In order to enrich the existing rule acquisition theory in formal decision contexts, this study puts forward three new types of rules: decision association rules, non-redundant decision association rules and simplest decision association rules. Then, we analyze the relationship among these three types of rules, and develop methods to acquire them from single-scale formal decision contexts. Some numerical experiments are also conducted to compare the performance of the method of acquiring the simplest decision association rules with that of the existing one of acquiring the non-redundant decision rules. Moreover, the new three types of rules are employed to introduce three types of consistencies in multi-scale formal decision contexts. In addition, the notion of an optimal scale is defined by each type of consistency, and how to select an optimal scale is investigated as well. Finally, two applications in smart city for the proposed rule acquisition and optimal scale selection methods are applied to smart city.

Guangzhou is the capital and largest city (land area: 7287km2) of Guangdong province in South China. The air quality in Guangzhou typically worsens in November due to unfavorable meteorological conditions for pollutant dispersion. During the Guangzhou Asian Games in November 2010, the Guangzhou government carried out a number of emission control measures that significantly improved the air quality. In this paper, we estimated the acute health outcome changes related to the air quality improvement during the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games using a next-generation, fully-integrated assessment system for air quality and health benefits. This advanced system generates air quality data by fusing model and monitoring data instead of using monitoring data alone, which provides more reliable results. The air quality estimates retain the spatial distribution of model results while calibrating the value with observations. The results show that the mean PM2.5 concentration in November 2010 decreased by 3.5μg/m3 compared to that in 2009 due to the emission control measures. From the analysis, we estimate that the air quality improvement avoided 106 premature deaths, 1869 cases of hospital admission, and 20,026 cases of outpatient visits. The overall cost benefit of the improved air quality is estimated to be 165 million CNY, with the avoided premature death contributing 90% of this figure. The research demonstrates that BenMAP-CE is capable of assessing the health and cost benefits of air pollution control for sound policy making.

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias <2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.

This article describes the development and application of a streamlined air control and response modeling system with a novel response surface modeling-linear coupled fitting method and a new module to provide streamlined model data for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China. This method is capable of significantly reducing the dimensions required to establish a response surface model, as well as capturing more realistic response of PM2.5 to emission changes with a limited number of model simulations. The newly developed module establishes a data link between the system and the Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE), and has the ability to rapidly provide model responses to emission control scenarios for SMAT-CE using a simple interface. The performance of this streamlined system is demonstrated through a case study of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China. Our results show that this system is capable of reproducing the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulation results with maximum mean normalized error<3.5%. It is also demonstrated that primary emissions make a major contribution to ambient levels of PM2.5 in January and August (e.g., more than 50% contributed by primary emissions in Shanghai), and Shanghai needs to have regional emission control both locally and in its neighboring provinces to meet China's annual PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The streamlined system provides a real-time control/response assessment to identify the contributions of major emission sources to ambient PM2.5 (and potentially O3 as well) and streamline air quality data for SMAT-CE to perform attainment assessments.

Efficient air quality management is critical to protect public health from the adverse impacts of air pollution. To evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control strategies, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has developed the Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition (SMAT-CE) to assess the air quality attainment of emission reductions, and the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition (BenMAP-CE) to evaluate the health and economic benefits of air quality improvement respectively. Since scientific decision-making requires timely and coherent information, developing the linkage between SMAT-CE and BenMAP-CE into an integrated assessment platform is desirable. To address this need, a new module linking SMAT-CE to BenMAP-CE has been developed and tested. The new module streamlines the assessment of air quality and human health benefits for a proposed air pollution control strategy. It also implements an optimized data gridding algorithm which significantly enhances the computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. The performance of the integrated software package is demonstrated through a case study that evaluates the air quality and associated economic benefits of a national-level control strategy of PM2.5. The results of the case study show that the proposed emission reduction reduces the number of nonattainment sites from 379 to 25 based on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards, leading to more than US$334 billion of economic benefits annually from improved public health. The integration of the science-based software tools in this study enhances the efficiency of developing effective and optimized emission control strategies for policy makers.

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5 and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.

This work describes the framework and development of USEPA′s next generation air pollution and health benefit evaluation tool, Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program: Community Edition (BenMAP CE). With the input data of population density, air quality and the associated impact on human activities, BenMAP CE assesses the economic benefits of improved air quality under different emission control scenarios. The CE version significantly enhances the computational efficiency and GIS visualization capability of the current BenMAP release (V4.0). A case study data provided by USEPA demonstrates that the CE version is capable of reproducing the air quality benefit results of BenMAP V4.0 while offering an improved user experience of the software package. BenMAP CE provides policy makers a comprehensive, user-friendly tool for sound air quality management.

The description of topological relations,which is in line with cognition concepts of human,is one of the main contents in the spatial relations and play important roles in spatial data inquiry and mining.Topological relations between two regions with no holes are researched and many models is set up,but there are a few researches for two regions with holes' topological relations.First,the current existing models were reviewed.Subsequently,according to 8 kinds of basic topological relations between two simple regions,two regions with holes' topological relations were analyzed in hierarchical and combinational way,and the hierarchical and combinational model which can descript regions with holes' topological relations was put forward.This model can describe all topological relations between two regions with holes.For the same kind of topological relation between two regions with holes,if the number order of holes was different,the result described by the model was unique.The model can also make up for the deficiency that the 4-4ID model only described regions with one hole' topological relations.

The description of topological relations,which is in line with cognition concepts of human,is one of the main contents in the special relations and plays important roles in spatial data inquiry and mining.First,we reviewed the current exsiting models.Subsequently,we analyzed 4-intersection-difference model and set up a simplified 4-intersection-difference model.In addition,we made detailed analysis on the rationality of simplified 4-intersection-difference model.At last,we prospected related research work on simplified 4-intersection-difference model.

Introduced Guohua(Dongtai)Wind Power Co.,Ltd.As the main electric transformer Parallel caused by parallel WTGS trip status,combined with WTGS situation is analyzed and adjusted to solve the problem,the WTGS through the proven long-term reliable operation,and suggestions for improvement.

The effect of hormone,subculture media,desiccation treatment and supplements on regeneration of mature embryo-derived callus subcultured for a long time in rice were studied.The results showed as follows:(3mg/L) BA in differentiation medium was favorable for regeneration of callus;addition of 3mg/L ABA,sucrose substituted with maltose,or sucrose partially substituted with mannitol in subculture media improved the status of callus in a degree and enhanced the differentiation frequency;partial desiccation treatment significantly increased the regeneration frequency of callus;addition of AgNO_3 or CuSO_4 in differentiation medium contributed to plant regeneration.