechanics. Therefore, a skin friction field can be extracted as an inverse problem from surface flow visualizations using TSP and PSP. Extraction of skin friction fields from TSP and PSP visualizations is demonstrated in three examples: water flow over a circular cylinder, dual colliding impinging nitrogen jets, and square junction flow. PSP can be adapted as a planar oxygen optode for global measurement of free oxygen distribution across the sediment-water interface, as demonstrated in two examples. Other applications include pressure-sensitive particles for simultaneous pressure and velocity measurements, oxygen distributions in fuel cells, and thermographic phosphor to measure surface temperature fields on a piston and a sidewall in a cylinder of an engine.

This chapter describes image and data analysis techniques for PSP and TSP. For quantitative measurements, cameras should be calibrated to establish the accurate relationship between the image plane and the 3D object space (Euclidean space) and then map data in images onto a surface grid in the object space. Analytical camera calibration techniques, especially the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) and an optimization calibration method, are discussed. For PSP and TSP measurements, an ideal camera should have a linear response to the luminescent radiance. A simple effective technique is described to determine the radiometric response function of a camera. The self-illumination of PSP and TSP may cause a significant error near a conjuncture of surfaces when a strong exchange of the radiative energy occurs between neighboring surfaces. The numerical methods for correcting the self-illumination are described and the errors associated with the self-illumination are estimated.

This chapter describes the intensity-based methods that are widely used in PSP and TSP measurements. A generic camera-based system is first described, which includes illumination sources, optical filters, digital cameras (CCD and CMOS cameras), and data acquisition and processing units. Then, a generic laser-scanning system is briefly described for PSP and TSP measurements. Furthermore, the basic data processing for the intensity-based methods is described. Uncertainty analysis of the intensity-based methods for PSP and TSP is a major topic of this chapter, including system modeling, error propagation, sensitivity coefficients, total uncertainty, elemental error sources, and measurement limits.

Criminal cartels and gangs dominate the illicit economy in Mexico. These organized crime groups challenge the solvency (specifically capacity and legitimacy) of the state in Mexico. Organized crime in Mexico is involved in a range of activities including extortion, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and petroleum theft. Criminal cartels, often called drug trafficking organizations, have diversified into other illicit activities specifically petroleum theft. This paper provides an overview of the rise of a specialized organized criminal entity: huachicoleros. Huachicoleros specialize in fuel theft and like their narco counterparts use corruption and violence to protect their illicit market. The rise of Cártel de Santa Rosa Lima (CSRL) is discussed as a salient case study. The volatile mix of corruption, violence, and economic instability will be assessed, and government and national oil company (PEMEX) response is discussed.