Cyanobacteria are effective in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated water, but their application is limited by the high-cost of harvesting. In this study, the growth conditions of various fungi after co-cultured with cyanobacteria were compared, and the optimal fungal-cyanobacterial symbiotic system (FCSS) was selected to investigate the behaviour and mechanism of Cd(II) adsorption. Over 95 % of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was harvested by Aspergillus allahabdii. The FCSS adsorbed 39.10 mg/g of Cd(II), which was 22.20 % higher than the cyanobacterial single-culture system. Adsorption of Cd(II) in FCSS was rapid and monolayered. Cd was entrapped and formed irregular crystal precipitates on the surfaces of FCSS cells. Detoxification of Cd occurred through various mechanisms, with the C--O, -OH, and -COOH functional groups participating in adsorption. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and transcriptome analysis revealed that reactive oxygen species generated by Cd exposure were scavenged by antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), reducing the toxic effects. CAT and GST were the initial key players in the antioxidant response to Cd exposure, followed by SOD, while NADPH levels increased steadily. The gene expression trends of CAT, GST, and major facilitator superfamily transporters aligned with the adsorption performance. These findings provide new insights into the remediation of Cd-contaminated wastewater.

Research on the co-culture of fungi and microalgae to harvest microalgae and enhance the adsorption capacity for heavy metals to reduce contamination is well demonstrated, but the study of the correlation mechanism among critical metabolites, system stability, and stress response in the system under cadmium stress based on metabolomics analyses has not been reported in detail. In this study, the co-culture system of Aspergillus allahabadii and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was taken as the object of investigation, and isotope labelling (13C-Na2CO3 and 15N-(NH4)2SO4) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry were used to confirm the existence of carbon and nitrogen nutrient exchange. The adsorption behavior of the system after Cd treatment was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscope/Transmission Electron Microscope. The content of extracellular polysaccharides in the system was increased from 40.8 mg/g to 80.12 mg/g, and the content of extracellular proteins was increased from 22.3 mg/g to 55.68 mg/g after 96 h of Cd treatment. Metabolomics results revealed 235 differential metabolites co-expressed after Cd treatment, with 95, 15, and 77 unique differential metabolites. In particular, the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances was a factor affecting the stability of the symbiotic system, the up-regulation of the expression of the transporter system was one of the reasons for the improvement of the system's tolerance and resistance to heavy metals; and the nutrient metabolism between the fungus and the microalgae was the main defense mechanism to reduce the extent of the impairment of the system's carbon sequestration capacity by Cd. This provides a theoretical basis for the green and economically friendly application of the symbiotic system in microalgae harvesting, efficient carbon dioxide fixation and reduction of heavy metal pollution.

The high cost of harvesting microalgae limits their industrial application. Fungal-microalgal pellets can efficiently harvest microalgae and enhance heavy-metal adsorption. However, the molecular response mechanism of fungal-microalgal pellets under heavy-metal stress remains unclear. Fungal-microalgal pellets in a photobioreactor were used as a research object, and a 98 % harvesting efficiency could be achieved with adding exogenous carbon and nitrogen at pH 5.0-6.0 for 12 h of co-culture. Humic acid- and tryptophan-rich proteins in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) participate in Cd(II) complexation. The Cd(II) response in fungal-microalgal pellets involves amino acids, glucose, lipids, energy metabolism, and antioxidant systems. The turning point was at 48 h. Proline, histidine, and glutamine synthesis and the adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette (ABC) transport pathway play important roles in resistance to Cd(II) biotoxicity. This study provides a reference for the large-scale cultivation of fungal-microalgal symbiotic pellets and the practical application for industrial heavy-metal wastewater.

The investigation of heavy metal wastewater treatment utilizing microalgae adsorption has been extensively demonstrated. However, the response mechanism based on metabolomics to analyze the time -series changes of microalgae under Cd stress has not been described in detail. In this study, SEM/TEM demonstrated that Cd accumulated on the cell surface of microalgae and was bioconcentrated in the cytoplasm, vesicles, and chloroplasts. Carbonyl/quinone/ketone/carboxyl groups (O-C--O), membrane polysaccharides (-OH), and phospholipids (-PO-) were involved in the interaction of Cd ions, and the chlorophyll content underwent a process of decreasing in the early stage (1.62 mg/g at 48 h) and recovering to the normal level in the late stage, and the contents of MDA, GSH, and SOD were all increased (29.7 nmol/g, 0.23 mg/g, and 30.01 u/106 cells) and then gradually returned to the steady state. The results of EPS content and fluorescent labeling showed that Cd induced the overexpression and synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, which is one of the defense mechanisms participating in the reduction of cellular damage by complexed Cd. Metabolomics results indicated that the malate synthesis pathway was activated after Cd-20 h, and the microalgal cells began to shift the metabolic pathway to storage lipid or polysaccharide biosynthesis. In the Calvin cycle, the expression of D- Sedoheptulose 7 -phosphate in Cd-20 h_vs_ck and Cd-72 h_vs_Cd-20 h firstly declined and then increased, and the photosynthesis system was suppressed at the beginning, and then gradually returned to normal to maintain the successful development of the dark reaction. The results of time series analysis revealed that the response of microalgae to Cd was categorized into fast response and slow response to regulate cell adsorption and growth metabolism.

Research on the recovery of rare earth elements from wastewater has attracted increasing attention. Compared with other methods, biosorption is a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for rare earth wastewater treatment, which has greater prospects for development. The objective of this study was to investigate the biosorption behavior and mechanism of Yarrowia lipolytica for five rare earth ions (La3⁺, Nd3⁺, Er3⁺, Y3⁺, and Sm3⁺) with a particular focus on biosorption behavior, biosorption kinetics, and biosorption isotherm. It was demonstrated that the biosorption capacity of Y. lipolytica at optimal conditions was 76.80 mg/g. It was discovered that the biosorption process complied with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir biosorption isotherm, indicating that Y. lipolytica employed a monolayer chemical biosorption process to biosorb rare earth ions. Characterization analysis demonstrated that the primary functional groups involved in rare earth ion biosorption were amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups. The cooperative biosorption of rare earth ions by Y. lipolytica was facilitated by means of surface complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions. These findings suggest that Y. lipolytica has the potential to be an effective biosorbent for the removal of rare earth elements from wastewater.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential elements in many technology industries. The commonly used ammonium salt method has caused a bad impact on environment. Bioleaching is widely recognized as a low energy, relatively simple and environmentally friendly method. The purpose of this work is to extract REEs from ion-adsorption type rare earth ore by using three different bioleaching methods (one-step, two-step, and spent medium method, respectively) and the strain used was Aspergillus niger strain. Major organic acids produced during microbial growth were detected and the REEs leaching efficiency of three methods was compared. In addition, the interaction between the strain and their metabolites and rare earth ore was investigated by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, and TEM-EDS during the leaching process. In the end, it was found that the spent medium method had the best leaching effect, and various characterization methods showed that the three bioleaching methods had obvious changes before and after leaching, among which the spent medium method had the most significant effect. Additionally, through the analysis, it can be concluded that the complexation and acidolysis may occur in the bioleaching process.

Fluoride is an essential trace element for the human body, but excessive fluoride can cause serious environmental and health problems. Therefore, developing efficient fluoride removal technologies is crucial. This review summarizes the progress made in using microbial materials to remove fluoride from wastewater, covering strategies that involve pure cultures of bacteria, fungi, and algae, as well as modified microbial materials and bioreactors. Live microorganisms exhibit high efficiency in adsorbing low concentrations of fluoride, while modified microbial materials are more suitable for treating high concentrations of fluoride. The review discusses the adsorption mechanisms and influencing factors of these technologies, and evaluates their practical application potential through techno-economic analysis. Finally, future research directions are proposed, including the optimization of modification technologies and the selection of effective microbial species, providing theoretical guidance and a basis for future microbial defluoridation technologies.

Co-culturing fungi and microalgae may effectively remediate wastewater containing Cd and harvest microalgae. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure is lacking. In this study, Cd(II) exposure resulted in a significant enhancement of antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the control group, suggesting that the cellular antioxidant defense response was activated. Extracellular proteins and extracellular polysaccharides of the symbiotic system were increased by 60.61 % and ,24.29 %, respectively, after Cd(II) exposure for 72 h. The adsorption behavior of Cd(II) was investigated using three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metabolomics results showed that the TCA cycle provided effective material and energy supply for the symbiotic system to resist the toxicity of Cd(II); Proline, histidine, and glutamine strengthened the synergistic adsorption capacity of the fungus and microalgae. Overall, the theoretical foundation for a deep comprehension of the beneficial interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure and the role of the fungal-algal symbiotic system in the management of heavy metal pollution is provided by this combined physiological and metabolomic investigation.

The co-cultivation of fungi with microalgae facilitates microalgae harvesting and enhances heavy metal adsorption. However, the mechanisms of fungal tolerance to cadmium (Cd) have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, functional groups of fungi were analyzed under Cd stress using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) to explore their morphology. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to characterize the changes in the content of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, and a decrease in the ratio of glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was monitored. The GSH and GSSG contents in mycelium were 7.4 and 7.9 times higher than that in the control, respectively. After 72 h of Cd treatment, the fungal extracellular polysaccharide and extracellular protein contents increased by 16 and 11.4 mg/g, respectively, compared to the control. This provided several functional groups for the complexation of Cd ions to enhance fungal Cd tolerance. The metabolomic and transcriptomic results revealed a total of 358 differential metabolites after 20, 48, and 72 h in the positive and negative ion modes, and the number of differential metabolites specific to each group was 104, 14, and 89, respectively. There were 927, 1167, and 1287 up-regulated genes, and 1301, 1480, and 1683 down-regulated genes at 20, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the ABC transport system are the key metabolic pathways for tolerance enhancement and heavy metal detoxification in fungi. The expression of S-cysteinosuccinic acid was significantly up-regulated after Cd stress and associated with enhanced fungal tolerance and resistance to Cd.

Rare earths are valuable resources and indispensable raw materials for many high-tech industries. It is necessary to recover rare earths from rare earth leaching liquid. Biosorption is an environmentally friendly method compared with other methods. In this study, five rare earth ions (La3+, Sm3+, Y3+, Nd3+, Er3+) were adsorbed by Bacillus sp. strain and Aspergillus niger strain. The adsorption process of two strains was optimized under different rare earth ion concentrations, temperature, cell concentration, pH and shaking speed. Additionally, the mechanisms of the two strains were also compared. The results showed that the adsorption efficiencies of Bacillus sp. strain and Aspergillus niger strain were as high as 95 % and 75 %, respectively. Characterization analysis showed that the functional groups of the two strains changed after adsorption, and five rare earth ions were adsorbed on the surface of the strains. The desorption and recovery experiments showed that HCl solution had good desorption effect, and Bacillus sp. strain had good regeneration and reusability. Moreover, it was found that the extracellular protein and polysaccharide had obvious changes before and after adsorption. The Bacillus sp. strain is a potential biosorbent for REEs recovery.

A co-culture system of fungi and microalgae has been demonstrated to achieve efficient harvesting of microalgae. However, the maintenance of stability (high harvesting efficiency) in this system and the metabolic pathways of key substances during the co-culture process have not been studied in detail. Four fungi-algae symbiotic systems were constructed to investigate the harvesting efficiency, apparent morphology, fluores-cent dye labeling of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), fatty acid composition, and functional groups, to obtain the optimal symbiotic system (100% microalgae harvesting). The symbiosis enhanced the EPS production. The addition of exogenous carbon and nitrogen at 48 h maintained system stability and 100% harvesting efficiency. Metab-olomics further was used to analyze the metabolic responses and regu-latory mechanisms of the symbiotic system, in which the galactose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and amino acid meta-bolism were the major metabolic pathways affected by symbiosis.

Although zinc-ion batteries express superior advantages included great safety and cost-effectiveness for grid-level energy storage, the electrode materials are still suffering from structural collapse and depressed kinetics. Fortunately, these defects can be effectively improved by the combination of structure engineering and composition regulation, which is an effective strategy for improving electrochemical reaction kinetics and structure tolerance. Thereof, the Mo-doped Bi2S3 materials with nanorod-linked spherical framework have been constructed in this work. The introduction of Mo-heteroatom can optimize the electronic structure of Bi2S3 for strengthening its conductivity, which contributes to obtain the enhanced reaction kinetics. Furthermore, this trend can be boosted by the design of nanorod-assembled sphere, which effectually reduces the ion diffusion path. In addition, the shaggy sphere possesses the ability of stress dispersion, contributing to maintain the structure integrity during charging/discharging process. As expected, this designed electrode materials exhibit a superior reversibility capacity of 51.0 mA h g-1 over 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g -1, and a prominent high-rate capacity of 93.7 mA h g -1 at the enlarged rate of 6000 mA g -1. Importantly, this present research will enlighten the combined modification strategy to engineering metal sulfides for high-performance zinc-ion batteries.

With the continuous improvement in technology, the potential of rare earth elements (REEs) is constantly being tapped. Some of these REEs are valuable additives in the high-tech field. Bioleaching is an effective and clean method for extracting REEs from ion-adsorption type rare earth ore. In this study, the effect of non-contact bioleaching of REEs by Aspergillus niger strain was investigated, and the optimal culture conditions of strain and the optimal leaching conditions of rare earth ore were investigated. In addition, untargeted metabolomics was used to explore the differential metabolites produced by the strain before and after leaching and to verify the metabolites affected during leaching. The results showed that the REEs leaching efficiency was indeed improved by changing the temperature, pH, shaking speed and liquid-solid ratio. Metabolomic experiments showed that organic acids and their derivatives played important roles, and most of them were down-regulated after leaching.

Bioleaching is a process that uses microorganisms to recover metals from intractable metal sulfide ores. Metal sulfide bioleaching is an interfacial process, and biofilm growth is crucial during the early phases. To study the interactions between microbes and minerals during the bioleaching of moderately thermophilic microorganisms, the formation and development of biofilms on pyrite coupons incubated in shake flasks for 40 days were evaluated. The biofilm biomass progressively increased as bioleaching proceeded. The most extensive biofilm was formed on day 30, when bacteria were attached to the mineral surface or submerged in extracellular polymeric substances. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that the biofilm biomass of pyrite on day 40 was 6.55, 5.28, 3.17, and 1.70 times higher than that on days 5, 10, 20, and 30, respectively. Extracellular protein content exhibited an increasing trend throughout the process, whereas extracellular polysaccharides played a significant role during the early stages. Live/dead staining showed the highest mortality rate of 94% when cells were in contact with pyrite in the early stage, and the percentage of live bacteria increased in the later period. In the bioleaching environment, mature biofilms appeared to form relatively quickly after day 20. Real-time quantitative fluorescent quantitative analysis indicated that biofilm formation played an important role in defense against hostile external environments. In this study, biofilm formation and the associated RNA transcript numbers of moderately thermophilic microorganisms during pyrite bioleaching were investigated, contributing to the understanding of cell-mineral interactions.

Microalgae can provide a wide range of adsorption groups and have remarkable effects on pollutant removal owing to the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), with polysaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids as key components. However, the problem of high-cost harvesting of microalgae has become a bottleneck limiting their industrial application, due to microalgae due to their negatively charged cell surfaces in culture and their existence in suspended systems in their natural state. Because of their simple operation, safety and efficiency, filamentous fungi assist microalgae to forming symbiotic fungus-microalgae mycelium spheres as a new, green, and environmentally friendly microalgae harvesting technique. This review describes research progress on the construction conditions, symbiotic forces, and effectiveness of wastewater treatment using fungus-microalgae symbiotic systems. The factors influencing the construction of stable fungal-microalgal symbiotic mycelial spheres with efficient harvesting efficiency in culture (temperature, pH, carbon source, rotational speed, and light intensity), and the forces involved in the symbiotic process including electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and EPS interaction, are briefly outlined. Symbiotic systems of fungi and algae in different industrial wastewaters have shown good treatment of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and CO2. The current challenges and future prospects of the microalgae mycelium spheres are discussed. In addition, symbiotic mycelium spheres enhance the performance of wastewater treatment compared to microalgae or fungi system alone, which solves the difficult harvesting problem of microalgae and increases the feasibility of the system for practical industrial applications.

Fungi-microalgae symbiotic systems (FMSS) are typically used to assist in the immobilization of microalgae and strengthen the adsorption of heavy metals. However, the adsorption behavior of the symbiotic systems and the molecular regulation mechanism of extracellular proteins in the adsorption of heavy metals have not been reported in detail. In this study, a stable FMSS were used to study Cd(II) adsorption behavior. The fixation efficiency of fungi to microalgae reached more than 95% at pH7.0, 30°C, 150 rpm, and a medium ratio of 100%. The biomass, chlorophyll content, and total fatty acid content of the symbiotic system were much higher than those of microalgae and fungi alone. The photosynthetic fluorescence parameters showed that the presence of fungi enhanced the light tolerance of microalgae. The original light energy conversion efficiency and potential activity of PSII were enhanced, indicating that symbiosis could promote the photosynthetic process of microalgae. The Cd(II) adsorption efficiency can achieve 90%. The system maintained excellent adsorption after six adsorption cycles. Differential proteins were mainly enriched in areas such as metabolism, ABC transport system, and pressure response. Cd(II) stress promotes an increase in efflux proteins. Moreover, cadmium can be fixed as much as possible by secreting extracellular proteins, and the toxicity of cadmium to cells can be alleviated by regulating the metabolism of glutathione, reducing oxidative phosphorylation level, and reducing oxidative stress, thus improving the resistance to Cd(II). Meanwhile, the expression of enzymes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway was upregulated, while the expression of those in the TCA cycle was downregulated. The expression of substances related to PSI and PSII in the photosynthetic system and rubisco, a key enzyme in the Calvin cycle, was significantly upregulated.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have many beneficial functions in the bioleaching process. A mixed culture of moderate thermophilic microorganisms was used to bioleach pyrite concentrate in a stirred tank reactor at a pulp density of 6%. Three physical methods (heating, ultrasound and vibration with glass beads) and three chemical methods (NaOH, H2SO4 and formaldehyde) were assessed for the extraction of EPS from sessile microorganisms. The parameter conditions for each method were optimised to obtain the optimal settings. The EPS content of each extract varied depending on the extraction method used. Cell lysis can be minimised by optimizing the extraction conditions. Results indicated that heating method outperformed other methods with low cell lysis and yielded 355.56 +/- 116.56 ug/10(8) cells of protein and 16.72 +/- 1.45 ug/10(8) cells of polysaccharides. Thereafter, this method was applied to extract EPS from pyrite surface during the bioleaching process. During pyrite bioleaching, extracellular proteins were the major component of EPS extracted from sessile strains. Confocal laser scanning microscope and scanning electron microscope showed that pyrite grains were wrapped by many extracellular proteins. Therefore, this research can provide a reference for the extraction of EPS from moderate thermophilic bioleaching systems by analysing the potential impact of extraction methods.

The interaction mechanism in the FMSS was explored using Aspergillus fumigatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. SEM and TEM showed that microalgae can be fixed on the surface of fungal mycelium pellets because of the bridging effect of EPS on the surface of the fungal mycelium. Microalgae had good activity during the symbiotic process. Zeta analysis showed that there was electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charges during symbiosis between fungi and microalgae. FTIR and XPS results showed that amino, amide, phosphate, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups played important roles in the symbiotic system. The N cycling and CO2-O2 cycling promoted the synthesis of amino acids and provided a guarantee for gas exchange in the FMSS, and the intermediate metabolites (CO32- and HCO3- /H2CO3 ) satisfied the metabolic activities of microalgae and fungi. The microalgae and fungi worked in coordination each other, which was the mutualistic symbiosis.

Due to the bioaccumulation and non-biodegradability of cadmium, Cd can pose a serious threat to ecosystem even at low concentration. Microalgae is widely distributed photosynthetic organisms in nature, which is a promising heavy metal remover and an effective industrial sewage cleaner. However, there are few detailed reports on the short-term and long-term molecular mechanisms of microalgae under Cd stress. In this study, the adsorption behavior (growth curve, Cd removal efficiency, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic change of extracellular polymeric substances), cytotoxicity (photosynthetic pigment, MDA, GSH, H2O2, O-2(-)) and stress response mechanism of microalgae were discussed under EC50. RNAseq detected 1413 DEGs in 4 treatment groups. These genes were related to ribosome, nitrogen metabolism, sulfur transporter, and photosynthesis, and which been proved to be Cd-responsive DEGs. WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) revealed two main gene expression patterns, short-term stress (381 genes) and long-term stress (364 genes). The enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that the expression of genes involved in N metabolism, sulfur transporter, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated. This provided raw material for the synthesis of the important component (cysteine) of metal chelate protein, resistant metalloprotein and transporter (ABC transporter) in the initial stage, which was also the short-term response mechanism. Cd adsorption of the first 15 min was primary dependent on membrane transporter and beforehand accumulated EPS. Simultaneously, the up-regulated glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) family proteins played a role in the initial resistance to exogenous Cd. The damaged photosynthetic system was repaired at the later stage, the expressions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were up-regulated, to meet the energy and substances of physiological metabolic activities. The study is the first to provide detailed short-term and long-term genomic information on microalgae responding to Cd stress. Meanwhile, the key genes in this study can be used as potential targets for algae-mediated genetic engineering.

Microalgae and fungi in the fungi-microalgae symbiotic system(FMSS) can solve the problems of deep purification of heavy metals in wastewater and harvesting of microalgae cell by synergistic interaction. Therefore, it is of great significance to use the FMSS for remediation of heavy metal pollution. However, at present, the immobilization and transformation mechanism of heavy metals in the FMSS is not clear, which limits the development and industrial application of the FMSS with high adsorption performance, high selectivity, and high tolerance. In this study, the FMSS constructed using Aspergillus funigatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, was used as the research object to explore heavy metal adsorption performance. Under optimal conditions, the adsorption efficiencies of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) were as high as 90.02% and 80.03%, respectively. The adsorption process was controlled by both internal and external diffusion. Extracellular absorption was dominant, and intracellular absorption was secondary. XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX results revealed that ionic crystals and precipitates (Cd(OH)2, CdCO3, calcium oxalate crystals, Cr(OH)3, Cr2O3, and CrCl3) were formed after adsorption. The adsorption of Cr(VI) involved the reduction of Cr(VI). Functional groups, such as amino, carboxyl, aldehyde, and ether groups, on the cell surface also interact with heavy metal ions. To summarize, by constructing the FMSS, optimizing the symbiosis conditions, exploring the adsorption and accumulation rules of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) inside and outside the cells in the system, and revealing the molecular response mechanism, we were able to establish a theoretical basis for further understanding the interaction between the FMSS and heavy metals.