N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q), a highly toxic environmental transformation product of the tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), persistently accumulates in soil via tire-wear particles, posing a potential threat to soil ecosystems. Therefore, in the present study, Eisenia fetida was selected as the test organism to conduct a 28-day exposure experiment to 6PPDQ. Three exposure concentrations of 6PPD-Q (10, 100, and 1000 mu g/kg) were set. Combining organismal, physiological, biochemical, molecular and transcriptomic approaches, we systematically investigated the ecotoxicity of 6PPD-Q in soil and its underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that 6PPD-Q exposure inhibited the growth, development and reproductive capacity of earthworms. Specifically, the growth inhibition rate and reduction rate of juvenile earthworms in the high-concentration group exceeded 60%. Meanwhile, the expression levels of related functional genes were downregulated. 6PPD-Q exposure induced the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby triggering a series of changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results of related functional gene assays and molecular docking (6PPD-Q with SOD and TCTP) further verified the aforementioned phenotypic changes and oxidative stress responses. In addition, oxidative stress further caused intestinal tissue damage and pathological changes in earthworms. Transcriptomic analysis identified 405 differentially expressed genes, revealing considerable perturbations in pathways related to xenobiotic metabolism, detoxification defense, lipid homeostasis, and DNA protection. Overall, this study provides multi-level data and scientific evidence, which supports the ecological risk assessment and environmental regulation of 6PPD-Q in soil ecosystems.

Humic substances (HS) are known to enhance soil structure, but their effects on the antibiotic resistance distribution in agricultural soils, especially under sulfonamide contamination, remain poorly understood. This study employed an indoor soil microcosm experiment combined with metagenomic sequencing to examine the effects of high molecular weight humic acid (HA) and low molecular weight fulvic acid (FA) on the dynamics of the antibiotic resistance in sulfamethazine (SM2) contaminated agricultural soil, with the aim of identifying key driving factors. The results revealed that both HA and FA, especially at 1 g/kg, increased the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including dominant genes, such as Sul1, Cmx, VanR, Sul2 and FloR. Additionally, HS application led to increased abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential ARG hosts, such as Actinobacteria. Notably, HA inhibited the growth of cultivable sulfonamide-resistant bacteria (SRB), while FA promoted their growth. However, the antibiotic resistance ratio of cultivable bacteria remained relatively high under both HS treatments, consistent with the elevated ARG abundance. This may be attributed to the enhanced competitiveness of Pseudomonas within the SRB community under HS exposure. Variance partitioning analysis (VPA) indicated that MGEs and microbial communities jointly contributed to ARG variation and were closely associated with the antibiotic resistome. This study provides new insights into the ecological risks associated with HS application in agricultural soils.

Agricultural soil serves as both a major reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and a habitat for diverse microorganisms, including plant pathogens and microbes relevant to human health. The dissemination of ARGs to plant pathogens exacerbate challenges in agricultural disease control, while spread to human-related microbes threatens public health. Beyond antibiotic selective pressure, non-antibiotic factors are receiving increasing attention. Difenoconazole (DFC), a widely used triazole fungicide essential for crop health, remains unclear in its impact on ARGs dissemination. Here, we found that DFC significantly enhances conjugative transfer of ARGs-carrying plasmids from Escherichia coli HB101 (E. coli HB101) to Pectobacterium carotovorum (P. carotovorum). DFC exposure induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the SOS response, increases membrane permeability, and upregulates conjugation-related trfAp, trbBp and porin ompC, ompF genes. Further analysis revealed that P. carotovorum exhibited no significant changes in environmental adaptability, indicating that the pathogen remains capable of stable colonization in agricultural soil following the acquisition of resistance. Concurrently, its pathogenicity remained largely unaltered, suggesting that the acquisition of resistance genes does not come at the cost of attenuated virulence. Extending to soil microbial communities, we confirmed that DFC reshapes community structure, broadens the RP4 plasmid host range, and promotes its transfer to diverse bacterial taxa, including gut-associated microorganisms. These findings demonstrate that DFC contamination not only promotes ARGs dissemination to a specific plant pathogen but also expands the ARGs host range within soil microbial communities, increasing the potential risk of ARGs spread from environmental reservoirs to human-associated microorganisms.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is extensively applied to farmland as both a pesticide spray adjuvant and soil conditioner, resulting in co-exposure with widely detected micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs). However, the mechanism by which PAM influences transport behavior of MNPs in soil is still poorly understood. We systematically investigated the influence of PAM coupling physicochemical factors (pH and anion) on the migration behavior of functionalized nanoplastics (PSNPs-COOH and PSNPs-NH2) within goethite-coated (FOS) saturated sand columns. Experimental results revealed that PSNPs-NH2 (45.05 ± 1.28% to 97.71 ± 0.13%) demonstrated superior mobility compared to PSNPs-COOH (16.10 ± 0.05% to 93.44 ± 2.01%) across all conditions. PAM enhances the transport of PSNPs in FOS through hydrogen bonding and surface modification. pH-dependent transport shows non-linear patterns, with maximum mobility at pH 7.0. Under anionic conditions, SO42- exhibits a stronger retention effect than NO3- due to enhanced charge shielding and hydrophobic interactions, which is consistent with the Hofmeister series. The molecular specificity of phosphate ions is demonstrated by their distinct forms and varying interaction modes of interaction with the medium and PSNPs. Quantum chemical calculations revealed binding energies of -17.84 kcal mol-1 for PSNPs-COOH-PAM and -7.67 kcal mol-1 for PSNPs-NH2-PAM complexes, indicating stronger interactions between PSNPs-COOH and PAM. These findings provide crucial insights into the fate and transport of functionalized NPs in agricultural soils and groundwater systems, highlighting the complex interplay among surface functionalization, mineral coatings, and dissolved polymers in controlling the mobility of NPs.

Agricultural systems are significant contributors to carbon emissions while also possessing substantial carbon sequestration potential. Understanding how agricultural carbon effects interact with food security is vital for reconciling China's 'dual-carbon' ambitions with sustainable food supply. However, quantitative assessment of their coupling relationship remains underexplored, particularly in major grain-producing regions like the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Here, we propose an integrated evaluation framework that combines Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets (IT2FS) to capture multi-uncertainties, and Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) with Relative Development Degree (RDD) to diagnose the relationship between agricultural carbon effects and food security. Applying this framework to nine provinces across the YRB from 2003 to 2021, the results revealed considerable interprovincial variation in both subsystems. Agricultural carbon sequestration outweighed emissions by approximately fivefold; meanwhile, food security remained generally stable yet vulnerable to quality and ecological constraints. Four distinct coupling trajectories were further identified: Good Coordination-Synchronous Development (Inner Mongolia), Intermediate Coordination-Synchronous Development (Ningxia, Gansu, Sichuan, Shanxi, Shaanxi), Intermediate Coordination-Carbon Effects Lagging (Henan, Shandong), and Low Coordination-Food Security Lagging (Qinghai), associated with variations in resource endowment, economic development and policy orientation. Our findings support tailored regional policies for synergistic advancement of low-carbon agriculture and food security in the YRB.

Acesulfame (ACE), an artificial sweetener, is increasingly being detected as an emerging environmental contaminant in aquatic systems. However, its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations, has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to a range of ACE concentrations, including environmentally relevant levels (0.01 and 1 mg/L) and a high mechanistic dose (10 mg/L) for 28 days, exploring the hepatotoxic effects and glycolipid metabolism disruption mechanism in the zebrafish liver. Based on the result of biochemical detection, gene expression and molecular docking techniques, we uncovered that ACE significantly inhibited antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) activities, induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Meanwhile, chronic high-concentration exposure exacerbated cell apoptosis. Notably, ACE inhibited AChE activity through hydrogen bonding and significantly increased GABA levels through GAD activating. Moreover, ACE disrupted liver glycolipid metabolism by reducing the expression of related genes, hindering glucose transport (slc2a2) and metabolism (ldha, g6pca1, dgat1b, fgf21), insulin synthesis (pdx1, foxa2, ins), and fatty acid oxidation (chrebp). This study demonstrated that ACE exerted multi-system toxic effects on zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations, and its widespread environmental residues need to be included in risk assessment systems. These findings elucidated the toxicity mechanisms of ACE in aquatic organisms, providing valuable scientific evidence for the environmental management of ACE.

Magnesium is an essential macronutrient for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) growth, as it participates in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and enzyme activation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tobacco’s dynamic response to varying magnesium concentrations remain unclear. This study combined physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses to explore the adaptive strategies of tobacco seedlings under complete magnesium deficiency (CK), deficient, optimal (T3, 4 mmol/L), excess, and toxic magnesium conditions. Magnesium deficiency/excess induced oxidative stress and inhibited growth, while T3 promoted agronomic traits. Transcriptomics of the CK and T3 treatment groups showed: 7 days (5,450 DEGs, 51.6

Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination is closely associated with modern agricultural practices. However, the stereoselective effects of widely applied chiral pesticides on resistance evolution remain insufficiently investigated. This study systematically explored the differential effects of benzovindiflupyr enantiomers on transmission of ARGs through long-term soil incubation experiments combined with metagenomic and in vitro studies. Results demonstrated that 1S,4R-enantiomer exhibited significantly longer half-life than 1R,4S-enantiomer. 1R,4S-enantiomer induced extreme enrichment of a few ARGs. 1S,4R-enantiomer persistently increased abundance of multiple ARGs. Compared with 1R,4S-enantiomer, 1S,4R-enantiomer more consistently enhanced abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) related to conjugative transfer. Moreover, 1R,4S-enantiomer primarily enriched specific genera within Pseudomonadota. 1S,4R-enantiomer simultaneously promoted abundance of multiple genera across both Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota, driving cross-phylum genera to correlate with shared ARGs. Genomic analysis confirmed that Pseudomonadota under 1S,4R-enantiomer treatment carried more ARGs and MGEs. In vitro transformation experiments ultimately validated that 1S,4R-enantiomer significantly enhanced transformation efficiency across multiple ARGs consistently, substantially exceeding 1R,4S-enantiomer effects. Overall, 1S,4R-enantiomer poses more significant risks for horizontal transfer of ARGs. This study elucidates enantioselective effects of chiral pesticides on transmission of ARGs, providing a foundation for improving chiral agrochemical risk assessment.

Difenoconazole, a triazole fungicide, exists in four stereoisomeric forms: (2R,4R), (2R,4S), (2S,4R), and (2S,4S)-difenoconazole. Significant differences in toxicity among these isomers were observed in HepG2 cells. The (2S,4S)-difenoconazole isomer exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability to 44.58% at 20 μg/mL, while (2S, 4R) had the weakest effect (85.47%). LDH release and oxidative stress markers (ROS and MDA) increased significantly, accompanied by elevated antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT), particularly in cells exposed to (2S,4S)- and (2R,4R)-difenoconazole. (2S, 4S) also caused severe DNA damage, cell cycle arrest (22.4% in G2/M phase), and apoptosis (24.45%), while (2S,4R)-difenoconazole had the least impact. Transcriptomic and molecular docking analyses revealed that (2S,4S)-difenoconazole affects key pathways, including p53 signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell cycle regulation, with strong binding to ROS and SOD proteins. This study highlights the stereoselective toxicity of difenoconazole, providing important insights into the environmental and health risks of chiral pesticides.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is pervasive in agroecosystems; however, species-specific toxic mechanisms in soil detritivores remain unresolved. Here, we investigated cross-level mechanisms of DEHP toxicity in two earthworm’s species, Eisenia foetida and Metaphire guillelmi, using an integrative framework combining histopathology, residue analysis, transcriptomics and metabolomics. DEHP induced significant tissue injury in both species, with more pronounced lesions observed in M. guillelmi. Although M. guillelmi exhibited slightly lower DEHP residues than E. foetida, it showed stronger molecular disturbances, suggesting higher sensitivity independent of body burden. These differences likely reflect distinct ecological strategies influencing bioavailability and physiological responses. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2673 differentially expressed genes in M. guillelmi compared with only 138 in E. foetida, demonstrating markedly divergent transcriptional plasticity between the two species. Metabolomic profiling similarly revealed broader metabolic disruption in M. guillelmi (138 differentially expressed metabolites, (DMEs)) compared with E. foetida (30 DEMs). Integrated pathway analysis indicated that DEHP perturbed arachidonic acid metabolism and KEGG-annotated oxytocin signaling in E. foetida, whereas lipid, amino-acid, and purine/pyrimidine metabolism were primarily affected in M. guillelmi. These alterations were consistent with oxidative stress, immune imbalance, and disrupted energy metabolism. Convergent evidence from omics and histological analyses supports species-specific mechanisms underlying tissue injury, with M. guillelmi being more susceptible at the molecular level. Overall, these findings provide mechanistic biomarkers and adverse outcome pathway-based evidence for effect-driven soil health assessment and species-sensitive ecological risk evaluation within a One Health context.

Humic acid (HA) is widely used as a soil amendment, but its role in modulating antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils is still not clear. Here, we conducted 60-day microcosm experiments using soils contaminated with sulfamethazine and tetracycline. We added HA at 0, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 g center dot kg(-1) and quantified its effects on culturable bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and community assembly. In sulfamethazine-treated soils (S_HA), HA led to a strong decline in SRB and resistance frequency. At 5 g center dot kg(-1), the richness of the sulfonamide-resistant community decreased by 74.5%. In tetracycline-treated soils (T_HA), HA addition produced a distinct pattern in which total culturable bacteria and ARB abundance increased, whereas resistance frequency decreased, suggesting that HA expanded the whole culturable bacterial pool rather than selectively enriching resistant bacteria. Across both antibiotics, HA strongly restructured resistant communities, with HA concentration emerging as the primary driver of beta-diversity. Quantitative PCR revealed time- and dose-dependent suppression of tetM, tetR, sul1, and sul2, and the class 1 integron gene intI1 declined by up to 90.48% at the initial stage under HA amendment. Niche-breadth analyses further showed that a weakening of deterministic selection was observed under high HA in S_HA. The combined evidence from soil physicochemical properties and SEM indicates that the effect of HA on antibiotic resistance is largely indirect, and by reconfiguring the soil environment and microbiome that host and transmit ARGs. Together, these results show that HA regulates antibiotic resistance spread by altering antibiotic bioavailability, community structure, and mobile genetic elements.

To achieve high-value utilization and harmless treatment of agricultural waste, this study investigated the role and mechanisms of three regulators, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), rhamnolipid (RL), and γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), in enhancing wheat straw vermicomposting. Results showed that ATP, RL, and γ-PGA enhanced the functional enzymatic activities in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) and microorganisms, thus accelerating organic matter decomposition, nutrient accumulation, and removal of specific toxins and pesticides, including deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), prothioconazole (PTZ), and its metabolite prothioconazole-desthio (PTZ-d). Multi-omics analyses revealed that these regulators elevated microbial diversity and interactions, thereby boosting metabolic activity. These analyses further suggested that the enhanced metabolism was associated with the decomposition of carbon sources, transmembrane nutrient transport, and toxic substance efflux, resulting in the accumulation of terpenoids, sterols, and alcohols. The findings demonstrate that regulators accelerated wheat straw vermicomposting by boosting the activity of earthworms (E. fetida) and microbes. This study offers a feasible and eco-friendly regulator-assisted vermicomposting strategy for the safe, high-value utilization of wheat straw that simultaneously enhances compost quality and removes toxin and pesticide residues.

The widespread application and residual accumulation of polyethylene (PE) agricultural films in saline soils have contributed to the co-occurrence of PE particles and plasticizers such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Although the environmental presence of these agricultural film components is recognized, their combined ecological risks and the subsequent management challenges they pose remain poorly understood. The present study evaluated the comprehensive toxicity effects and ecotoxicological risk implications of DEHP alone and in co-exposure with PE on earthworms within a salinized soil environment using a multi-biomarker evaluation approach. The results revealed that both treatments induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, tissue damage, and molecular responses potentially linked to growth and reproduction. Notably, DEHP + PE co-exposure induced stronger comprehensive toxicity effects than DEHP alone in a concentration-dependent manner under the tested salinized soil conditions. To elucidate the underlying pathways and identify potential early-warning indicators for soil monitoring, transcriptomics and molecular docking were employed. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that solitary DEHP exposure primarily disrupted digestive metabolism and cellular processes. In contrast, co-exposure to DEHP and PE significantly impaired neural and vascular development pathways. Molecular docking analysis further supported these findings by illustrating the specific binding interactions of DEHP with key target proteins. Ultimately, the current study integrates multi-level biological evidence to support ecotoxicological risk evaluation of DEHP and DEHP + PE co-exposure, offering potential implications for future ecological risk assessment, soil monitoring, and sustainable management of agricultural plastic residues in saline ecosystems.

Widespread use of the novel chiral triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole (MFZ) poses a threat to soil ecological health. While previous studies have implicated energy supply disruption as a key mechanism underlying MFZ-induced toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida), the precise effects of MFZ enantiomers on energy metabolism remain unclear. Here, we utilized transcriptomics, targeted energy metabolomics, and bioenergetic indicators to investigate the impact of 4 mg/kg R(-)-MFZ and S-(+)-MFZ soil exposure on E. fetida energy metabolism. Based on the previous finding that MFZ enantiomers inhibit oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), further analyses showed that the TCA cycle is dysfunctional, characterized by reduced activities of the key enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. In response to energetic stress, metabolic reprogramming of OXPHOS to glycolysis transition was observed for the first time from E. fetida, as evidenced by elevated levels of key glycolytic intermediates and increased phosphofructokinase activity. Additionally, MFZ enantiomers induced enhanced fatty acid beta-oxidation by increasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase transcript levels and enzyme activity. Notably, S-(+)-MFZ exhibited a more pronounced effect on these parameters, highlighting its greater toxicity. These findings provide compelling evidence that MFZ enantiomers reprogram energy metabolism in E. fetida. The enantioselective nature of these effects underscores the necessity of incorporating chiral isomer considerations into ecological risk assessments to comprehensively evaluate potential health risks to ecosystems.

Pyrethroid pesticides have a significant position in the insecticide market. As a novel pyrethroid, momfluorothrin shows broad potential, thus necessitating elucidation of its environmental safety. This study investigated the fate and risks of momfluorothrin in the water-sediment system. Results indicated that momfluorothrin dissipated rapidly in water but tended to accumulate in sediments. Momfluorothrin posed high acute risks to water-sediment organisms with LC50 values of 0.049-0.132 mg/L. Exposure to low concentrations of momfluorothrin induced abnormalities in zebrafish behavior, antioxidant capacity, detoxification processes, and nervous system function. As the exposure period extended, the elimination rate of momfluorothrin in zebrafish accelerated gradually, increasing from 0.07 to 0.204 1/h. Moreover, the number of differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed metabolites involved in transport, immunity, and metabolic processes progressively increased as the exposure duration extended. Correlation analyses indicated that zebrafish upregulated the expression of the SLC family and immune-related genes, which enhanced the distribution and excretion of momfluorothrin in vivo, and improved immune competence, thereby reducing its toxic effects. AlphaFold2 predictions and molecular docking analyses revealed that the SLC2A9L and SLC22A6L proteins exhibit high affinity for momfluorothrin, with binding energies of -7.6 and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively. This indicated that these two proteins may play significant roles in the distribution and excretion of momfluorothrin within zebrafish. This study elucidated the fate, risks, and molecular mechanisms by which organisms respond to the exposure of momfluorothrin in the water-sediment system, which is significant for its safe and rational use.

With the exponential growth of modern agriculture, the excessive application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers has led to a progressive aggravation of organic contamination in soil environments. Among these emerging concerns, the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) demands urgent remediation efforts due to its high leaching potential and ecological persistence. This study investigated the effects of tea polyphenols (TPs) on the aerobic co-composting with imidacloprid-contaminated soil and agricultural waste, focusing on physicochemical parameters, reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme activities, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), humic substances formation, IMI degradation efficiency, and microbial community dynamics. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to identify key determinants influencing humification processes and IMI remediation outcomes. Results indicated that TPs supplementation enhanced redox cycling in the composting system. On day 17, hydroxyl radical (·OH) concentration in the TPs-treated group (T) reached 512.6 μmol/kg, which was 2.94-fold higher than that in the control (CK) group (264.3 μmol/kg). When composting was completed, the removal rate of IMI reached 91 % in CK, while that reached 100 % in T group, with humic acid (HA) content in the T group exhibiting a 13.2 % increase compared to CK. The integration of TPs into aerobic composting systems simultaneously enhanced humification and completely removed IMI. This dual-functional approach provides a novel integrated strategy for simultaneous soil organic pollutant remediation and humification improvement.

The structural heterogeneity of nanoplastics (NPs) significantly affects their transport behavior and ecological risks. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the synergistic influence of different structural features on the transport behavior of NPs. In this paper, the transport behaviors of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) with different particle sizes and surface functional groups under environmental factors were systematically investigated. With the particle size increased, the transport of PS-COOH was inhibited while PS-NH₂ mobility increased. This difference is due to the increase in particle size, which enhances the electrostatic repulsion between the medium and -COOH and reduces the electrostatic attraction between the medium and -NH₂. With the increase of IS and decrease of pH, the transport of PSNPs was reduced by the combined effects of double-layer compression and protonation. LMWOAs inhibited PSNPs transport via hydrogen bonding, and the inhibition degree depended on their types. The mobility of PSNPs under citric acid (CA) conditions was significantly higher than that under lactic acid (LA), which was related to the fact that CA contained more -COOH groups and had a stronger steric hindrance effect. DFT calculations further verified that CA had a stronger binding energy compared to LA. The above findings revealed the regulatory role of structural heterogeneity in the transport of PSNPs, clarified the colloid chemical-interface mechanism of PSNPs under different environmental conditions, and provided new scientific insights for a deeper understanding of the environmental risks of NPs.

Microplastics (MPs) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are ubiquitous emerging aquatic pollutants, with growing concerns over their ecological risks. However, their combined toxicity and underlying mechanisms in aquatic organisms remain unclear. This study investigated the combined toxicity and mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-DBCZ) in zebrafish liver and brain under individual and combined exposure. The results showed that 2,7-DBCZ (0.5 mg/L) and PS-MPs (5 μm and 50 μm) accumulated in the liver, whereas only 2,7-DBCZ and 5 μm PS-MPs crossed the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in the brain. Notably, 5 μm PS-MPs continuously enhanced hepatic 2,7-DBCZ accumulation, whereas 50 μm PS-MPs showed initial promotion followed by inhibition. During depuration, both particle sizes facilitated hepatic elimination of 2,7-DBCZ, whereas 5 μm PS-MPs inhibited its brain clearance. Individual and combined exposures induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and neurotoxicity. Combined exposure with 50 μm PS-MPs antagonized 2,7-DBCZ-induced brain apoptosis. PS-MPs showed antagonistic effects against 2,7-DBCZ-induced dioxin-like toxicity during exposure. During depuration, 50 µm PS-MPs exacerbated hepatic dioxin-like toxicity, while 5 µm PS-MPs intensified brain dioxin-like toxicity. Overall, PS-MPs of different sizes acted as carriers of PHCZs, affecting their bioaccumulation and toxicity in zebrafish. These findings provide new insights into the ecological risk assessment of combined pollution by emerging contaminants.

Soil health underpins sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services, yet intensive pesticide use threatens nontarget soil microorganisms and soil functions. Fluoxastrobin (FLUO), a widely applied strobilurin fungicide, remains insufficiently characterized with respect to its impacts on soil microorganisms-key drivers of C, N, and P cycling that underpin soil ecosystem functions. This study evaluated the field responses of soil microorganisms to FLUO across four complementary dimensions: microbial abundance, community structure, functional activity, and functional gene abundance. With a soil half-life of 15.70-22.47 days, FLUO significantly reduced microbial abundance, perturbed bacterial community composition, and altered bacterial co-occurrence networks by enhancing interspecies interactions. Functionally, FLUO disrupted N cycling by inhibiting nitrifiers (decreased AOA-amoA gene abundance) while stimulating denitrification and N fixation (increased nirK and nifH gene abundances). Additionally, phosphate-solubilizing Gemmatimonas abundance and beta-glucosidase activity were enhanced, suggesting a shift toward P and C mobilization under chemical stress. Notably, the functional genes nirK and AOB-amoA exhibited high sensitivity to FLUO exposure, offering potential as bioindicators for soil health monitoring. Importantly, disruptions to soil microbial communities and their functional potentials persisted until the crop harvest stage, and these effects showed a clear dose-dependent pattern. From the perspective of safeguarding soil health and promoting sustainable agriculture, this study provides critical evidence for the need to standardize FLUO application practices and establish soil health-oriented evaluation criteria for FLUO's ecotoxicity.