The postoperative hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (POHIM-RT) trial is a phase II study to evaluate toxicity following hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for cervical cancer. This study describes the results of a benchmark procedure for RT quality assurance of the POHIM-RT trial. Six participating institutions were provided computed tomography for RT planning and an IMRT plan for a sample and were instructed to delineate volumes, create a treatment plan and quality assurance (QA) plan, and submit the results of all procedures. The inter-institutional agreements on RT volume and plan results were evaluated using the kappa value and dice similarity coefficients. The simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) method was employed to generate a consensus target volume. The treatment volumes, organs-at-risk volumes, and results of the RT plan and QA reported by the institutions were acceptable and adhered well to the protocol. In terms of clinical target volume (CTV) delineation, there were differences between the institutions, particularly in vaginal cuff and paracolpium subsites. Consensus CTV was generated from the collected CTVs with the STAPLE method. The participating institutions showed considerable agreement regarding volume, dose and QA results. To improve CTV agreement in CTV, we provided feedback with images of the consensus target volume and detailed written guidelines for specific subsites that were the most heterogeneous.

미래전의 전쟁 패러다임은 대량의 병력 소모전을 지양하고, 다양한 형태의 전장 정보를 신속히 전달하고 정보우위를 점하는 네트워크 중심전(network centric war, NCR)으로 변화하고 있다. 특히 지휘, 통제, 통신, 컴퓨터, 전투체계를 망라하는 지상전술지휘통제(C5)와 전장감시체계(ISR: Intelligence Surveillance, and Reconnaissance)를 통합한 C5ISR 체계로의 점진적 전환에 대비하여 미래형 감시영상 융합체계를 개발하고 전력화하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문은 이를 위해, 과거의 감시영상 융합체계 사례들을 살펴보면서 기술적 변천을 이해하고 주요하게 관찰되는 기술들의 최신 동향 및 전망을 총체적으로 파악하여, 미래형 감시영상 융합체계를 위한 인프라와 프레임워크의 방향성을 설계하고 이를 구체화하는 노력을 제시한다.

최근 마이크로 서비스 구조(Micro Service Architecture: MSA)를 적용한 지능형 ICT 응용서비스가 크게 증가하면서, 이들과 효과적(Effectively)이고 유연하게(Flexibly) 연계될 수 있는 AI 컴퓨팅자원들에 대한 요구 또한 크게 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 상기한 AI 수요에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있는 클라우드-네이티브(Cloud-native) 기반의 SmartX AI 컴퓨팅 클러스터(SmartX AI Computing Cluster)의 개념을 제안한다. 여기서 클라우드-네이티브 컴퓨팅의 핵심 기술인 컨테이너 가상화와 컨테이너 오케스트레이션 기술은 분산 빅데이터/머신러닝 워크로드를 더욱 유연하고 동적으로 배포/운용할 수 있도록 도움을 준다. 제안하는 클러스터의 구성은 AI 컴퓨팅에 특화된 고성능 하드웨어와 오픈소스 소프트웨어를 중심으로 한다. 본 논문에서는 제시한 클러스터의 개념에 따라 실제 클러스터를 구축하기 위해 필요한 구체적인 하드웨어의 구성과 소프트웨어의 스택을 설계하고 제시한다. 그리고 제시한 설계에 따라 소규모 클러스터를 시험적으로 구축하여 보고, 구축된 클러스터의 기능들과 활용 방안에 대해 살펴본다. 또한 실제 빅데이터 및 분산 머신러닝 트레이닝 워크로드 운용 실험을 통해 스토리지와 네트워킹 측면에서 발생하는 병목(Bottleneck Points)을 도출하여 보고, 이를 개선하기 위한 소프트웨어 구성과 설정을 제안한다. 상기한 시도를 통해 제안하는 SmartX AI 컴퓨팅 클러스터와 실제 ICT 응용 서비스들과의 연계를 통해 효과적인 서비스 지능화의 가능성을 살펴본다.

We aim to provide a syntaxonomical scheme for the alpine tundra vegetation of volcano Mount Paekdu (Changbaishan) bordering China and North Korea. From the field investigations in 1991, 2004, and 2009 a total of 89 phytosociological relevés were sampled by the Braun-Blanquet method. Obtained data sets were analyzed by tabular hand-sorting technique. Syntaxonomic position and nomenclature of units were determined by comparison with mainly Japanese relevant communities. Ten rankless units in four physiognomic vegetation types were classified: alpine desert vegetation ( Papaver radicatum var. pseudoradicatum community, Minuartia arctica community, Polytrichastrum alpinum-Minuartia macrocarpa var. koreana community), alpine windswept dwarf vegetation ( Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum-Festuca ovina var. koreano-alpina community, Scirpus maximowiczii community, Oxytropis anertii-Salix rotundifolia community, Carex longirostrata-Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community), snow-bed vegetation ( Phyllodoce caerulea-Tofieldia coccinea community, Viola biflora-Calamagrostis langsdorfii community), and colluvial drainage channel vegetation ( Carex atrata-Sanguisorba stipulata var. riishiriensis community). The variation of the vegetation resulted from primarily the rock and soil particle size and soil mobility, and slope inclination. Some of the plant communities were regarded as local and endemic types. Yet we firmly believe that further researches are requested by much richer materials and syntaxonomical comprehensive evaluation in between elsewhere in the Pan-East Sea (Sea of Japan).

Abstract Background We evaluated the association between serum levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), bioavailable testosterone, and surgical Gleason score (GS). Methods We analyzed 793 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and 272 men with negative prostate biopsy. Serum levels of IGF‐1 and testosterone were measured before surgery or biopsy. Results The mean IGF‐1 levels of prostate cancer patients and men with a negative biopsy were 143.8 and 118.9 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Men with high serum IGF‐1 were more likely to have prostate cancer (highest vs lowest quartile, odds ratio [OR] = 3.35; Ptrend < 0.001). However, among men with prostate cancer, the mean IGF‐1 levels of those with low (GS ≤ 6), intermediate (GS = 7), and high surgical GS (GS ≥8) were 151.7, 144.1, and 132.9 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Using quartile analysis, high serum IGF‐1 levels were shown to be associated with a low risk of high surgical GS (OR = 0.464; Ptrend = 0.006). Serum bioavailable testosterone concentration was positively correlated with serum IGF‐1 level (r = 0.157, P < 0.001). High bioavailable testosterone level was also associated with a low risk of high surgical GS in patients without diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.569; Ptrend = 0.040). Among men with biopsy GS ≤ 3 + 4 (n = 460), upgrading to high surgical GS was more frequent in patients with low IGF‐1 level (≤116.0 ng/mL; 9.9%) or low bioavailable testosterone level (≤0.85 ng/mL; 9.3%) than in patients with normal IGF‐1 and bioavailable testosterone levels (2.6%; P = 0.004). Conclusions Serum levels of IGF‐1 and bioavailable testosterone show inverse associations with high surgical GS. This suggests that high‐grade prostate cancer develops independently of these two substances.

Reusing and recycling waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or electronic waste (E-waste) is a topic of popular interest. In particular, flat panel displays (FPDs) are at the center of this interest because they are widely used as television displays, computer monitors, and mobile phone screens. This work targets the minimizing of their recycling processing time in a recycling factory using a vision-based inspection system to sort the E-wastes based on their manufacturing information. The automatic vision inspection system is composed of two cameras, one for macro vision to check the size and another for micro vision to identify the model name from the label of the inspected waste. In the experiment, this vision-based system provides the disassembly process of FPDs in one minute and their model information in one second.

The crack-healing behavior of SiC ceramics with a large crack width has been studied as functions of coating and heat-treatment. The SiO2 colloid coating was carried out in two types of hydrostatic pressure coating and roll coating. The crack-healing was carried out one hour at 1173 K in air. The crack part formed SiO2 oxides until the critical time through a hydrostatic pressure method. The crack did not heal anymore if it exceeded the critical times. The crack part and the base part have many O components and Si components regardless of the times of coating and heat treatment. Furthermore, the combined hydrostatic and rolling coating method did not have nearly an effect on crack-healing for a large crack width over 1.4 mu m. A study for more effective healing of a large crack width must be carried out in the future.

Prediction of potential natural vegetation (PNV) requires autochthonous species distributions of a benchmark phytocoenosen. In Korea there remained unique forests or groves, i.e. a traditional Ma-Eul-Soop (MES), in the foothill zone which has influenced by the most aggressively anthropogenic activities since the Neolithic Age. Sachon-ri’s Garo-Soop (SGS) located at the southern-eastern Korean Peninsula has been reputed as the best conserved MES in Korea. We studied SGS for identifying components of the PNV. A total of 1,959 trees in the SGS were measured finescaled GPS locations and diameter at breast height (DBH). Distribution patterns of major species were interpreted by using the MES species ranking class (MSRC) framed by a matrix of phytogeographical and phytosociological autochthons. We consequently found that the SGS was composed of 29 autochthonous species. Cornus walteri , Hemiptelea davidii , Quercus aliena , Zelkova serrata , and Celtis sinensis were identified as the best matched PNV species to the floodplain behind riverbank. A lot of saplings occurring at the forest floor were the major components of PNV too. By the way many allochthonous species have been consistently introduced into the SGS in terms of a man-made forest of most previous works. We suggested that such PNV-unfriendly managements should be promptly stopped.

since convergence of IoT and Cloud, IoT-Cloud, has potential to provide futuristic IT services, there are many research about IoT-Cloud service. To keep pace with trend, we are studying and developing IoT-Cloud service. Goal of this service is reducing power consumption in server room. To design this service, we use microservice. Since it is set of inter-connection of functions, frequent verification is important. Therefore, we adopt Continuous Integration (CI). It is designed to build and running service in testbed automatically. It reduces integration effort. In this paper, we introduce our experience in automated deployment of SmartX IoT-Cloud services based on CI.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric benefits of a proton arc technique for treating tumors of the para-aortic lymph nodes (PALN).

다양한 ICT 인프라 기술들을 종합적으로 활용하는 클라우드의 대표적인 오픈소스 프로젝트인 오픈스택을 활용하여 멀티사이트 기반의 클라우드 인프라 구축 시 설치 복잡성 및 지리적인 제약으로 인한 인적, 시간적인 비효율성을 내포한다. 이러한 비효율성을 해소하기 위해 멀티사이트 환경의 오픈스택 실증테스트베드인 OF@KOREN SmartX 놀이터 (Playground)를 대상으로 리눅스 및 오픈스택을 설치/설정을 자동화하는 도구를 데브옵스 (DevOps) 개발 방법론에 따라 점진적으로 개발해왔다. 하지만 이전 개발도구들이 고정된 형태의 프로비저닝만을 제공한다는 한계를 해결하고자 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어 정의 인프라의 자원관리 구도에 따라 자동 설치/설정도구를 엮어 Playground 수준의 프로비저닝을 수행하는 SmartX 프로비저닝 프레임워크의 프로토타입을 설계, 개발한다. 그리고 멀티사이트 오픈스택 클라우드를 자동으로 구축하는 과정을 제시함으로써 프레임워크의 효율적인 놀이터 프로비저닝 기능에 대해 검증한다.

Flow field characteristics with outflow discharge from a collecting device in deep seawater while gathering manganese nodules have been analyzed by CFD. Numerical model is used for the analysis with CFD program of FLUENT. It is assumed that the collecting device is 4.5×5.4×6.7m with outflow speed = 1.75 m/s and the current speed = 0.1m/s.Overall seawater flow field characteristics are largely influenced by the outflow discharge from the collecting device and manganese nodule particle behavior. The outflow discharge effect reaches to about few times of the collecting device in back. As simulation results, flow velocity and streamline distributions are compared including turbulence kinetic energyvariation. This study will be useful for optimal design for manganese nodule collecting device system in deep sea.

Background: The incidence of intertrochanteric fracture has increased during recent years as life expectancy has also increased. Currently, orthopedic surgeons use various fixation methods for intertrochanteric fractures like, intramedullary (IM) nailing or dynamic hip screws and plates. The intramedullary (IM) nail with two integrated lag screws has been used recently in intertrochanteric fractures to overcome Z-affect phenomenon. However, no study is available in an Asian population. This prospective study was undertaken to document the clinical and radiologic outcomes of the IM nail with two integrated lag screws and its limitations in Asian patients. Materials and Methods: Osteosynthesis was performed using InterTAN nail in 100 patients with an intertrochanteric fractures followed up for at least 1 year after surgery. We evaluated the recovery rates to prefracture status, time to bony union and the incidence of complications. Results: Seventy four patients were available for at least 1 year followup examinations. Forty-five patients (60.8%) recovered prefracture status. Mean time to bony union was 18.3 ± 8.6 weeks. Intraoperative technical problems related to an unavoidable superior positioning of the lag screw occurred in five cases. Postoperative complications requiring reoperation occurred in three patients; two cases of varus collapse with cut out and one case of periprosthetic fracture. Conclusions: The IM nail with two integrated lag screws showed favorable outcomes in Asian patients with an intertrochanteric fracture even though several complications that were not previously reported with this nail were found. The proper selection of patients and careful insertion of two lag screws should be mandatory in Asian patients.