Introduction: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a less invasive treatment alternative for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) who are unable to move forward with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. This report describes a single-center experience with a nascent BPA program in the United States (US). Methods: All patients who underwent BPA between August 2018-2021 were included in this retrospective, single-center observational cohort. Pre-and post -procedure clinical information was collected, along with procedural characteristics. Results: Thirty patients began their BPA series during the study period. The majority of patients had segmental disease (n - 25, 83.3%). A total of 135 BPA procedures were performed on 417 segments. On average, patients completed 4.5 sessions and the majority of patients (n = 23, 76.7%) underwent more than 2. There were 24 episodes of hemoptysis and 20 procedural events that required treatment, typically with either heparin reversal or balloon tamponade. Of 26 participants with completed series, mean PA pressure (-6 mmHg, 95% CI-9 to-4 mmHg, p = 0.0001), PVR (-1.9 Wood units, 95% CI -2.9 to-1.0, p = 0.0002), and pulmonary compliance (-1.0 mL/mmHg, 95% CI-1.5 to-0.5, p = 0.0002) improved. Improvement was also seen in NYHA functional classification and walk distance (p = 0.01). Two deaths occurred, with one death peri-procedurally. Conclusion: This paper describes an early experience with BPA at a single US center. Improvement in non-invasive and invasive metrics were seen without adding a significant morbidity to an already high-risk patient population.

Introduction In-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with COVID-19 presents significant challenges to health care teams. Airborne precautions can delay patient care, place providers at high risk of virus exposure, and exacerbate an already stressful environment. Within the constraints of an ongoing pandemic, an efficient educational program is required to prepare health care teams for airborne isolation code blue. Methods This simulation was conducted in a room on the target unit using a CPR manikin to represent the patient. A “talk-through walk-through” scripted simulation directed learners (internal medicine residents, unit nurses, and other code blue responders) through a resuscitation using an airborne isolation code blue protocol. Key scripted events prompted role identification, communication, and item transfer. Learners self-assessed their airborne isolation code blue knowledge and skills and their confidence in providing quality care while maintaining safety using a pre-/posttraining 5-point Likert-scale survey. Results We trained 100 participants over a 5-month period, with 65 participants surveyed (43 respondents; 16 residents, 22 nurses). Following training, participants had a statistically significant (p < .001) increase in percentage selecting agree/strongly agree for all statements related to knowledge and skills specific to airborne isolation code blue protocol, as well as confidence in providing care while keeping themselves and their colleagues safe. Discussion Our simulation program allowed a small number of educators to feasibly train a large number of learners, let learners practice required skills, and improved learners’ self-assessed knowledge, skills, and confidence regarding quality and safety of care.

Objectives. This study aims to describe the safety and efficacy of revascularizing chronic total occlusions (CTOs) of the pulmonary arteries with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Background. BPA has emerged as an effective treatment for CTEPH patients when surgical treatment is not possible. Experience to date has suggested treating CTOs may be associated with excess risk and less procedural success relative to other lesion types. Methods. This study is a retrospective case series of all BPAs on CTOs for individuals with CTEPH at a single institution. Procedural approach, complications, and success rate over a 6-month period are described. Results. During the study period, 6 individuals with 15 CTOs were identified and intervened upon during 21 interventions. Success rate for revascularization was 62% per attempt and 87% per lesion. Techniques used for successful intervention include true to true lumen wiring (n = 7) and subintimal dissection re-entry with subintimal tracking and re-entry (n = 3), Stingray balloon (Boston Scientific) assisted re-entry (n = 2), and direct wire re-entry (n = 1). Wire perforations were relatively common and occurred in 62% of interventions, but rarely resulted in a change in clinical status. Conclusions. Although important barriers to routine intervention on CTOs in CTEPH remain, the current series suggests a higher success rate than previously reported experiences using CTO revascularization techniques including subintimal tracking and re-entry and Stingray balloon-assisted re-entry. Although the frequency of wire perforation was relatively high, the clinical ramifications of these complications were mild.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 79-year-old man with medical history of atrial fibrillation and esophageal cancer status post trans-hiatal esophageal resection and chemotherapy presented with altered mental status after outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). One month before presentation, the patient was seen at another hospital with severe anemia and melena requiring transfusion of multiple units of RBCs. No endoscopy was performed during that admission, but his anticoagulation was held. After follow-up with his oncologist, he was referred for outpatient endoscopy. His esophagogastroduodenoscopy demonstrated an intact esophagogastric anastomosis as well as two gastric ulcers with no stigmata of recent bleeding. The patient was discharged to home in good condition with normal mental status. Several hours later, he developed a deteriorating level of consciousness, prompting presentation to the hospital.

Background: It is not clear whether use of specialty palliative care consults and "comfort measures only" (CMO) order sets differ by type of intensive care unit (ICU). A better understanding of palliative care provided to these patients may help address heterogeneity of care across ICU types. Objectives: Examine utilization of specialty palliative care consultation and CMO order sets across several different ICU types in a multihospital academic health care system. Design: Retrospective cohort study using Washington State death certificates and data from the electronic health record. Setting/Subjects: Adults with a chronic medical illness who died in an ICU at one of two hospitals from July 2013 through December 2018. Five ICU types were identified by patient population and attending physician specialty. Measurements: Documentation of a specialty palliative care consult during a patient's terminal ICU stay and a CMO order set at time of death. Results: For 2706 eligible decedents, ICU type was significantly associated with odds of palliative care consultation (p < 0.001) as well as presence of CMO order set at time of death (p < 0.001). Compared with medical ICUs, odds of palliative care consultation were highest in the cardiothoracic ICU and trauma ICU. Odds of CMO order set in place at time of death were highest in the neurology/neurosurgical ICU. Conclusion: Utilization of specialty palliative care consultations and CMO order sets varies across types of ICUs. Examining this variability within institutions may provide an opportunity to improve end-of-life care for patients with chronic, life-limiting illnesses who die in the ICU.

Rationale: Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) typically undergo frequent clinical evaluation. The incidence and outcomes of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its impact on routine management for patients with pulmonary vascular disease is currently unknown.Objectives: To assess the cumulative incidence and outcomes of recognized COVID-19 for patients with PAH/CTEPH followed at accredited pulmonary hypertension centers, and to evaluate the pandemic's impact on clinic operations at these centers.Methods: A survey was e-mailed to program directors of centers accredited by the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Descriptive analyses and linear regression were used to analyze results.Results: Seventy-seven center directors were successfully e-mailed a survey, and 58 responded (75%). The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 recognized in individuals with PAH/CTEPH was 2.9 cases per 1,000 patients, similar to the general U.S. population. In patients with PAH/CTEPH for whom COVID-19 was recognized, 30% were hospitalized and 12% died. These outcomes appear worse than the general population. A large impact on clinic operations was observed including fewer clinic visits and substantially increased use of telehealth. A majority of centers curtailed diagnostic testing and a minority limited new starts of medical therapy. Most centers did not use experimental therapies in patients with PAH/CTEPH diagnosed with COVID-19.Conclusions: The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 recognized in patients with PAH/CTEPH appears similar to the broader population, although outcomes may be worse. Although the total number of patients with PAH/CTEPH recognized to have COVID-19 was small, the impact of COVID-19 on broader clinic operations, testing, and treatment was substantial.

Due to the limited number of critical care providers in the United States, even well-staffed hospitals are at risk of exhausting both physical and human resources during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One potential response to this problem is redeployment of non-critical care providers to increase the supply of available clinicians. To support efforts to increase capacity as part of surge preparation for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, we created an online educational resource for non-intensivist providers to learn basic critical care content. Among those materials, we created a series of one-page learning guides for the management of common problems encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). These guides were meant to be used as just-in-time tools to guide problem-solving during the provision of ICU care. This article presents five guides related to managing complications that can arise in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.

Due to the limited number of critical care providers in the United States, even well-staffed hospitals are at risk of exhausting both physical and human resources during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One potential response to this problem is redeployment of non-critical care providers to increase the supply of available clinicians. To support efforts to increase capacity as part of surge preparation for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, we created an online educational resource for nonintensivist providers to learn basic critical care content. Among those materials, we created a series of one-page learning guides for the management of common problems encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). These guides were meant to be used as just-in-time tools to guide problem-solving during the provision of ICU care. This article presents five guides related to the evaluation and management of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure and the basics of invasive mechanical ventilation.