The growing proximity and contact between companion animals and humans underscore the significant public health risk of zoonotic spillover, a core concern of the One Health framework. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging tick-borne zoonosis of increasing incidence, is capable of direct animal-to-human transmission; however, evidence detailing its transmission within households remains limited. This study documents a transmission chain involving a domestic dog, two owners, and a cohabiting cat. The owners developed symptoms approximately one week after exposure to their symptomatic dog, and the cat subsequently succumbed two weeks after the dog's death. High viral loads of SFTS virus (SFTSV) were consistently detected in samples from the patients and deceased animals. The S-fragment sequences from the patients showed 100% identity with those from the pets, confirming a common source. Phylogenetic analysis classified the virus as genotype D, and SFTSV was also detected in the shared household environment, indicating its role as a transmission hub. These findings provide clear evidence of multi-directional household transmission, demonstrating that companion animals can mediate cross-species transmission to humans and other susceptible species. Transmission likely occurred via infectious secretions, fomites, or potentially aerosols. In line with the One Health concept, our results emphasize the urgent need to implement enhanced surveillance of companion animals in SFTS-endemic regions and to establish integrated systems that disrupt transmission cycles among ticks, animals, and humans, thereby safeguarding public and animal health in tandem.

Introduction:In the context of globalization, the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases is continuously increasing. There is an urgent need to develop a scientific, dynamic, and practical tool that captures regional heterogeneity in importation risk, thereby facilitating more targeted prevention and control measures at ports of entry. Methods:We devised an extensible importation risk assessment framework by selecting key indicators through a Delphi expert consultation process and assigning their respective weights using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Taking monkeypox (mpox) as a case study, we applied the framework to the global mpox epidemic spanning from May 2022 to September 2025 under three risk scenarios: Clade I, Clade II, and a non-clade-specific (aggregated) scenario. We then analyzed the temporal evolution of major source countries, the spatial distributions of provincial risk levels, and the association between clade-specific importation risk indices and domestically reported mpox cases across the study period. Results:Our clade-stratified risk assessment framework demonstrates a high degree of consistency and reveals significant disparities between Clade I and Clade II in both international source contributions and provincial vulnerability. The importation risk associated with Clade I is predominantly influenced by Central African countries, particularly the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. In contrast, the risk related to Clade II is primarily associated with the United States and Southeast Asian nations, such as Thailand and the Philippines. Provincial importation risks generally adhere to a spatial pattern of "east-high, west-low": Shandong Province consistently exhibits a very high risk under Clade I, while Fujian Province maintains a very high risk under Clade II. Notably, the Clade II-specific risk index exhibited a statistically significant positive correlation with national mpox case counts (Spearman's ρ=0.50, P<0.05), whereas the non-clade-specific (aggregated) index did not (ρ=0.32, P=0.12). Conclusion:This framework effectively captures the structural shift in the sources of mpox importation risk and the regional heterogeneity in risk levels across PLADs in China. It thereby provides a risk-driven decision-support framework for prioritizing port-of-entry screening and tailoring surveillance strategies to high-risk areas.

Alectoris Chukar (Chukar) has been introduced to numerous countries for stocking farms or release for hunting purposes. China imported commercial chuckars in the 1980s, and Guangdong Province was the first province in mainland China to feed on this species on stock farms; however, few reports have described the species and amount of virus circulating in it. In this study, meta-transcriptome analysis was conducted to reveal the virome in 34 unexplained dead chukars in Guangdong, southern China, which identified 2 novel viruses and 1 known virus, including the Alectoris chukar Avian leukosis-like virus (ACALLV) in the family Retroviridae, the GD-Alectoris chukar orthobunya virus (GD-ACOBV) in the family Peribunyaviridae, and an infectious bronchitis virus strain GD-Alectoris chukar strain (IBV-GDAC). These findings are the first to reveal the virome of chukars in Guangdong Province, providing more information to identify the virus circulating in chukars.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), and bovine rotavirus C (BRVC) are common diarrheal viruses in cattle and pose significant threats to herds and humans. In this study, we collected 194 fresh fecal samples from adult cattle between September 2022 and January 2024 in Guangdong Province, China. We presented the genetic characteristics of 24 newly identified enteric virus strains in cattle, including two bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains (GD-GZ-01 and GD-GZ-02), one bovine norovirus (BNoV) strain (BYN7), and 22 bovine rotavirus (BRV) strains (BRVB, BRVC, and BRVH, representing groups B, C, and H, respectively). Genetic analysis was conducted via MEGA-X, MAFFT, RDP, SimPlot and Rstudio software. The reference strains’ related genes were retrieved from GenBank for comparison and analysis via MegAlign and Snapgene. The detection rates for BCoV, BNoV, and BRVC were 8.76

BACKGROUND:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is characterized by a high mutation rate. Although research has largely focused on PRRSV-2, the detection rate of PRRSV-1 in China is increasing. To investigate the prevalence and genetic variation of NSP4, a key gene in the regulation of host immunity, in PRRSV-1 in China, publicly available whole-genome sequence data and NSP4 sequences were obtained for analyses of nucleotide and amino acid homology, substitutions, and phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS:The nucleotide homology of NSP4 between 32 PRRSV-1 and 8 PRRSV-2 strains ranged from 57.3 to 62.4%, and the amino acid homology ranged from 58.6 to 64.5%. Among the 32 PRRSV-1 strains, the nucleotide homology of NSP4 ranged from 75.4 to 100.0% and the amino acid homology ranged from 81.3 to 100.0%. Comparisons of NSP4 amino acid sequences of 32 PRRSV-1 and 8 PRRSV-2 strains revealed a deletion at the 83rd amino acid residue in PRRSV-1 and mutations at various amino acid residues. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the PRRSV-1 strains isolated in China clustered into four subgroups of Subtype I Global: Amervac-like, BJEU06-1-like, HKEU16-like, and NMEU09-1-like strains. CONCLUSION:PRRSV-1 NSP4 exhibits similarities to Subtype I Global strains and clusters into four subgroups. Although it differs from PRRSV-2 NSP4 with a deletion in the 83rd amino acid residue, the amino acid residues of the catalytic triad are conserved. These findings have important implications for the development of secure and reliable detection methods as well as new drugs and vaccines and are expected to guide further research on PRRSV-1.

Having spanned thousands of kilometers from Africa through Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia through to the south eastern part of Eurasia in the recent decade, lumpy skin disease virus has now become entrenched in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and South Korea. In light of discovered findings on recombination, cluster 2.5 lineage strains are now dominant and continue to spread throughout Southeast Asia. To gain a better picture of the phylogenetic landscape in the field, whole genome sequencing of 11 LSDV isolates from Russia and Mongolia collected from 2021 to 2023 has been attempted to see the dynamics of recombination signals, as was shown for LSDV circulating in 2017–2019 in Russia and Kazakhstan. Deep sequencing performed direct from skin nodules along with data retrieved from Genbank provides the most recent update on molecular epidemiology of LSDV and demonstrates that no more mosaic variant of LSDV has been observed, and cluster 2.5 lineage is now the dominant lineage currently on the rise in the region with its own patterns of monophyletic evolution. These discoveries may help future investigations aimed at epidemiological surveillance and virus tracking in the context of currently identified lineages worldwide.

BACKGROUND:Chikungunya virus, emerging as an increasingly significant global health threat, poses significant uncertainty regarding the global risk of its endemicity and autochthonous transmission following importation. METHODS:In this study, we established a multi-source database spanning 70 years (1953-2023), synthesizing 4515 geolocated records of human, vector, and animal infections alongside clinical metadata. Three machine learning algorithms were utilized to analyze the ecological factors associated with CHIKV occurrences in regions characterized by endemic or autochthonous transmission following importation. Subsequently, the respective risk distributions of CHIKV occurrences were projected and used the SHAP method to rank feature importance and interpret model predictions. RESULTS:Machine learning frameworks that stratifying endemic zones and importation-transmission prone regions have revealed consistent ecological drivers, albeit with significantly discrepant rankings of feature importance. The habitat suitability indices of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, as indicated by the Shapley values analysis, were identified as the most significant contributing factors for endemic occurrence and autochthonous transmission following importation, respectively. Population density, human footprint index, precipitation, thermal conditions, and the habitat suitability indices of other mosquito vectors also play crucial roles in the transmission within the two regions. Notably, temperate regions with established Ae. albopictus populations, including southern United States, most parts of Western Europe, East Asia, West Asia and Australia, emerged as high-risk hotspots for autochthonous transmission following importation. CONCLUSIONS:This study assesses the potential risks of endemic occurrence and post-import autochthonous transmission of CHIKV, respectively. The frameworks provide insights for informing vaccine deployment strategies and mitigating globalization-driven arboviral threats.

Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a significant pandemic threat due to their cross-species transmission potential. However, AIV surveillance at the critical “migratory birds–poultry-exposed population” interface remains limited. Between 2021 and 2024, we implemented a prospective One Health surveillance program around Nansi Lake, monitoring AIVs in migratory birds, poultry, and environmental samples, as well as serological investigations against representative AIVs among migratory birds or poultry-exposed subjects. AIVs were detected in 2.1% (30/1417) of migratory bird samples and 10.2% (100/978) of poultry samples. Among these, we identified ten highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype viruses, one HPAI H7N9 virus, and five low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evidence of frequent genomic reassortment events involving H5 subtype viruses among migratory birds, poultry, and humans. Serological investigation also suggested that both migratory birds and the poultry-exposed population had a higher risk of getting AIV infection than the general control population, especially against the H9N2 virus. Our study emphasizes the importance of strengthening continuous prospective surveillance of AIVs among migratory birds, poultry, and their exposed individuals to prevent and control potential outbreaks.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is among the most serious infectious diseases of pigs worldwide. It is caused by PRRSV and frequently mutates and recombines. To date, however, there have been relatively few studies that have analyzed the GP2 membrane protein of this virus. In this study, we compared 570 nucleotide sequences of the PRRSV-2 GP2 protein obtained from the NCBI GenBank database, which were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. We selected 64 representative strains to investigate the genetic evolution and recombination of the GP2 protein in China. Lineages 1 and 8 were the most prevalent, while lineages 5 and 8 showed closer genetic relationships. The nucleotide similarities of the 570 GP2 sequences ranged from 83.0% to 100%, with amino acid similarities from 80.2% to 100%. Recombinant analysis indicated lineage 1 strains had the highest recombination probability. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed substitutions without deletions or insertions, with lineage 1 exhibiting the most substitutions and lineage 8 the fewest. These findings enhance understanding of PRRSV-2 genetic variation and provide a foundation for further studies on GP2 and vaccine development. IMPORTANCE:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused significant losses and posed threats to the swine breeding industry. To date, there have been comparatively few studies on the GP2 protein of PRRSV-2, and consequently, many unanswered questions remain regarding its pathogenicity-associated mechanisms and effects. We collected 570 nucleotide sequences of the GP2 protein of this virus and used these data to perform multifaceted analytical work in order to facilitate the understanding of the genetic evolution of this virus and recombinant mutations. These provide basic data for the follow-up study of GP2 and lay a foundation for further in-depth studies of this virus and vaccine development.

The recent Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlights the significant threat coronaviruses (CoVs) pose to public health. With their extensive cross-continental movements, migratory birds have the potential to serve as reservoirs and vectors for CoVs. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CoVs in birds in densely populated areas of Guangdong Province, China. Of the 128 samples collected from birds, six tested positive for CoVs (4.7%, 95% CI: 1.7–9.9%), and three complete viral genomes were obtained through viral metagenomics and PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two CoVs (MD_XN18 and SG_DWY40) belonged to the Gammacoronavirus genus, while one (CP_XN11) belonged to the Deltacoronavirus genus. Homology analysis revealed that the MD_XN18 strain discovered in mallards shares 95.6–97.4% sequence similarity with chicken infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs), providing direct evidence that migratory mallards can transmit avian IBVs. Recombination analysis suggested that two genomic regions of SG_DWY40 could originate from unknown sources through recombination, potentially leading to the expression of a novel viral protein, provisionally named NS3.5. These findings underscore the ongoing transmission and evolution of CoVs among birds in cities near Guangdong Province, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring and research.

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) has made China its habitat for approximately 25 years, but few reports have described the species and amount of virus circulating in it. Researchers are currently exploring viruses associated with RIFAs as potential biological control agents against invasive ants. The present meta-transcriptome analysis revealed the virome of red imported fire ants in Guangdong, southern China, which included 17 viruses, including Solenopsis invicta virus 4-GD (SINV-4) and Guangdong Polycipiviridae ant virus 1 (GPAV1) in the Polycipiviridae family; Solenopsis invicta virus 1-GD (SINV-1), and Guangdong Dicistroviridae ant virus 2-3 (GDAV2-3) in the Dicistroviridae family; Guangdong Iflaviridae ant virus 4-9 (GIAV4-9) in the Iflaviridae family; Guangdong Parvoviridae ant virus 10 (GPAV10) in the Parvoviridae family; and Guangdong ant virus 11-15 (GAV11-15). A total of 15 novel viruses and 2 known viruses were identified in this study. These findings reveal the virome of red imported fire ants in Guangdong Province and present a different result from that of a similar study reported in the United States, providing more choices for potential classical biological control agents against red imported fire ants in China.

Nuomin virus (NOMV), an emerging tick-borne virus (TBVs) identified in 2020, has been associated with fever, headache, and potential liver dysfunction in infected individuals. This study presents a novel TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR method designed for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of NOMV, facilitating early diagnosis. Utilizing Beacon Designer software 8.0, we optimized the PCR assay including the development of primers and probes to precisely target the conserved region of the NOMV genome, followed by optimization of primer and probe concentrations and annealing temperature. The resulting assay demonstrated robust performance, with standard curve represented by the equation y=-3.29x+39.42, a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.995) and an efficiency 99.53 %. Importantly, the method exhibited exceptional specificity, which did not yield cross-reacting signals from other TBVs, including Songling virus (SGLV), Beiji virus (BJNV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Yezo virus (YEZV), Alongshan virus (ALSV), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV). The assay's detection limit was remarkably low, reaching 10 copies/mu L, representing a 100-fold increase compared to semi-nested RT-PCR. Additionally, it demonstrated excellent repeatability, with coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-group tests consistently below 3 %. Clinical evaluations confirmed the assay's superior performance, highlighting its high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for NOMV detection. In conclusion, the method developed in this study provides a valuable tool to support timely management of NOMV infections, with significant implications for clinical practice.

Objective: Tick-borne pathogens have become emerging global health threats in humans and animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia , and Borrelia in ticks in southern China. Methods: Ticks were collected from animals and identified to the species level. Tick-borne Anaplasma , Ehrlichia , Babesia , and Borrelia were tested by PCR assays, and analyzed by sequencing and phylogenetics. Results: We collected 747 ticks, including Rhipicephalus microplus (n=225) and R. sanguineus (n=522), from pet dogs in Guangdong Province of southern China. Using PCR and phylogenetic analysis we showed that these ticks carried Anaplasma platys , Ehrlichia canis , Borrelia miyamotoi , Babesia vogeli , and an unclassified Ehrlichia species in Rhipicephalus ticks. Of these pathogens, B. miyamotoi was first found in southern China. A. platys , E. canis , and B. miyamotoi were zoonotic pathogens that infected both R. microplus and R. sanguineus , whereas Ba. vogeli only infected R. sanguineus , with a prevalence of 0.3%-1.5%. Conclusions: The results of this study showed diversity and complexity of tick-borne pathogens in Guangdong Province of southern China, implying the importance of tick-borne pathogen surveillance and control.

Tick-borne pathogens have become emerging global health threats in humans and animals, and it is crucial to characterize these pathogens in ticks infesting domestic animals. In this study, a total of 747 ticks, including 225 Rhipicephalus microplus and 522 R. sanguineus, were collected from pet dogs in Foshan, Southern China, and the presence of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, and Borrelia were tested by PCR assays, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, leading to the first discovery of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia miyamotoi, Babesia vogeli, and an unclassified Ehrlichia sp. in Rhipicephalus ticks. Of these pathogens, A. platys, E. canis, and B. miyamotoi were zoonotic pathogens to infect both R. microplus and R. sanguineus, whereas Ba. vogeli only infected R. sanguineus, with a prevalence of 0.3-1.5%. These results of this study showed diversity and complexity of tick-borne pathogens and importance of tick-borne pathogen surveillance and control in dogs in Foshan, Southern China.

Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) have increasingly caused a global public health concern. This study collected Rhipicephalus ticks in Guangdong, southern China to identify RNA viruses. Meta-transcriptome analysis revealed the virome in Rhipicephalus ticks, resulting in the discovery of 10 viruses, including Lihan tick virus, Brown dog tick phlebovirus 1 and 2 in the family Phenuiviridae, Mivirus and Wuhan tick virus 2 in the family Chuviridae , Wuhan tick virus 1 in the family Rhabdoviridae, bovine hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae , Guangdong tick quaranjavirus (GTQV) in the family Orthomyxoviridae , Guangdong tick orbivirus (GTOV) in the family Reoviridae , and Guangdong tick Manly virus (GTMV) of an unclassified family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of these TBVs were genetically related to the strains in countries outside China, and GTQV, GTOV, and GTMV may represent novel viral species. These findings provided evidence of the long-distance spread of these TBVs in Guangdong, southern China, suggesting the necessity and importance of TBV surveillance.

旨在提高新发现的牛丙型肝炎病毒毒株——广东湛江毒株(bovine hepacivirus-GDZJ,BovHepV-GDZJ)的检测及诊断能力,初步了解广东地区蜱携带BovHepV-GDZJ的情况,本研究结合宏转录组学、高通量测序及PCR技术,针对高通量测序结果中丰度高的基因区域,设计该病毒的巢式PCR特异性引物.通过优化巢式PCR方法的最佳退火温度,建立检测BovHepV-GDZJ的特异性巢式PCR检测方法.结果显示:本方法对该病毒标准质粒最低检测值为6.8 copies·μL-1;对沙粒病毒等蜱携带的常见病原均无反应;应用此方法对115份广东湛江的蜱样品进行了检测,测序结果显示,该批蜱携带BovHepV阳性率为46.08％(53/115).本研究首次在蜱中检测到BovHepV,揭示了BovHepV可能的传播途径,并建立了一套针对BovHepV-GDZJ株的特异性巢式PCR检测方法,为广东地区检测和预防BovHepV提供技术帮助,也为控制BovHepV的流行提供参考.

The authors have withdrawn their manuscript due to lack of relevant authorizations for data use. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding authors.

The novel coronavirus pneumonia in early 2020 broke out globally and was recognized by WHO as a public health emergency.It has caused great impacts on China's economy.Investors are also facing higher uncertainty risks, and many industries are facing a severe test.This paper selects tourism industry as the research object and uses event analysis to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry.According to the empirical results, COVID-19 has a serious and lasting impact on the tourism industry, which has suffered a setback in a short time.The results show that novel coronavirus pneumonia has a profound negative impact on the share price of tourism industry, and as the epidemic worsens, stock prices continue to fall, and the impact effect lasts longer.By studying the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry, we can provide scientific experience and suggestions for investors and the government to respond to the normalization of epidemic prevention and control and even unexpected events.

牛丙型肝炎病毒是丙型肝炎病毒属的最新成员,于2015年首次在德国牛血清中发现.目前已在7个国家发现了这种病毒,分为2个基因型和8个亚型,仅中国就存在至少4种牛丙型肝炎病毒亚型.牛丙型肝炎病毒宿主为牛科动物,具有嗜肝性,可引起牛的急性或持续性感染,给畜牧业的发展及相关从业人员的健康构成潜在威胁.牛丙型肝炎病毒基因组全长约8.8 kb,包含5'-端和3'-端非编码区及1个编码2 779个氨基酸的长开放阅读框(ORF),其中5'-端非编码区中存在核糖体进入位点.牛丙型肝炎病毒在牛群中呈高度流行趋势,已知检测方法主要为分子生物学诊断中的巢式PCR及免疫学诊断方法中的荧光素酶免疫沉淀反应系统(LIPS);随着新发病毒的不断发现,巢式PCR方法无法满足高度变异的牛丙型肝炎病毒,而已有的免疫学诊断方法也存在交叉反应现象.目前尚无有效的疫苗及其他治疗药物,养殖场缺乏对牛丙型肝炎病毒的重视及防控措施.因此,笔者从牛丙型肝炎病毒的病原学、流行病学、检测方法及防控等方面对国内外取得的最新研究进展进行综述,旨在提高国内对牛丙型肝炎病毒及其致病性的认知,为该病毒的研究和防控提供参考.

The genus Orthonairovirus, which is part of the family Nairoviridae, includes the important tick-transmitted pathogens Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus, as well as many other poorly characterized viruses found in ticks, birds and mammals1,2. In this study, we identified a new orthonairovirus, Songling virus (SGLV), from patients who reported being bitten by ticks in Heilongjiang Province in northeastern China. SGLV shared similar genomic and morphological features with orthonairoviruses and phylogenetically formed a unique clade in Tamdy orthonairovirus of the Nairoviridae family. The isolated SGLV induced cytopathic effects in human hepatoma cells in vitro. SGLV infection was confirmed in 42 hospitalized patients analyzed between 2017 and 2018, with the main clinical manifestations being headache, fever, depression, fatigue and dizziness. More than two-thirds (69%) of patients generated virus-specific antibody responses in the acute phase. Taken together, these results suggest that this newly discovered orthonairovirus is associated with human febrile illness in China.