Aconitum kongboense as a typical Tibetan medicine,its germplasm resources protection and artificial breeding technology are based for using this resource sustainably.Wild medicinal materials tending of Tibetan medicines is effective technology for maintaining the specific population amounts,however,anthropogenic increase single species quantity may cause some negative influence on plateau ecological environment.In this sense,this paper investigated the original habitat and transplanted habitat,and contrastively analyzed the effect of transplant Aconitum kongboense on grassland community structure and diversity in the original habitat.The results showed that the total density and above-ground biomass of grasslandvegetation community in CK were higher than that in the transplant treatment at each altitude,especially at the altitude of 3 950 m (P＜0.05);from the aspect of abundance distribution of different grassland vegetation community,Eragrostis pilosa dominated in each communities and each altitude,the abundance distribution of common species and rare species increased with the elevation gradient,and then decreased after the peak;the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices of transplant treatment grassland community were lower than CK at the altitude of 3 950 m and 4 260 m,which were higher than the others;the Margalef richness index of transplant treatment grassland community was higher than that in CK at the altitude ranged from 4 071 m to 4 260 m.Overall,the trend indicated that the density and above-ground biomass of Aconitum kongboense transplant treatment were lower than that of the CK,but maintained high diversity.So,the transplant treatment had slightly impacts on plateau environment.

试验采用对比方法研究3种处理(SF革浆地膜覆膜处理、PF塑料地膜覆膜处理、CK不覆盖)下玉米的生长效果.结果表明:覆膜处理可以提高土壤的湿度与含水量,各处理的土壤湿度与土壤含水量比较PF＞ SF＞ CK.覆膜处理改善了土壤生态环境对植株生长有明显的促进作用.由于PF完全物理阻隔了土壤与空气之间水热交换所以保水保温效果优于SF,所以从植株的生长状况比较发现,各处理植株的株高、茎粗都表现为PF＞SF＞CK,各处理差异不显著(P＞0.05,n=6).植株根长也表现为:PF＞SF＞ CK,但各处理差异不显著(P＞0.05,n=6),各处理植株的根冠比为PF＞CK ＞SF.由于草浆地膜具有保水保温效果,促进玉米幼苗生长,因此在生产中值得推广应用.

Taking tomato‘Hezuo 903u0027produced from Shanghai as material,the effect of‘Super densityu0027cultivation on the growth and development of tomatoes were researched in order to establish a suitable efficient planting pattern by the comparative experiments.The results showed that leaf area index was higher and transverse diameter and longitudinal diameter were lower compared with the conventional cultivation(CK),but the difference was not significant(P0.05,n=5).The yield and economic benefits in ‘Super densityu0027cultivation patterns were higher than those in CK,5 925.9kg/667m2 and 20 148RMB/667m2 versus 4 848.5kg/667m2 and 11 152RMB/667m2,indicating a significant difference(P0.05,n=5).Therefore‘Super densityu0027cultivation of tomatoes was a new planting pattern of high yield and high efficiency in Tibet.

采用植物学分析方法对墨脱地区所采集的野生白果草莓进行植物学性状鉴定,并运用对比分析方法对果实质量进行了分析和定量评价.结果表明:所采集的野生白果草莓为西藏草莓(F.nubicola Lindl),与栽培上常用的大果草莓“甜查理”相比,西藏草莓平均单果重、纵径、横径和果形指数等表型指标,以及平均可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性酸含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量等果实品质指标均极显著或显著低于对照,而且平均总糖含量也明显低于对照;综合各表型性状和果实品质性状建立投影寻踪(PP)模型进行量化分析,墨脱西藏草莓果实品质函数投影值为0.8751,远低于对照的3.2907.由此说明,在品质上墨脱西藏草莓果实品质与生产上常见的大果草莓品种相距甚远,今后可作为白果草莓育种材料和草莓抗性育种材料.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为探索移栽措施对"一江两河"地区退化草地恢复过程中草地生物量、功能群结构和物种多样性方面的影响,以"一江两河"地区达孜县的退化草地为研究对象,运用对比方法开展苜蓿与草木樨的移栽试验。结果表明:移栽处理显著提高了草地植物群落的地上生物量,处理间差异显著（P&lt;0.05,n=5）,同时使得植物群落植物多样性发生变化,移栽处理后Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数高于对照处理,移栽处理与对照2种处理之间差异显著（P&lt;0.05,n=5）,Simpson多样性指数低于对照,处理间差异显著（P&lt;0.05,n=5）,Pielou均匀度指数高于对照处理,但处理间差异不显著（P&gt;0.05,n=5）。移栽处理填补了群落水平空间与垂直空间的空白生态位,提高了植物群落对水平空间与垂直空间的资源利用;添加了新的功能群,改变了原有功能群在植物群落功能群中的比例。因此适量移栽可以使草地的经济价值得以提高,有利于退化草地的恢复和生态系统的稳定。</span>

In order to explore fruit quality of wild strawberry in Tibet, wildFragaria moupinensis in Linzhi were chosen as the study materials, and the big fruit strawberries ‘Sweet Charlie’ in the local were chosen as control materials. Single fruit mass, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, titration acid content, sugar-acid ratio and vitamin C content were measured and analyzed, and the comprehensive characters were evaluated and analyzed by using projection pursuit technology. The results showed that the phenotype indexes inF. moupinensis fruits were signiifcantly lower than the control (P<0.01,n=30), expect fruit shape index. The quality indexes inF. moupinensisfruits were lower signiifcantly than the control (P<0.01,n=5), and the total acid content inF. moupinensisfruit was signiifcantly higher than the control (P<0.01,n=5), but there were no obvious differences between the soluble sugar content and vitamin C content in the two kinds fruits (P>0.05,n=5). The results of PPE model analysis showed, projection values ofF. moupinensis was 1.1804, which was lower than the control (4.098 2). These results indicated that theF. moupinensis fruit was a little acidic, and it tasted better, but its commercial property was poorer, while the control strawberry fruit was more sweet, which had good taste and good commercial property. So quality ofF. moupinensis fruit was limited compared with CK, which could be used as the breeding material forlfavor fruit.

从蕨麻块根育苗、田间管理、病虫害防治以及收获等方面，阐述了蕨麻栽培过程中的相关技术方法，以为蕨麻人工高效栽培提供技术指导。

With rape straw as straw pulp material,peat as test material,effect of 3.0,1.5,0.75g/pot of different quantity of straw pulp film(no treatment as control)on the grow conditions of peas,the soil water thermal characteristics and plant growth were studied.The results showed that straw pulp mulch treatments prevent soil water and heat dissipation,the large amount of straw pulp cover,the more effect of preventing hydrothermal.With the increasing of straw pulp cover,temperature difference of soil with 0~5cm depth was decreased,relative humidity and soil water content in soil showed increasing trend,there were no differences between treatments(P0.05,n=3).Different quality of straw pulp treatments budding rate was the same,budding rate with the treatments of straw pulp film was higher than CK,there were no differences between treatments(P0.05,n=3).Plant height with the treatments of straw pulp film was higher than CK,plant high in turn was BACCK,SPAD with the treatments of straw pulp film was less than CK,with the quality of coverage increases,chlorophyll content showed the increasing trend.The straw pulp film mulch had significantly improved the hydrothermal conditions,promoted the growth of peas.

目的 明确雌雄异株植物西藏赤瓟Thladiantha setispina在环境胁迫下的响应差异以及环境因素对西藏赤瓟结实和产量的影响.方法 通过对比研究不同播期处理对田间西藏赤瓟雌株率、果实性状以及种子产量的影响.结果 不同播期对西藏赤瓟雌雄株分化影响显著,适当延后播期可以显著地提高西藏赤瓟的雌株比例(P＜0.01);播期对西藏赤瓟的结实性能的影响程度比较有限,不同播期处理间西藏赤瓟果实单果平均鲜质量、干质量及干物质量差异并不显著(P＞0.05),但播期对西藏赤瓟产量构成相关指标却有着直接影响,处理间产量差异达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).结论 适当延后播期,有利于提高西藏赤瓟种子产量.

对玉米(Zea mays)田养鹅和传统玉米种植(CK)下的田间杂草进行调查,统计分析各杂草群落中杂草的密度、生物多样性指数以及群落的相似度系数,并对比2种处理的经济效益.结果表明:玉米田养鹅处理的物种丰富度指数、优势度指数和多样性指数分别比对照处理高11.4,0.07和0.2,而Pielou均匀度指数比对照处理低0.01,不同处理下杂草群落的相似性系数为0.77;玉米田养鹅处理每hm2的净收入为13984元,比对照增加7063元.玉米田养鹅处理方式不仅维持了较高的生物多样性,并且经济收益更高.

Summary Weeds have direct impact on crop quality and yield in agricultural systems . Reasonable weed management should protect or improve the biodiversity of farmland weed communities for a better ecological environment with not only increasing crop yield , but also reducing use of herbicides . Based on the study of weeds community structure and the agronomic characters of maize in the two production patterns , i .e . , agro‐pastoral integration" ( hereinafter referred to as API ) and conventional maize planting ( hereinafter referred to as CK) , this paper analyzed the differences of weed species , their functional groups and biodiversity indices before and after grazing . Comparison of maize growth in the two treatments was also drawn in this paper . It was shown that before grazing there were 17 different kinds of weeds in API and 12 in CK , and the total weed density in API was 2 .20 times as much as that in CK , showing a significant difference ( P< 0 .05) . It was also noted that in API , the abundance distribution of the dominant weed was considerably large . However , after grazing the weed in API and CK reduced by 4 and 6 species and the total weed density of API was 3 .44 times as much as that of CK , showing a significant difference ( P < 0 .05 ) between the two treatments . From the perspective of functional group , both of the treatments were dominated by dicotyledonous angiosperm and annual and biennial ( DA ) and its abundance further increased after grazing . With regard to productivity of weed community , the biomass in API was 5 .42 times as much as that in CK before grazing and 4 .79 times after grazing , showing a highly significant difference ( P < 0 .01) . In terms of diversity , before grazing the Shannon‐Wiener , Margalef and Simpson diversity indices in API were respectively 1 .15 , 1 .25 and 1 .08 times as much as those in CK , but the Pielou evenness index was low . After grazing , however , those indexes in API were 1 .29 , 1 .64 and 1 .10 times as much as those in CK . Among them , the Shannon‐Wiener and Margalef diversity indices between the two treatments were quite different ( P< 0 .05) ; and the Pielou evenness index in CK was 1 .10 times as much as that of API , showing a significant difference ( P< 0 .05) . The similarity index of weed community was 0 .76 before grazing , and it decreased to 0 .23 after grazing . As for the agronomic characteristics of maize , at its silking and maturity stages , the values of plant height , leaf length and width , ear height and stem diameter of maize in API were all higher , but its chlorophyll content in the leaf was low compared with CK . It was also noted that the leaf area in API decreased after grazing . With respect to its yield , though API resulted in a yield reduction of 6 .22% , the loss , however , could be compensated or even overcompensated by the producing of geese . In conclusion , API is able to maintain higher weed diversity in the field and at the same time , has slightly impact on the yield of maize .

The transference dynamics and the contribution ratio of feeding spaces,and the growth and development of goose were investigated between different feeding modes.Results showed that the transference process of feeding spaces was brooder → cropland(or grassland) → fattening house under fixed feeding mode.The feeding times of cropland and grassland accounted for 70.00%and 64.45%of total feeding time,respectively.The contribution ratio of cropland was 56.06%,which was 7.33%higher than that of grassland.The behavior of goose differed between different treatments.The intake/total time and drinking/total time ratios of goose in cropland decreased 6.44%and 0.52%compared with that in grassland, whereas the rest/total time ratio increased 6.49%in cropland than in grassland.The body weight,body length,shank length and cannon circumference of goose fed on cropland were lower than that on grassland,and there was no significant difference between the two treatments.Therefore,the whole commercialized course of goose feeding could be finished through the orderly spatiotemporal cooperation of the feeding spaces in the production mode of Agro-pastoral integration.

介绍了西藏地区玉米行间作桃儿七模式化栽培技术，主要包括种子育苗、地块选择、适期移栽、田间管理、收获等内容，以期为在西藏桃儿七人工高效栽培提供技术指导。

Corn is one of the main commercial crops in China,and the increase of its quality and productivity is the key to resolve the current problems of food shortage,resource bottleneck and food security.Raising geese in corn field(hereinafter referred to as RGICF)is a compound production pattern based on the principle ofagropastoral integration,which was proposed in 2011,and whose core content is compound production model which use the resources such as weeds,bottom leaves of crops,etc.in tillage system to raise poultry.However,there are still some unknown questions to be answered in a systematic way,such as the system productivity,environmental load and sustainability of the system,etc,and these questions must be answered before the popularization ofagro-pastoral integrationtechnology.Emergy analysis capable of accounting for both economic aspect and the natural contribution to production on a common basis,allowing meaningful comparison across different systems,has been applied in many cases and has been proved to be a powerful tool to assess ecological economic systems and processes,with special focus on the agricultural field.With the purpose of gaining a thorough understanding of the productivity,environmental load and sustainability of RGICF,this study applied the approach of emergy analysis to compare the RGICF treatment with the traditional pattern of corn planting(CK).According to the new development of emergy methodology,the renewability factor of each item was incorporated.Emergy indices such as emergy investment ratio(EIR),emergy yield ratio(EYR),emergy self-supporting ratio(ESR),environmental loading ratio(ELR)and environmental sustainability index(ESI),feedback ratio of yield emergy(FYE),emergy index of product safety(EIPS)and the ratio of output to input were applied to characterize the resource use,production efficiency,environmental impact,the overall sustainability and the economic benefit of the studied systems.The result showed that the EIR and FYE in RGICF were 1.65 and 3.85 times respectively as much as those of CK treatment.In the aspect of environmental load and sustainability,the ELR of RGICF treatment was 2.90 lower than that of CK treatment;and the ESI of RGICF treatment was 20.56 higher than that of CK treatment.In the aspect of product safety,the EIPS of RGICF treatment was 0.41 higher than that of CK treatment.In the aspect of the productivity,the EYR of RGICF treatment was 0.34 lower than that of CK treatment,and the ESR of RGICF treatment was 0.06 lower than that of CK treatment.In the aspect of the economic benefit,because of the high economic input,the ratio of output to input of RGICF treatment was 0.39 lower than that of CK treatment,but the net income of RGICF was 2.02 times as much as that of CK treatment.In conclusion,the pattern of raising geese in corn field is promising in the terms of environmental load,economic benefits and system sustainability,but further improvement is still needed in production efficiency and self-sufficiency.

Dynamics of transference of feeding spaces,feeding effects and the contribution ratio of different feeding spaces for goose were compared to the research between different feeding modes.The results showed that the dynamics of transference of feeding spaces changed significantly,and the contribution ratio of cropland and grassland for goose was 74.49% and 98.71%respectively in different treatments.Cropland accounted for the main part in goose breeding though the contribution ratio of cropland was lower than that of grassland.Compared with the treatment of feeding on grassland,the goose weight for sale in the treatment of feeding on cropland decreased by 0.21kg,which met the market requirement,and the differences about body weight of goose between the two treatments were not significant(n=3,P0.05).Good economic benefits were achieved through the goose breeding under different production modes,and the net income of per goose in the treatment of feeding on grassland increased 14yuan than that in the treatment of feeding on farmland.Therefore the feeding on farmland under the production mode of agro-pastoral integration could finish the whole commercialized course of goose feeding and get good economic effects.