The investigation of acritarch and prasinophyte assemblages from the Tangchih Formation of Lower Ordovician outcrops from the eastern Yunnan Province reveals the presence of 39 genera and 54 species. The assemblages are dominated by the genera Coryphidium, Dactylofusa, Leiosphaeridia, Lophosphaeridium, Micrhystridium, Polygonium, Rhopaliophora, and the galeate acritarch plexus. The first occurrences of Aryballomorpha, Aureotesta clathrata simplex, Barakella, Coryphidium, C. bohemicum, Dactylofusa velifera, Dasydorus, Peteinosphaeridium, Rhopaliophora, Striatotheca and Vulcanisphaera indicate that the age of the Tangchih Formation corresponds to the latest Tremadocian to Floian. The microflora can be correlated to the messaoudensis-trifidum assemblage of western Europe and coeval assemblages worldwide. In terms of palaeoecology, the composition of the palynomorph assemblage, together with sedimentological and trace fossil evidence, indicates a shallow-water environment in the study area during the late Tremadocian to early Floian. In the context of palaeobiogeography, the palynomorph assemblage contains elements of both the 'warm water' Aryballomorpha-Athabas-caella-Lua assemblage and the 'cold water' diacromorph acritarchs, possibly showing a mixed microflora in South China during the Early Ordovician. (c) 2025 Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Peri-Gondwana and Baltica acritarch provinces are easily recognized during the Early-Middle Ordovician, illustrating provincialism of the global phytoplankton. However, acritarch assemblages become increasingly similar with a general cosmopolitanism towards the Late Ordovician, although acritarch assemblages from Laurentia and Baltica differ from those from peri-Gondwana. Acritarch assemblages from South America, Baltica, Iran, and Siberia, and new material from South China and Tarim, provide additional data to better understand the Late Ordovician palaeobiogeographical evolution of the phytoplankton. Sselected papers were used to build datasets for Cluster Analysis (CA), Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Network Analysis (NA), to constrain acritarch palaeogeography. The global palaeobiogeographical distribution points to a clear acritarch provincialism during the Late Ordovician, particularly in the Katian, mainly controlled by palaeotemperature and palaeolatitude. A modified latitudinal diversity gradient shows the acritarch diversity peak moved from middle latitudes in the Early and Middle Ordovician to lower latitudes in Late Ordovician within the Southern Hemisphere. The peak of acritarch diversity correlates with strong palaeogeographical differentiation in the Katian. The proportion of cosmopolitan acritarch taxa is higher in the Hirnantian than in the Sandbian and Katian, which may be affected by the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME). Acritarch diversity in South America and North Africa increased in the Hirnantian and were less affected by the LOME, while those from the Middle East were affected moderately, and Baltica, Laurentia, Avalonia and South China were affected strongly. The different trends of the acritarch diversity changes in different palaeoplates could be linked to local environmental changes.

This study describes a Katian acritarch assemblage from the Wanhe section, northeastern Yunnan, South China, and discusses its biostratigraphic, paleogeographic, and paleoenvironmental implications. Thirty-eight samples were collected from the Zhenxiong, Lianfeng, Daduhe, and Lungmachi formations, with 11 yielding acritarchs from the upper Lianfeng and lower Daduhe formations. A total of 26 species assigned to 20 genera were identified, including 12 species in open nomenclature. Biostratigraphically, the assemblage is constrained to the late Katian (Ka4) based on co-occurring graptolitebiozones (Dicellograptus complanatus,D. complexus) andzirconU-Pb dates (444.65-442.99 Ma) from K-bentonites. Key taxa such as Baltisphaeridium aspersilumiferum, and Cheuletochroa homoia confirm a Late Ordovician age, with some taxa (e.g., Oppilatala sp.) suggesting Silurian affinities. Paleogeographically, the assemblage exhibits mixed affinities with Laurentian/Baltican (e.g., Baltisphaeridium, Hoegklintia) and Gondwanan/ peri-Gondwanan (low diversity, limited Navifusa) assemblages, supporting close links between South China, North China, and Tarim during the Katian. In terms of paleoenvironment, the assemblage reflects a deep-water setting (BA4-BA5) with a shallowing trend from the Daduhe Formation to the Kuanyinchiao Bed. A late Katian transgression followed by a latest Katian-Hirnantian sea-level drop may have influenced acritarch distribution. The dominance of Evittia remota, a cosmopolitan taxon, aligns with the "equatorial cold-water tongue" model, linking its occurrence to Late Ordovician climate fluctuations.

The key genetic variation underlying the evo-devo of ICS in Solanaceae may be further pinpointed using an integrated strategy of forward and reverse genetics studies under the framework of phylogeny. The calyx of Physalis remains persistent throughout fruit development. Post-flowering, the fruiting calyx is inflated rapidly to encapsulate the berry, giving rise to a “Chinese lantern” structure called inflated calyx syndrome (ICS). It is unclear how this novelty arises. Over the past 2 decades, the role of MADS-box genes in the evolutionary development (evo-devo) of ICS has mainly been investigated within Solanaceae. In this review, we analyze the main achievements, challenges, and new progress. ICS acts as a source for fruit development, provides a microenvironment to protect fruit development, and assists in long-distance fruit dispersal. ICS is a typical post-floral trait, and the onset of its development is triggered by specific developmental signals that coincide with fertilization. These signals can be replaced by exogenous gibberellin and cytokinin application. MPF2-like heterotopic expression and MBP21-like loss have been proposed to be two essential evolutionary events for ICS origin, and manipulating the related MADS-box genes has been shown to affect the ICS size, sepal organ identity, and/or male fertility, but not completely disrupt ICS. Therefore, the core genes or key links in the ICS biosynthesis pathways may have undergone secondary mutations during evolution, or they have not yet been pinpointed. Recently, we have made some encouraging progress in acquiring lantern mutants in Physalis floridana. In addition to technological innovation, we propose an integrated strategy to further analyze the evo-devo mechanisms of ICS in Solanaceae using forward and reverse genetics studies under the framework of phylogeny.

AbstractThe morphology and number of elements in the Early Triassic conodont apparatus of the genus Hindeodus, particularly Hindeodus parvus (Kozur and Pjatakova, 1976), still remain controversial. In order to shed light on the apparatus composition of this iconic genus, here we report two well-preserved conodont natural assemblages of Hindeodus from the base of Member I of the Feixianguan Formation (Induan, lower Griesbachian, in age) at Shangsi section, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. These two natural assemblages preserve direct evidence of the number, morphology, and arrangement of elements in the apparatus of Hindeodus, and in particular H. parvus. The apparatus of H. parvus consists of six morphotype elements with S, M, and P positions, showing the typical ozarkodinid 15-element arrangement. The S1-S4 array comprises a set of nine ramiform elements: a crown-shaped alate element without a ‘posterior’ process situated at the S0 position, two inner pairs of digyrate elements positioned at the S1–2 positions, and two outer pairs of bipennate elements located at the S3 and S4 locations. A pair of dolabrate elements occupy the M position outside the S array. The paired P1 and P2 positions are occupied by carminiscaphate and angulate elements, respectively. The 15-element apparatus architecture for the genus, resembles the well-known template of ozarkodinid model, further indicating the conservative architecture of the apparatus in Order Ozarkodinida spanning more than 250 million years.

The Early–Middle Ordovician peri-Gondwana and Baltica acritarch provinces are easily recognizable, illustrating a clear provincialism of global phytoplankton. However, acritarch assemblages have been reported to become increasingly similar towards the Late Ordovician, revealing a general cosmopolitanism, although, based on more recent studies, their assemblages from Laurentia and Baltica are reported to be rather different from those from peri-Gondwana. In this decade, new acritarch assemblages reported from South America, the Baltic region, Iran and Siberia, as well as the new material from South China and Tarim, provide additional data that help to understand the palaeobiogeographical distribution and evolution of phytoplankton during the Late Ordovician in more detail. The binary dataset was compiled based on published information from about 120 localities in South China, the Middle East, North Africa, South America, India, Bohemia, Avalonia, Laurentia, Baltica, North China, Tarim and Siberia. This dataset was used for Cluster Analysis (CA), Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), and Network Analysis (NA) to understand acritarch palaeogeography in the Late Ordovician. Re-evaluation of the global palaeobiogeographical distribution of acritarchs revealed their clear provincialism also during the Late Ordovician, particularly in the Katian. The Late Ordovician acritarch provinces were related to global climatic zones. The highly diverse acritarch assemblage normally existed around 30° in the Southern Hemisphere, which is similar to the latitudinal diversity gradient model proposed by Zacaï et al. (2021) for the Late Ordovician. The total diversity of acritarchs was highest and their palaeobiogeographical differentiation strongest in the Katian. The higher acritarch diversity recorded in this time interval may have resulted from their clearly developed provincialism. Acritarch diversity decreased rapidly at the end of the Ordovician, evidently due to the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME). The relative proportion of endemic taxa in the assemblages in different regions was very high during the main part of the Late Ordovician. However, as a consequence of the LOME, the relative proportion of cosmopolitan taxa increased in the Hirnantian and became higher than in the Sandbian and Katian. Acritarch assemblages from different plates (regions) reacted to the LOME differently and exhibited various diversity trends.

New palynological studies from the Xiaoyangqiao section (Jilin Province, north-east China), which has been selected as an Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point (ASSP) for the base of the Ordovician, confirms the presence of Goniomorpha Yin 1986 in intervals ranging from the late Cambrian (Furongian) to the Early Ordovician (Tremadocian), and allow us to clarify its morphology and affinities. Despite being compared originally to vesicular microfossils with processes arising from one pole, Goniomorpha lacks an enclosed cavity, so it cannot be classified as an acritarch in the strict sense. Instead, we find that the specimens originally described as Goniomorpha are actually part of a wider spectrum of morphologies that are identifiable as the pharyngeal teeth of priapulid worms. The best-preserved specimens resolve the 'processes' as denticles arising from an arch on the margins of a cuticular pad, sometimes with an extending spur and polygonal microstructure. Closely equivalent forms have been reported from Cambrian assemblages of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) and in situ on Burgess Shale specimens of the priapulid Ottoia. The findings from the Xiaoyangqiao section extend the taphonomic range of Cambrian-type SCFs into the Ordovician, and provide the first evidence for priapulids from the Ordovician of northern China. More generally, our results demonstrate the reciprocal insights from palynological and SCF-type processing for identifying problematic microfossils.

Palaeozoic acritarchs mostly represent organic-walled cysts of marine phytoplankton, and therefore, as primary producers, played an important role in the evolution of marine ecosystems. In this study, we use a selection of the most abundant acritarch taxa from the Cambrian and Ordovician of China to understand the evolution of the palaeoecological patterns of the phytoplankton over the period. The taxa are attributed to 40 easily distinguishable morphotypes, of which the precise palaeoenvironmental distribution from 60 localities is available. By placing the 40 morphotypes on inshore-offshore transects it can be concluded that acritarch microfloras were limited to inshore environments during the early Cambrian, and progressively extended from inshore environments to offshore marine habitats during the later parts of the Cambrian and towards the Early Ordovician, with a prominent shift near the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary, confirming the onset of the 'Ordovician plankton revolution'. In addition, the acritarch morphotypes evolved from low-diversity assemblages in the early Cambrian, dominated by simple spherical forms with limited ornamentation and simple process structures, to highly diverse assemblages with very complex morphologies in the Early and Middle Ordovician. During the Ordovician, the complex acritarch assemblages occupied most marine habitats, with palaeoecological distribution patterns similar to modern dinoflagellates. This article is part of the theme issue 'The impact of Chinese palaeontology on evolutionary research'.

The list of data source studies and selected dominant acritarch genera including their localities, formations, ages, and sedimentary facies.

对南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ6-X井1 460～3 600m井段80块样品进行了孢粉分析,除少数井段样品外,多数样品孢粉化石均较丰富.共鉴定孢粉80属85种,另见疑源类及沟鞭藻等孢型化石.根据孢粉特征分子和优势属种的分布规律,结合疑源类和藻类的分布特征,将1 460～3 600 m井段划分为4个孢粉组合:1 460～1 490m为Polypodiaceaesporites-Polypodiisporites usmensis组合,地层时代为早中新世,本组合含较丰富的沟鞭藻化石,指示了滨浅海沉积环境;1 670～2 180 m划分为Quercoidites-Tricolporopollenites-Cupulieroipollenites组合,时代为晚渐新世,疑源类和盘星藻Pediastrum含量高,揭示沉积环境为沼泽;2 210～3 090m为Pinuspollenites-Magnastriatites hawardtii组合,时代为早渐新世,含丰富的Pediastrum,指示了湖泊和沼泽环境;3 130～3 600m为Taxodiaceae pollenites-Alnipollenites-Granodiscus-Leiosphaeridia组合,时代为晚始新世,疑源类丰富,主要为湖泊沉积.

Background Species of the fungal genus Arthrinium (Sordariomycetes, Amphisphaeriales, Apiosporaceae) are often found on bamboo in Asia. They are endophytes, saprobes and important plant pathogens. The genus Arthrinium currently contains 92 species and is widely distributed in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania. New information In this study, a new species, Arthrinium bambusicola sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new taxon is characterised by oval to broadly or irregularly round, medium brown, multi-guttulate to roughened, granular conidia, with finely pale slits in the outer edges. Arthrinium bambusicola can be distinguished from the closest related species A. gutiae by its conidial characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses of a four-locus dataset (ITS, LSU, TEF1, TUB2) confirm that A. bambusicola is a distinct new species.

对北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷WZ5-X-Y井85份沉积样品开展了孢粉和藻类分析,探讨了钻孔所在区域古近纪—新近纪沉积环境的变化和植被类型的演替,并推断了气候条件的变化.研究结果显示,钻孔所在区域始新世—渐新世古湖泊发育,水域范围存在波动,渐新世整体上湖泊水域范围有所收缩,中新世湖泊进一步收缩,并持续受到海水入侵的影响.始新世钻井周边丘陵和低山地区发育以常绿栎和胡桃为主的常绿落叶阔叶混交林,湖泊周边生长桤木林,气候温暖湿润,渐新世的植被类型仍是以常绿落叶阔叶混交林为主,但是常绿林的缩小和针叶林的扩张则指示气温和湿度下降,中新世常绿林的扩张则指示了温度和湿度回升.

First Appearance Datums (FADs) of selected, easily recognizable acritarch morphotypes are assessed to determine their potential contribution to correlation between Lower and Middle Ordovician stages and substage divisions along the Gondwanan margin (Perigondwana) and between Perigondwana and other palaeocontinents. The FADs for 19 genera, species and species groups are recorded throughout their biogeographical ranges. The taxa investigated fall into three groups. Some have FADs at about the same level throughout their biogeographical ranges and are useful for long-distance and intercontinental correlation. Among these are Coryphidium, Dactylofusa velifera, Peteinosphaeridium and Rhopaliophora in the upper Tremadocian Stage; Arbusculidium filamentosum, Aureotesta clathrata simplex and Coryphidium bohemicum in the lower-middle Floian Stage; Dicrodiacrodium in the upper Floian Stage; Frankea in the Dapingian-lower Darriwilian stages; and Orthosphaeridium spp., with FADs in the Dapingian-lower Darriwilian stages of Perigondwanan regions and at about the same level in Baltica. Other taxa, however, have diachronous (or apparently diachronous) FADs, and this needs to be taken into account when using them for correlation. A second group of genera and species, comprising Striatotheca, the Veryhachium lairdii group and the V.trispinosum group, have a recurring pattern of FADs in the Tremadocian Stage on Avalonia and in South Gondwana and West Gondwana, but in the Floian Stage of South China and East Gondwana. The third group, consisting of Arkonia, Ampullula, Barakella, Dasydorus, Liliosphaeridium and Sacculidium, have FADs that are markedly diachronous throughout their biogeographical ranges, although the global FADs of Arkonia, Ampullula, Liliosphaeridium and Sacculidium are apparently in South China and/or East Gondwana. It is possible that diachronous FADs are only apparent and an artefact of sampling. Nevertheless, an alternative interpretation, suggested by recurring patterns, is that some as yet undetermined factor controlled a slower biogeographical spread over time, resulting in diachroneity.

8 9 First Appearance Data (FADs) of selected, easily recognizable acritarch morphotypes 10 are assessed to determine their potential contribution to correlation of Lower and Middle 11 Ordovician stages and substage divisions along the Gondwanan margin (Perigondwana) and 12 between Perigondwana and other palaeocontinents. The FADs of nineteen genera, species 13 and species groups are recorded throughout their biogeographical ranges. The taxa 14 investigated fall into three groups. Some have FADs at about the same level throughout their 15 biogeographical ranges and are useful for long-distance and intercontinental correlation. 16 Among these are: Coryphidium, Dactylofusa velifera, Peteinosphaeridium and 17 Rhopaliophora in the upper Tremadocian Stage; Arbusculidium filamentosum, Aureotesta 18 clathrata simplex and Coryphidium bohemicum in the lower–middle Floian Stage; 19 Dicrodiacrodium in the upper Floian Stage; Frankea in the Dapingian–lower Darriwilian 20 stages; and Orthosphaeridium spp., with FADs in the Dapingian–lower Darriwilian stages of 21 Perigondwanan regions and at about the same level in Baltica. Other taxa, however, have 22 diachronous (or apparently diachronous) FADs, and this needs to be taken into account when 23 using them for correlation. A second group of genera and species, comprising Striatotheca, 24 the Veryhachium lairdii group and the V. trispinosum group, have a recurring pattern of 25 FADs in the Tremadocian Stage on Avalonia and in South Gondwana and West Gondwana, 26 but in the Floian Stage of South China and East Gondwana. The third group, consisting of 27 Arkonia, Ampullula, Barakella, Dasydorus, Liliosphaeridium and Sacculidium, have FADs 28 that are markedly diachronous throughout their biogeographical ranges, although the global 29 FADs of Arkonia, Ampullula, Liliosphaeridium and Sacculidium are apparently in South 30 China and/or East Gondwana. It is possible that diachronous FADs are only apparent and an 31 artefact of sampling. Nevertheless, an alternative interpretation, suggested by recurring 32

新疆塔里木盆地西北缘阿克苏和柯坪地区达瑞威尔期末期至凯迪期中期地层发育良好,大湾西沟剖面、四十场剖面和铁热克阿瓦提剖面地层保存良好的疑源类组合.该组合包括20属36种疑源类,以棘刺类、光球类和梭形类占优势.塔里木盆地西北缘疑源类组合与国内、外同期组合对比表明晚奥陶世疑源类古地理分区性减弱,部分疑源类分子分布仅限于晚奥陶世,且古地理分布广泛,具有生物地层学对比的潜力.新疆塔里木盆地西北缘数条剖面疑源类组成和多样性变化的不同可能与小环境的差异有关.本研究中疑源类属种组成及多样性变化趋势和柯坪地区海平面变化一致,反映了萨尔干组到其浪组下部有一次海侵过程.

根据遥感图像和野外地质填图,本论文图示并阐述了青岛-崂山南部海岸地质、地貌特征.认为控制海岸方向主要因素是断裂构造及酸性岩墙.海岸的形成归因于构造作用,属于构造海岸.根据海岸与构造线方向,将区内海岸划分为纵海岸、横海岸和斜海岸.

The present paper reviews all investigations of Silurian acritarchs in China. Since Silurian acritarchs were first reported in China in 1978, significant progress has been made in Chinese Silurian acritarch research. A total of 30 scientific articles and theses have been published on Silurian acritarchs from China. The majority of these papers recorded acritarchs from South China, and most Silurian acritarch studies concentrated on the Llandovery. Two papers describing material thought to be Silurian have since been shown to be Ordovician acritarch assemblages. We have updated the systematics of the taxa in these reported assemblages and documented their biostratigraphic distribution within China. Investigations of Silurian acritarchs, however, are still very limited, and more research is needed for systematic, biostratigraphic, and palaeoecological interpretations.

Abundant dinoflagellate cysts have been found in the Lower Oligocene to Upper Pliocene drilling stratum of the Y-1,Y-2 and Y-3 wells in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea.Based on the diversity, abundance and the morphology of the dinoflagellates,Oligocene to Pliocene sedimentary environment in Qiongdongnan Basin was investegated. Five environmental evolution stages may be recognized.Stage I:Sea water began to invade in early stage of Early Oligocene,and in late Early Oligocene,it maintained a continuous rising of the sea level until the Late Oligocene.Stage II:As the abundance and diversity of dinoflagellates is very low in Early Miocene,it shows that the seawater became shallow in this stage.Stage III:This stage shows a high abundance and diversity of the dinoflagellates,it indicates the rising of the sea level in Middle to Late Miocene.Stage IV:The occurrences of key species which may be the transgression environment indicator,it shows the environment became the neritic sea in early stage of Early Pliocene.And in late Early Pliocene,the sea level continued rising.Stage V:The seawater of early Late Pliocene became shallow again compared with the late Early Pliocene.Based on the highest occurrence of dinoflagellates,it indicates a rising of the sea level, and the expanding of the transgression.

本次工作对来自南海北部大陆架地区琼东南盆地LS33-1-1井和LS2-1-1井渐新统—上新统的孢粉、藻类进行了系统研究.通过孢粉分析,确定孢粉植物群,恢复古植被,推测古气候,建立了与气候变化趋势相关的孢粉组合序列.结果显示,研究区内渐新统崖城组、陵水组时期的植被类型是热带、亚热带常绿阔叶林及针叶、常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件较温凉湿润;中新统三亚组时期植被发展为热带、亚热带常绿阔叶林及常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件暖而湿润;中新统梅山组时期是气候逐渐变化的过渡期;中新统黄流组的植被类型为亚热带针叶阔叶、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林,气候条件温凉略于燥;上新统莺歌海组山地植被中针叶林或针阔叶混交林多有分布,常绿阔叶落叶阔叶林混交林继续扩大,草本植物空前发展,气候趋于凉干.孢粉组合所反映的渐新世—上新世气候变化特征与全球气候变化趋势具有较好的可比性.通过孢粉、藻类资料对沉积环境进行了初步研究,研究区渐新世以近岸浅海的沉积环境为主,为陆架边缘到内陆架区,中新统梅山组及其以上地层应形成于距岸较远海水较深的浅海环境.

泥河湾盆地拥有较为丰富的旧石器时代晚期遗存,其中多处遗存包含楔形石核、锥形石核技术,其文化内涵在细石器研究领域具有重要意义.2002年7月,考古队员在盆地东部岑家湾台地北缘发现了二道梁遗址,随即进行发掘,揭露面积31m2,出土包含石制品、动物化石及骨制品等文化遗物2000余件.遗址埋藏于桑干河右岸第三级基座阶地上部,上覆黄土状堆积,文化层厚约0.2m,属水动力较弱的河流堆积.石制品原料多为采自附近阶地的砾石层或桑干河及洞沟河漫滩上的燧石;打片技术分为直接和间接两种,石核和石片全部使用锤击法,间接打片技术主要表现在船形石核的制备和细石叶的剥取上;石器类型包括雕刻器、刮削器及琢背刀.石器组合特征显示该遗址文化面貌属于典型的细石器工业.骨化石14C测年结果为18085±235 BP,属旧石器时代晚期的较晚阶段.二道梁遗址是泥河湾盆地中首次发现的以船形石核作为主要技术类型、且以此为代表的细石器工业遗存,对研究泥河湾盆地乃至中国北方细石器工业不同技术类型、及所蕴含的人类扩散与技术交流等学术问题具有重要意义.