Proanthocyanidins, a new class of potent antioxidants, are recognized for their strong in vivo activity and occur in high abundance in Lycium ruthenicum. Although the extraction of these compounds from this plant has been extensively investigated, their inherent instability imposes stringent demands on the extraction process. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have emerged as attractive alternatives for isolating bioactive constituents from plant materials thanks to their favorable biocompatibility, high extraction efficiency, and environmentally benign nature. Therefore, we have developed an efficient and green NADES-assisted ultrasonic extraction method for recovering proanthocyanidins from Lycium ruthenicum. Among the fourteen NADES formulations screened, the choline chloride–glycerol system (1:5 molar ratio, 30% v/v water) afforded the highest extraction yield. Single-factor experiments, combined with response surface methodology, led to the optimal conditions: solid-to-liquid ratio 1:15 g/mL, ultrasonic power 240 W, temperature 40 °C, and time 30 min. Under these conditions, the proanthocyanidin yield reached 12.19%, markedly outperforming that obtained with conventional methanol extraction. Kinetic analysis indicated that the extraction process conformed to the Logistic model, with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.967 across the entire temperature range studied (20–50 °C). In vitro antioxidant assays further revealed that the extract exhibited significant concentration-dependent scavenging activities against •OH, DPPH•, and ABTS+• radicals. The IC50 values of proanthocyanidin extracts for •OH, DPPH•, and ABTS+• were 0.029 mg/mL, 0.56 μg/mL, and 0.011 mg/mL, respectively. Overall, these results establish a sustainable NADES-based protocol for the extraction of proanthocyanidins from Lycium ruthenicum, and underscore their promise as natural antioxidants for functional food and pharmaceutical uses.

This study describes the design and synthesis of a novel series of triazole-aryloxyacetyl hydrazide hybrids with furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. The structure elucidations were performed using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The in vitro antitumor activities evaluation indicated that several derivatives exhibited considerable inhibiting effect against HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 4.82 to 69.83 µmol/L for compounds 5a–5l, 18.37 to > 100 µmol/L for compounds 6a–6j, 11.21 and 6.07 µmol/L for compounds 7a and 7b, respectively. Among them, compounds 5d and 5e appeared the most potent activity, along with notably lower cytotoxicity against the normal human liver cell line and the selectivity indices (SIs) were calculated to be 3.36 and 3.02, respectively, underscoring their antitumor potential. Furthermore, compound 5d not only induced concentration-dependent apoptosis but also effectively suppressed HepG2 cell migration. Following molecular docking studies demonstrated that compound 5d interacts with EGFR in a manner similar to gefitinib, suggesting its potential as an EGFR inhibitor. Preliminary comparative structure-activity relationship revealed that the bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine core bearing a C-4 aryloxyacetyl hydrazide moiety was crucial for high activity, outperforming the tricyclic triazole-containing analogs (6a–6j). In addition, the introduction of halogen substituents (F, Cl) at the R1 position enhanced potency, as evidenced by compounds 5d, 5e, and 7b. Conversely, the tricyclic series (6a–6j) showed diminished activity. A comparison with the potent compounds 7a and 7b suggests that this may be due to unfavorable steric effects. This insight provides a direction for subsequent molecular optimization efforts.

Soybeans are susceptible to infection by Rhizoctonia solani(R. solani)throughout its entire growth cycle, necessitating fungicides with both high retention and sustained activity. Current water-based nanopesticides constructed with traditional surfactants are often limited by low loading capacity and short release duration, failing to meet the requirements for long-term disease control. To overcome these fundamental limitations, we constructed a superamphiphilic surfactant nanocarrier (QP5A-EL-60) via host-guest interaction between quaternary ammonium pillar[5]arenes (QP5A) and polyoxyethylene castor oil (EL-60). By encapsulating the pyrazole amide fungicide flubeneteram (Flu), we developed a high-loaded nanofungicide Flu@QP5A-EL-60. Unlike conventional micelles, which typically suffer from low encapsulation efficiency due to their loose assembly structure, this host-guest assembly achieved a loading efficiency of 62.8 %+/- 0.6 %, not only significantly surpassing the traditional formulation Flu@EL-60 but also substantially breaking through the loading bottleneck that advanced nano-carrier systems often struggle to overcome, as reported in the current literature. Furthermore, the droplet impact and spraying behaviors revealed that the supramolecular architecture confers superior retention capacity (increased by 1.7 times) on hydrophobic leaves compared to the traditional surfactant formulation. Crucially, the system demonstrated a unique "spreading-while-releasing" mechanism, with a release duration exceeding 375 h. Compared to most conventional sustained-release formulations that only provide less than 200 h of protection, our system has significantly extended the duration of efficacy, effectively addressing the key challenge of short-lived protection associated with water-based pesticide formulations. This work advances the field by demonstrating that superamphiphilic host-guest assembly can achieve high loading, strong leaf adhesion, and sustained release, offering a strategy for constructing high-efficiency, green agrochemical delivery systems.

Polygonum cuspidatum, a traditional medicinal plant widely cultivated in Hubei Province, China, contains resveratrol, which has been shown to regulate lipoprotein metabolism, inhibit platelet aggregation, and aid in the prevention of arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. However, conventional extraction methods are often limited by low efficiency and solvent toxicity. A novel extraction strategy integrating an ultrasound-assisted extraction with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) was developed to achieve environmentally friendly and effective recovery of resveratrol from Polygonum cuspidatum. The optimized NADES system consisted of betaine and DL-malic acid in a 1:4 molar ratio with 50% water content. Using single-factor experiments and Response Surface Methodology, the following parameters were identified as optimum: solid–liquid ratio, 1:28 g/mL; ultrasonic power, 240 W; ultrasonic temperature, 40 °C; and ultrasonic time, 30 min. In such a case, the resveratrol yield reached 33.12 mg/g by UV-Vis spectroscopy and 2.95 mg/g by HPLC analysis, significantly higher than that obtained by other methods. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that the extract exhibited strong scavenging activity against ABTS+•, DPPH•, and •OH radicals. These results demonstrate that the ultrasound-assisted extraction with NADES method provides an efficient and eco-friendly alternative for extracting resveratrol from Polygonum cuspidatum, yielding extracts with notable antioxidant properties.

In this study, building upon the ibuprofen lead compound and previous research on antitumor agents, 33 novel ibuprofen-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine bearing triazole, hydrazide and oxadiazole hybrid derivatives were synthesized. The all compounds were confirmed structurally using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS. Subsequently, the antitumor activities of these compounds were evaluated on HepG2 and A549 cell lines in vitro. The findings indicated that all target compounds exhibited potent antitumor activity. A preliminary comparison among different pharmacophores of 3a-3h, 6a-6g, 9a-9m, and 10a-10e revealed a general trend: triazole > hydrazide/bishydrazide > oxadiazole in terms of activity. Additionally, for compounds 9a-9m, substituents at the C-4 position of the pyrimidine ring demonstrated significant effects on activity, with the order of potency being piperidin-1-yl > morpholin-1-yl > diethylamino > di-n-propyl amino. Furthermore, the representative compound 9b was selected to explore its impact on HepG2 and A549 cell apoptosis, and the results indicated that 9b typically caused cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Further target prediction results displayed that 9b may be a G protein-coupled receptors CCR3 inhibitor. Ultimately, compound 9b showed excellent antitumor activity against HepG2 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.144μmol/L and 0.068μmol/L, respectively, making it a promising antitumor candidate for further study.

The versatility of N-heterocyclic rings is the focus of most attention because of their remarkable biological activities. In this study, a new chalcone-mediated and unexpected rearrangement reaction has been explored for the preparation of 1H-pyrazol-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 5a-5r. The purities of compounds 5a-5r were analyzed via ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by NMR, and HRMS. Additionally, the molecular structure of 5d was further confirmed by X-ray structure analysis. In vitro, the inhibitory activities of 5a-5r were tested against HepG2 cell lines by the CCK8 procedures. The IC50 values of 0.17 - 69.89 mu mol/L indicated the potential antitumor effectiveness of target compounds 5a-5r. Furthermore, compound 5c was selected to induce HepG2 cells apoptosis and conduct docking study, which considered as a new targeted antitumor agent.

Coupling a furopyrimidone scaffold with coumarin through a hydrazide linker can effectively improve their synergistic anticancer activity targeting HepG2.

As a common substance in the human body, melibiose has a good effect on treating inflammation, and chiral selectively assembled behaviors often accompany this metabolic activity. Therefore, studies on melibiose's chiral selectively assembled behaviors arouse broad interest, making it better for us to understand similar bioprocesses. Herein, we modified (R)/(S)-phenylethylamine calix[4]arenes onto the gold surface to analyze the chiral selective behaviors for melibiose. Contact angle and electrochemical experimental results showed that this functional surface modified with (S)-phenylethylamine calix[4]arene achieved selective adsorption of melibiose in the condition of pH = 7 based on the weak host-guest interaction. Furthermore, these functional surfaces have been realized by amplifying the weak selective interaction, and these chiral selective sensors have been constructed for the melibiose.

Starting from three ibuprofen-coumarin hit compounds, we designed 18 derivative compounds targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by introducing different substituents onto them by using the computational auto in silico ligand directing evolution (AILDE) method. After synthesizing and testing the activity, we found that 6 representative compounds have micromolar enzyme inhibitory activity against COX-2. Additionally, 16 compounds have shown certain inhibitory activity in cervical cancer cells. Among these compounds, 6c (IC50 = 0.606 μM, HeLa) and 7g (IC50 = 0.783 μM, HeLa) have exhibited excellent activity, which is approximately 10 times better than the commercial drug gefitinib. According to molecular simulation results, the halogen atoms of 6c and 7g on the coumarin ring can form halogen bonds with COX-2, which significantly improves their activity compared to their hit compounds 6a and 7a. However, the key interactions were lost in binding with COX-1. The calculation results revealed that the two compounds are selective COX-2 inhibitors, with potential selectivity indexes of 6-fold and 5-fold, respectively. The cell-based activity of compounds 6c and 7g toward HEK293 cells demonstrates that our compounds possess an acceptable safety toward normal cells. The results indicate that 6c and 7g can serve as potential lead compounds for further lucubrate.

Enantioselective labeling of important bioactive molecules in complex biological environments by artificial receptors has drawn great interest. From both the slight difference of enantiomers' physicochemical properties and inherently complexity in living organism point of view, it is still a contemporary challenge for preparing practical chiral device that could be employed in the model animal due to diverse biological interference. Herein, we introduce γ-cyclodextrin onto graphene oxide for fabricating γ-cyclodextrin and graphene oxide assemblies, which provided an efficient nanoplatform for chiral labelling of D-phenylalanine with higher chiral discrimination ratio of KD/KL = 8.21. Significantly, the chiral fluorescence quenching effect of this γ-CD-GO nanoplatform for D-phenylalanine enantiomer in zebrafish was 7.0-fold higher than L-isomer, which exhibiting real promise for producing practical enantio-differentiating graphene-based systems in a complex biological sample.

As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, essential oils can be used to treat various diseases that affect food safety, such as soybean sheath blight, which poses fewer health and environmental risks. However, conventional formulations, such as emulsions, often bounce, drift, and splash, which results in low pesticide utilization. The splashing phenomenon is especially serious on the hydrophobic soybean leaf surface, leading to the ineffective utilization of pesticide formulations. To this end, our goal is to develop a formulation with exceptional wetting and spreading properties on hydrophobic soybean leaf surfaces by using nanotechnology. We have successfully constructed anise oil nanoemulsions (AO NEs) as an alternative to conventional emulsion formulations. Anise oil microemulsion and anise oil submicroemulsion were selected as control groups to study the spreading performance of emulsions with different sizes. With smaller particle sizes, AO NE exhibited significantly improved wetting and spreading characteristics on the hydrophobic surface of soybean leaves. It also demonstrated excellent inhibition against the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. AO NE effectively addresses the rebound and spatter problems of traditional emulsions without the addition of extra additives. The agricultural applications of nanoemulsions for delivering essential oils have great potential to increase pesticide utilization.

Platinum-based anticancer drugs play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of various cancers. However, the application of platinum-based drugs is heavily restricted by their severe toxicity and drug resistance/cross resistance. Various drug delivery systems have been developed to overcome these limitations of platinum-based chemotherapy. Stimuli-responsive nanocarrier drug delivery systems as one of the most promising strategies attract more attention. And huge progress in stimuli-responsive nanocarrier delivery systems of platinum-based drugs has been made. In these systems, a variety of triggers including endogenous and extracorporeal stimuli have been employed. Endogenous stimuli mainly include pH-, thermo-, enzyme- and redox-responsive nanocarriers. Extracorporeal stimuli include light-, magnetic field- and ultrasound responsive nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent advances in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems with different nanocarriers for improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of platinum-based anticancer drugs.

A series of coumarin-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinone hybrid derivatives were synthesized, characterized by HR-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activities against hepatic carcinoma (HepG2) and cervical carcinoma (Hela) cell lines in vitro, and results shown that most of the compounds exhibited potent antitumor activity. Moreover, compound 3i, 8d and 8i were selected to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and it displayed a significant concentration-dependent. Further, transwell migration assay was used to detect the most potent compound 8i, and the results revealed that 8i can significantly inhibit HepG2 cells migration and invasion. In addition, kinase activity assay showed compound 8i may be a multi-target inhibitor, which 8i has an inhibition rate of 40-20% on RON, ABL, GSK3α and so on ten different kinases at the concentration 1 μmol/L. At the same time, molecular docking studies revealed the possible binding modes of compounds 3i, 8d and 8i with kinase recepteur d'origine nantais (RON). A comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model was established from 3D-QSAR study that guide us to a more bulkly and electro-positive Y group at the C-2 position of furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinone ring was preferable for the bioactivity improvement of our compounds. Our preliminary research indicated that the coumarin skeleton introducing to the furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine system had a significantly influence on the biological activities.

考试是教育评价的有效办法和手段,在对我校基础化学考试成绩的正态性、难度、区分度、信度、效度进行分析验证了试卷质量合格后,以卷面成绩为因变量、以学习通收集到的14种线上线下学习行为为自变量,使用逐步线性回归分析得到了影响混合式教学成绩的4个显著性因素,并得到了回归方程.

The light-responsive nanochannel of rhodopsin gained wider research interest from its crucial roles in light-induced biological functions, such as visual signal transduction and energy conversion, though its poor stability and susceptibility to inactivation in vitro have limited its exploration. However, the fabrication of artificial nanochannels with the properties of physical stability, controllable structure, and easy functional modification becomes a biomimetic system to study the stimulus-responsive gating properties. Typically, light-responsive molecules of azobenzene (Azo), retinal, and spiropyran were introduced into nanochannels as photo-switches, which can change the inner surface wettability of nanochannels under the influence of light; this ultimately results in the photoresponsive nature of biomimetic nanochannels. Furthermore, the fine-tuning of their stimulus-responsive properties can be achieved through the introduction of host-guest systems generally combined with a non-covalent bond, and the assembling process is reversible. These host-guest systems have been introduced into the nanochannels to form different functions. Based on the host-guest system of light-responsive reversible interaction, it can not only change the internal surface properties of the nanochannel and control the recognition and transmission behaviors but also realize the controlled release of a specific host or guest molecules in the nanochannel. At present, macrocyclic host molecules have been introduced into nanochannels including pillararenes, cyclodextrin (CD), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). They are introduced into the nanochannel through chemical modification or host-guest assemble methods. Based on the changes in the light-responsive structure of azobenzene, spiropyran, retinal, and others with macrocycle host molecules, the surface charge and hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the nanochannel were changed to regulate the ionic and molecular transport. In this study, the development of photoresponsive host and guest-assembled nanochannel systems from design to application is reviewed, and the research prospects and problems of this photo-responsive nanochannel membrane are presented.

Thienopyrimidine scaffold is a fused heterocyclic ring system that has been found to be an integral part of pharmaceutical products to the improvement of pharmacological and biological activities. A series of polysubstituted thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their cytotoxic activity against Hela and A549 cancer cell lines in which EGFR is highly expressed. Most of the target compounds 8a-8e showed excellent activity against Hela and A549 cancer cell lines. The most promising compound 8c exhibited the similar IC50 values on A549 cell lines to the lead drug Olmutinib. The molecular docking results indicated that compound 8c bound to EGFR kinase in a different method with Olmutinib. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggested that the introduction of oxygen substituents was more favorable for antitumor activity. Compound 8c proved to be a promising antitumor agent. (C)& nbsp;2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chiral properties of biological surface is of importance as they dominate interactions with biomolecules(such as proteins,nucleic acids,hormones)in a living system.Inspired by this phenomenon,we designed and constructed a L-/D-N-acetyl-cysteine-pillar[6]arene functionalized Si surface(L-/D-NACP surface)for studying the influence of superficial chirality on selective adsorption of R-adrenaline.The fabricated chiral L-/D-NACP surface with consistency in hydrophilia and elementary composition exhibited a strong mirror-symmetric circular dichroism signal.In the adsorption study,the contact-angle of R-adrenaline droplet on D-NACP surface was more hydrophilic from macroscopical view,and the size and quantity of R-adrenaline aggregation on D-NACP surface was larger than L-NACP surface,implying selective adsorption of R-adrenaline appeared on the D-NACP surface.The possible mechanism was due to the stronger host-guest interaction between D-NACP and R-adrenaline,which facilitated the selective adsorption.Besides,the D-NACP surface with good selectivity can be used for chiral separation of racemic adrenaline.The results enhance the under-standing of hormones adsorption affected by surface chirality,and may provide some helpful inspiration for practical application of chiral surface.

In this paper, a series of polysubstituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidinones, including 1,2,4-triazole-fused derivatives, are synthesized via aza-Wittig reactions of iminophosphoranes, under mild conditions.

In an attempt to design and synthesize new heterocycles with improved their biological properties, some of fused tetracyclic benzo[4,5]furo[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐ 4(3H)‐ones bearing 1,2,4‐triazole, 1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 1,2,4‐triazinanone, and oxazolidine systems have been prepared by the aza‐Wittig reactions from readily available starting material under mild conditions. The structure of synthesized compounds was elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR, and elemental analysis.

A simplefuro [2,3-d]pyrimidinone-based Schiff base FPS was synthesized via aza-Wittig reaction and structure elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic studies FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. FPS showed weak fluorescence emission in methanol and the selectivity of FPS to different metal ions (Mn2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ba2+, Ag+, Co2+, Na+, K+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Bi3+) were studied by absorption and fluorescence titration. The results show that FPS has selective fluorescence sensing behavior for Zn2+ ions and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 1.19 × 10–8 mol/L. Moreover, FPS-Zn2+ acts as a metal based highly selective and sensitive new chemosensor for Cu2+ ions and the LOD was calculated to be 2.25 × 10–7 mol/L. In accordance with the results and theoretical calculations, we suspected that the binding mechanisms of FPS to Zn2+ and Cu2+ were assigned to be the cooperative interaction of Zn2+(Cu2+)-N.