The military application of artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing far faster than global governance, with AI-assisted targeting, reconnaissance, and autonomous systems already deployed in active conflicts such as those in Ukraine and the Middle East. It not only restructures the tempo and scale of warfare but also brings profound ethical and operational risks, including algorithmic opacity and the excessive dilution of meaningful human control over lethal military decisions. Existing international humanitarian law and voluntary corporate commitments are insufficient to address these challenges. Drawing on lessons from historical arms control regimes, this article calls for an urgent global binding convention to regulate AI warfare, with scientists and international mechanisms like the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) playing key roles in promoting rule-making.

Despite the extensive cultivation and vast array of grape cultivars globally, studies focusing on the quality attributes of table grapes remain relatively limited. This study comprehensively evaluated the physicochemical properties, primary metabolites, and flavonoid profiles of nine relatively novel red table grape cultivars cultivated in North China over two consecutive years. Multivariate statistical analysis further elucidated the cultivar-specific flavonoid characteristics. By linking metabolic traits to grape quality, it was suggested that V. vinifera × V. labrusca hybrids may exhibit superior color stability and antioxidant capacity, while V. vinifera cultivars may present balanced sweet-sour perception and flavanol-mediated astringency characteristics. This study established an integrative framework linking the metabolic profiles of emerging grape cultivars to multi-dimensional grape quality, thereby validating the potential of metabolic traits as quality indicators. The research findings provided actionable targets for table grape breeding and viticultural optimization, and offered a scientific basis for cultivar selection and quality evaluation.

This study analyzed the polyphenol profiles of commonly consumed whole cereal grains. A total of 118 samples were collected from major online retail platforms, including six poaceae cereals (22 wheat, 21 triticale, 12 hulless barley, 7 oat, 7 naked oat, and 8 sorghum), 21 buckwheat samples (a pseudocereal from the polygonaceae family), and 12 refined wheat flour samples. Seven phenolic acids and five alkylresorcinol (ARs) homologs were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), respectively. Total polyphenol content was calculated as the sum of all 12 compounds. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for both methods were below 10%. Spike recovery rates ranged from 87.6% to 115.7% for phenolic acids and from 94.5% to 103.8% for ARs. Triticale, wheat, and hulless barley contained the highest total polyphenol levels, with ferulic acid as the predominant phenolic acid and ARs as the major polyphenols. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and cluster analysis grouped the grains into five distinct categories, revealing clear profile similarities between wheat and triticale, and between oat and naked oat. Significant positive correlations among individual polyphenols were observed in the wheat-triticale group. These findings indicate that ARs are potential indicators of whole-wheat nutritional quality.

Anthocyanins, the key water-soluble pigments, can determine grape berry color and contribute to market value, stress tolerance, and human health benefits. Light is a major environmental factor regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain not fully clarified. Previously, VvbHLH93 was found to negatively regulate proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and preliminary evidence indicated a possible influence on anthocyanin-related genes in grape. However, its specific role in light-responsive anthocyanin production had not been explored. In this study, VvbHLH93 is demonstrated to function as a light-inducible transcription factor that may stimulate anthocyanin production. Analysis of the 1023-bp VvbHLH93 promoter showed an enrichment of light-responsive elements (LREs), which was further supported by promoter activity assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Over-expression of VvbHLH93 in grape callus led to increased light-induced anthocyanin production, together with up-regulation of key biosynthetic genes and the master regulator VvMYBA1. These results suggest a potential regulatory pathway in which light signals, perceived through LREs in the VvbHLH93 promoter, induce VvbHLH93 expression, which may then contribute to the transcriptional activation of downstream targets to promote anthocyanin biosynthesis. The present work sheds some new lights on the light-mediated regulatory network controlling anthocyanin synthesis in grapes and suggests potential approaches for enhancing berry quality across diverse viticultural environments.

Retention or addition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in dairy products is strongly advocated due to its health benefits. How the size-dependent compositional heterogeneity of MFGM influences its digestion and nutritional functionality has remained unexplored. This work employed advanced comparative lipidomics to precisely characterize and compare the lipid profiles of large milk fat globule (5.54 mu m) membrane (LMFGM) and small milk fat globule (3.53 mu m) membrane (SMFGM). Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation in the lipid composition between the two groups. SMFGM was enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), whereas LMFGM contained higher monounsaturated FAs. A significantly higher proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in SMFGM was observed. Furthermore, significantly higher ratios of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) and sphingomyelin to phosphatidylserine (SM/PS) emerged as signature features of SMFGM. Compared to LMFGM, the distinct lipid profile of SMFGM facilitated a slower FA release during the initial stage of simulated digestion. KEGG analysis revealed 12 significantly enriched pathways, with retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (RES) being the most prominent (p < 0.0001). The Caco-2 monolayer-transport fraction of SMFGM exhibited an advantage in promoting SH-SY5Y cell proliferation, nevertheless the advantage was abolished by the RES antagonists (AM251 and AM630), confirming the pathway's critical role. The dependence of SMFGM bioactivity on the RES pathway may be linked to its significantly higher level of PE with arachidonic acid. Overall, SMFGM exerts superior effects in delaying FA release in digestion and promoting neuron proliferation.

Leek is a nutrient-rich vegetable commonly stored at 4 °C for household use. However, during refrigeration, leeks emit volatile compounds that produce unpleasant odors, potentially affecting the sensory quality of other foods stored nearby. To identify and mitigate these odors, we employed in situ solid-phase microextraction tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the volatiles from leeks under cold storage. Nine key odorants were identified through correlation analysis between odor activity values (OAVs) and sensory scores. Over 144 h of refrigeration, the total OAV of these compounds increased from 12.0 to 100.9. Introduction of chlorine dioxide gas (0.43 mg/L) significantly reduced both the OAVs and sensory scores. The deodorization mechanism mainly involved the oxidation of sulfide to sulfone and sulfoxide, while aldehyde and alcohol were oxidized into corresponding acids. These findings offer a valuable reference for understanding odor dynamics in refrigerated vegetables and for developing deodorization strategies in food storage environments.

This study developed a novel liqueur-making strategy for cold-hardy hybrid grapes by applying post-fermentation enrichment with 'Beibinghong' ice grape juice (EF) and comparing it with the conventional direct fermentation (DF) process, followed by three months of oak barrel aging for further flavor modification. The results showed that, compared with DF, EF significantly enhanced the color parameters L⁎, a⁎, and H⁎ of the liqueurs (p < 0.05), although the a⁎ values still decreased markedly after aging. In addition, EF generally increased the abundance of volatile compounds, with esters and alcohols being the major contributors to aroma complexity, and the sensory scores were still improved even in the poor vintages. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that 'Beibinghong' ice grape juice addition did not only improve the organoleptic quality of the unique liqueurs, but also facilitated the utilization of the hybrids from wild grape resources for producing the aromatic and palatable liqueurs the consumer demanded.

Plant cell culture represents a sustainable platform for the production of high-value natural products. Although ultraviolet A (UV-A) radiation is established as an inducer of phenylpropanoid metabolism, its precise regulatory role in downstream flavonoid biosynthesis within grape cells remains unclear. Using red and white-type callus derived from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon berry skins, we investigated the effects of UV-A treatments with two durations (45 min and 90 min) on flavonoid biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling demonstrated that UV-A predominantly promoted proanthocyanidin accumulation in white-type callus, while stimulating the global flavonoid pathway in a dose-dependent manner in red callus. Transcriptional analysis identified structural genes potentially governing flavonoid product channeling in both callus types under UV-A exposure. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) constructed light-responsive regulatory modules, uncovering potential mechanisms coordinating flavonoid pathway gene expression in response to UV-A. These findings demonstrate how the interaction of callus-type and UV-A shapes flavonoid metabolic flux, providing insights into the regulation of plant cell culture metabolites.

Vineyard geotextile mulching is widely used to control weeds and conserve soil moisture in water-limited vineyards, but its effects on berry aroma formation and underlying transcriptomic regulation remain unclear. Here, whole-field mulching was applied from anthesis and removed at two key phenological stages across three vintages (2015-2017). Soil properties, grape volatile profiles, and transcriptomic responses were analyzed. Mulching promoted downward nutrient movement and upregulated genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, terpenoid and norisoprenoid biosynthesis, enhancing volatile accumulation particularly in 2015 under higher radiation and lower rainfall conditions. Mulching removal around veraison resulted in higher volatile accumulation than either full-season mulching or no mulching. Co-expression network analysis identified modules enriched in light signaling, transport, and transcription, with bHLH075, bZIP05, WRKY21, and YABBY5 as potential regulators. In summary, this study elucidates the dynamic aroma-environment interactions and molecular responses in grape berries, providing insights for optimizing vineyard management to enhance grape and wine aroma quality in semi-arid regions.

Inter-row mulching with reflective film (RF) has been increasingly adopted in cool-climate vineyards to improve light availability and promote grape ripening. This study investigated the effects of ground-reflected light on the flavoromic profiles of wine grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) over two consecutive vintages (2020-2021) in the Beijing Fangshan region of Eastern China, an area characterized by high precipitation and limited sunlight during ripening. Physicochemical analyses showed that RF treatment significantly increased total soluble solids (TSSs) and decreased titratable acidity (TA) at harvest. Targeted metabolomic analyses using HPLC-MS and GC-MS identified 21 flavonoids and 35 volatile compounds responsive to altered light conditions. RF treatment markedly enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols, especially malvidin-based derivatives, and increased terpene and norisoprenoid concentrations, while C6/C9 compounds were more abundant in control berries. Multivariate analysis revealed that PC1 was mainly associated with anthocyanin accumulation, clearly separating RF-treated samples, whereas PC2 reflected differences in flavonols and flavan-3-ols, with higher flavonols under RF and higher skin- and seed-derived flavan-3-ols in controls. Overall, these findings demonstrate that ground-reflected light plays a critical role in modulating grape flavor composition and provides practical guidance for improving fruit quality in suboptimal climatic regions.

To mitigate afternoon heat stress and improve aroma attributes in semi-arid regions, Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were subjected to moderate (MD, 1.5 h) and strong shading (SD, 2.5 h) treatments over three vintages (2021-2023). Plant responses to diurnal light dynamics were assessed, berry and wine volatiles were analyzed, and wine sensory was evaluated. Results showed that photosynthetic assimilation of grapevines was suppressed by 50% during shading, while photosynthesis during exposure and leaf area were enhanced. Berry volatiles in MD and SD were 16% and 10% lower than CK at 2021 harvest, but were enhanced in the latter two years. Linalool, hexanal, β-damascenone, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were key light-responsive biomarkers. Shaded wines exhibited elevated levels of terpenoids and norisoprenoids, contributing to improved fruity-floral aromas and sensory scores in 2022 and 2023. This study provides new insights into grapevine responses to light modulation and the volatile modification of grape and wine under semi-arid conditions.

Wine color is a key quality attribute and can be modulated by blending with teinturier wines rich in polyphenols. Here, Kolor, Tintorera, and Yan 73 wines were blended at graded proportions into Marselan and Cabernet Sauvignon wines, and the resulting wines were tracked over 24 months of bottle aging for CIELAB color, sensory appearance, and polyphenolic composition. Teinturier wine addition generally increased the redness (higher a*) and reduced lightness and yellowness (lower L* and b*) in Cabernet Sauvignon, yielding a deeper red appearance, whereas Kolor in Marselan decreased a* but increased L* and b*, producing a brighter, more yellow-toned color. OPLS/O2PLS-based discrimination revealed dose-dependent shifts in anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics, with clear base wine × cultivar interactions. Despite compositional evolution during aging, blended wines maintained stable color profiles. These results supported the matrix-aware usage of teinturier wines to optimize chromatic quality and phenolic complexity.

Light plays a crucial role in grape berry ripening and flavor compounds metabolism. Garnacha Tintorera, a teinturier grape cultivar, accumulates flavonoids in both skin and pulp, exhibiting distinct tissue-specific characteristics. To investigate light effects on flavonoid accumulation across different tissues and growing environments, a three-year (2018–2020) cluster bagging experiment was conducted from pre-veraison to harvest in the open-field vineyard and greenhouse. Bagging significantly reduced anthocyanins and flavonol accumulation in the skin, while no consistent response pattern was observed in the pulp, and flavanol accumulation was only marginally affected. Cluster bagging reduced the proportion of F3’5’H-derived anthocyanins across all tissues. Flavonols showed a consistent result only in the pulp, whereas flavanols exhibited an opposing but relatively weak trend. Light-responsive biomarkers in the skin varied between cultivation environments, whereas pulp biomarkers remained consistent. The study revealed tissue-specific flavonoid responses to light exclusion, providing insights for optimizing teinturier grape cultivation.

Light combined with refrigeration is an effective strategy for preserving postharvest fruit and vegetable quality. This study explored the effects of various red-blue (R/B) light-emitting diode (LED) light/dark (L/D) cycles on pak choi during refrigeration. Pak choi exposed to a 4/20 h L/D cycle exhibited greater freshness, along with the highest levels of total phenolic compounds, chlorophyll, and ascorbic acid, particularly after 6 days of refrigeration. Transcriptomic analysis showed that this lighting regime upregulated genes associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis (PAL, C4H, ANS, CHS, FLS) and ascorbate metabolism (VTC2_5, VTC4, APX), boosting phenolic and ascorbic acid content. It also reduced chlorophyll degradation by increasing the expression of genes in the porphyrin metabolism pathway (CRD1, POR, DVR). These findings highlight the benefits of R/B light with a 4/20 h L/D cycle for enhancing pak choi quality during refrigeration storage. This approach provides an efficient approach for vegetable preservation.

This study investigates how charged-group polarity, nanofiber morphology, substrate surface chemistry, and evaporation-assisted assembly jointly regulate the interfacial adhesion of cellulose and chitin nanofibers. Four nanofibers with amino or carboxyl groups were prepared, with charged-group densities of 0.50-1.46 mmol/g. Contact angle and XPS analyses revealed hydroxylated siloxane/silanol-rich glass and native oxide/hydroxide-covered copper surfaces. Statistical lap-shear tests showed substrate-dependent adhesion: DEChN reached 2.57 ± 0.05 MPa and 0.10 ± 0.02 MJ/m3 on glass, whereas TOCN reached 2.13 ± 0.01 MPa and 0.075 ± 0.004 MJ/m3 on copper. Nanofiber concentration, acid/base vapor atmosphere, and drying temperature further regulated strength, toughness, and strain at break by modulating interfacial packing and network cohesion. These results establish a surface-chemistry-guided assembly framework for sustainable water-borne nanofiber adhesives.

As one of the major public health security issues, pulmonary tuberculosis had a global death rate of 1.6 million in 2021 alone, ranking 13th in the world, posing a great threat to society and families. Analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution and evolution trend of tuberculosis, discussing the exposure factors and studying the environmental background that affects the incidence can provide the basis for accurate prevention and control and promote the healthy and stable development of society. Based on the county scale, this study determined the high-incidence areas through hot spot analysis and selected nine districts and counties covering meteorological stations and air monitoring stations. The explanatory power of each factor to the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis was analyzed by geographical detector, and the main influencing factors were explored. The results show that the following: (1) The number and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Gansu Province declined from 2020 to 2022. (2) The influence of meteorological conditions such as temperature, precipitation and air pressure on pulmonary tuberculosis in different regions shows significant regional differences. Although the meteorological influence in adjacent regions shows certain convergence, the change in wind speed has no significant influence on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. (3) PM10, altitude, temperature, population density and GDP per capita have strong explanatory power to the incidence of tuberculosis, and the interaction between any two factors exceeds the effect of a single factor in explanatory power, showing the characteristics of two-factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement.

[Objective]To study the changes of hormone concentrations in the graft union during the healing process of greenwood grafting,the experiment was carried out,combined with transcriptomic data analysis,so as to identify the key hormone changes in the healing process of greenwood grafting in grape,and provide references for revealing the molecular mechanism of the healing process.[Meth-ods]The stion combinations of Tiangong Liren/Beta,Tiangong Moyu/Beta and Shine Muscat/Beta were used as materials and were collected at 1,4,7,10 and 13 days after grafting(DAG),respectively.The concentrations of auxin(IAA),isopentenyladenine(IP),abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonates(JAs)in the graft union were determined by high performance liquid chromatograph-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS).Simultaniously,transcriptome sequencing was performed on the graft union of Tiangong Liren/Beta.[Results]From the perspective of morphology,Tiangong Moyu/Beta buds burst first,and the bud swelling was observed at 4 DAG.Tiangong Liren/Beta and Shine Muscat/Beta were observed to have swollen buds at 7 DAG.Different stion combinations com-pleted the healing process within 13 DAG.From the analysis of plant hormone levels,the concentration of IAA increased,while the concentrations of IP,ABA and JAs decreased during healing.From tran-scriptome level analysis,the transcriptome data of Tiangong Liren/Beta at different stages were pair-wise compared,and 6319 differentially expressed genes were screened.1 DAG vs 13 DAG had the larg-est number of differentially expressed genes,with 3846,the second was 1 DAG vs 10 DAG,with 3301 and the third was 1 DAG vs 7 DAG,with 2968.The results showed that the gene transcriptional regula-tion of 7 DAG,10 DAG and 13 DAG were significantly changed compared with 1 DAG.The 10 DAG vs 13 DAG comparison combination had the smallest number of differentially expressed genes,indicating that there was little difference in the gene expression pattern between 10 DAG and 13 DAG.6319 dif-ferentially expressed genes were divided into 6 clusters by time series analysis.Cluster 5 contained the most differentially expressed genes,which were significantly enriched in xyloglucan,including xyloglu-cosyl transferase activity,xyloglucan metabolic process and other pathways,its expression showed a downward trend in the whole healing process,and the trend was obvious at 1-4 DAG.The differentially expressed genes contained in Cluster 3 were enriched in auxin-activated signaling pathway,phloem or xylem histogenesis and other pathways,and their expression levels increased at first week after grafting and were higher at 4-10 DAG.In the process of grapevine greenwood grafting healing,27 differentially expressed genes were screened to participate in the synthesis and metabolism of plant hormones,and 3,2,12 and 10 differentially expressed genes were involved in the synthesis and metabolism of auxin,cy-tokinin,abscisic acid and jasmonic acid,respectively.In the tryptophan-dependent auxin synthesis path-way,L-tryptophan decarboxylase TDC(Vitvi07g00696)and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH(Vit-vi04g01402)had the highest expression levels at 7 DAG.Isopentenyltransferase IPT(Vitvi07g00154)was highly expressed at first week after grafting,and then showed a downward trend.The expression of cytokinin dehydrogenase CKX(Vitvi04g00161)decreased significantly at 1-4 DAG and 7-10 DAG by 0.66 and 0.60 times,respectively.The expression level of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase NCED(Vitvil9g01356)was higher at 1-4 DAG and decreased at 4-10 DAG,which was similar to the chang-ing trend of abscisic acid concentration.The expression levels of LOX(Vitvi06g00158),AOS(Vit-vi18g00886),OPR(Vitvi18g03162 and Vitvi18g04622)and OPCL1(Vitvi18g00124)generally de-creased at 1-10 DAG,which were consistent with the changing trend of jasmonic acid concentration.49 differentially expressed genes were selected to participate in plant hormone signal transduction path-way.There were 17 differentially expressed genes involved in auxin signal transduction.They included auxin influx carrier(AUX1),transport inhibitor response protein 1(TIR1),auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(Aux/IAA),auxin response factor(ARF),acetic acid-amido synthetase(GH3),small auxin-up RNA(SAUR),auxin binding protein 1(ABP1),plasma membrane H+-transporting ATPase(AHA)and mito-gen activated protein kinase 3(TMK3).Two-component response regulators(A-ARR)(Vitvi13g01433 and Vitvi17g00732)involved in cytokinin signal transduction were highly expressed at first week after grafting.There were 8 differentially expressed genes were involved in abscisic acid signal transduction,including abscisic acid receptor PYR/PYL,protein phosphatase 2C(PP2C),sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2(SnRK2)and ABA-responsive element binding factor(ABF).There were 5 dif-ferentially expressed genes were involved in jasmonic acid signal transduction,including jasmonic acid-amino acid synthetase(JAR1),jasmonate ZIM domain-containing protein(JAZ)and transcription fac-tor MYC2.There were 8 differentially expressed genes were involved in brassinosteroid signal transduc-tion,including brassinosteroid resistant 1/2(BZR1/2),cyclin D3(CYCD3)and xyloglucan endotrans-glucosylase protein(TCH4).There were 3 differentially expressed genes were involved in gibberellin signal transduction,including gibberellin receptor 1(GID1)and DELLA protein.There were 3 differen-tially expressed genes were involved in ethylene signal transduction,including ethylene receptor(ETR),EIN3-binding F-box protein(EBF)and ethylene-responsive transcription factor(ERF).These three dif-ferentially expressed genes involved in salicylic acid signal transduction were pathogenesis-related pro-tein 1(PR1).By WGCNA analysis of transcriptome data,13 co-expression modules were obtained.The correlation analysis between the module and plant hormone showed that GH3(Vitvi03g00586),LOX(Vitvi06g00158),AOS(Vitvi18g00886),OPCL1(Vitvi18g00124),ABF(Vitvi12g01667)and TCH4(Vitvi11g01682)were positively correlated with the concentrations of JA and IP.AHA(Vitvi14g01888)and TIR1(Vitvi07g00248)were negatively correlated with the concentrations of ABA and IP.[Conclu-sion]The changes of plant hormone concentrations in the process of greenwood grafting healing were stage-specific.IAA played a key role in the process of grafting healing.IP,ABA and JAs regulated the healing process by interacting with IAA signal transduction.

Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture. Understanding the impact of rootstocks on the structure and function of grapevine rhizosphere microbiota is essential for manipulating them toward the sustainable development of vineyard. We investigated the changes in biomass, soil properties, and rhizosphere microbiome after Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) grafted onto five rootstock cultivars [Kober 5BB (5BB), Richer 110 (110R), Beta, Riparia Gloire (RG) and Millardet et de Grasset 101–14 (101–14)]. The grapevines were exhumed for biomass measurements and rhizosphere soils were collected for testing the microbiome and soil properties. The rhizosphere microbiome was analysed using the 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing, and the functional annotations were performed using FAPROTAX and FUNGuild database. Rootstocks could selectively recruit microbial communities of specific structures, especially fungi. Rootstocks significantly affected the richness and diversity of the fungal community, while significantly altering the composition of the fungal community at the phylum level. The microbial communities associated with the different rootstocks further formed the different function profiles. The grapevine biomass and the soil minerals in the same vineyard were significantly associated with the root genotypes. This study highlighted the influence of rootstocks on grapevine and soil environment. The results of this study will provide useful information for vineyard rootstock selection when the microbiological environment of the vineyard needs to be considered. At the same time, new insights into the interactions between the environment, microbiome and grapevine growth were provided.

In the quest for higher drying efficiency and quality of large-size Exocarpium citri grandis (ECG, a large citrus fruit), cutting-edge blanching technology has been unlocked as a pre-treatment. The effects of high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB), vacuum-steam pulse blanching (VSPB), and hot water blanching (HWB) on the drying characteristics, and physicochemical quality of ECG at various core temperatures (30-70 degrees C) were evaluated, and the drying promote mechanism was elucidated. Results showed that the average heating rates of HHAIB (4.73 %) and VSPB (4.84 %) were lower than those of HWB (6.99 %), but they were not significantly different. HHAIB effectively improved the ECG's drying rate, flavonoid content, and color while reducing peroxidase activity, shrinkage, and hardness. In contrast, HWB and VSPB resulted in unfavorable nutrient loss and crumpling. Cell-wall polysaccharides and crystallinity properties analysis revealed that HHAIB induced deterioration of chelate-soluble pectin (CSP), Na2CO3-soluble pectin (NSP), and hemicellulose content, along with cellulose crystallinity. These changes in the molecular level led to disrupted cell wall stability, cell membrane permeability, and cell expansion pressure as well as increased porosity, which improved water diffusion, resulting in enhanced drying efficiency. However, over-blanching (>50 degrees C) severely damaged structures which prolonged the drying process and formed an undesirable hollow structure. Furthermore, ECG yielded the lower drying time (52 h) and shrinkage (10 %), and higher flavonoid content (115.69 mg/g) and hardness (26.78 N) at 50 degrees C under HHAIB. This study provides innovative blanching technologies and reveals information on drying promotion for large-size materials.