The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of special forces in possible hybrid conflict. This conflict, as a combination of conventional and irregular activities, forces the international environment to undertake activities aimed at developing a new, detailed and comprehensive approach, ensuring security and stability. Undoubtedly, terrorism is the main attribute in the hands of the asymmetrical subject. Asymmetry is the tool and strength of terrorists and the source of their successes. It is not associated with any concessions or concessions. The main objective of the action is to maximize the losses of the opponent, while the only limitation of the violence are technological and organizational barriers. And it is precisely these threats that are reacted by Special Forces with specific predispositions to prevent, combat and respond to hybrid phenomena. Celem niniejszego artykulu jest omowienie roli wojsk specjalnych w ewentualnym konflikcie hybrydowym. Konflikt ten jako kombinacja dzialan konwencjonalnych oraz nieregularnych, wymusza na środowisku miedzynarodowe podjecie dzialan zmierzających do opracowania nowego, szczegolowego oraz kompleksowego podejścia, zapewniającego bezpieczenstwo oraz stabilnośc. Niewątpliwie terroryzm jest glownym atrybutem w rekach podmiotu asymetrycznego. Asymetria jest narzedziem oraz silą terrorystow oraz źrodlem ich sukcesow. Nie jest związana z zadnymi ustepstwami czy koncesjami. Glownym celem dzialania jest maksymalizacja strat przeciwnika, zaś jedynym ograniczeniem przemocy stają sie bariery technologiczne i organizacyjne. I wlaśnie na te zagrozenia reagują Wojska Specjalne, posiadające szczegolne predyspozycje do zapobiegania, zwalczania oraz reagowania na zjawiska o charakterze hybrydowym.

The paper refers to the possibility of using the Polish Armed Forces in crisis management in Poland. Serious threat to the whole of Poland are crisis situations. On this points the Polish Armed Forces must be prepared for threat and respond on other natural disaster. In this article to present the possibility of using the armed forces to prevent, combat and react crisis situations. In the face of this threat the a basic tenet is a take crisis management measures. Therefore, the proper functioning in the crisis situations need to engage reliable armed forces.

The aim of this article is to present the possibility of using the armed forces to combat terrorist activities. Terrorism is a serious threat to international peace and security. In the face of this threat the a basic tenet is a take action anti-terrorism measures in Poland. Therefore, the proper functioning of the system prevention terrorist attacks and neutralize the effects of these attacks need reliable armed forces.

The main goal of this paper is to explore by hydrological modelling the groundwater system on both sides of the watershed boundary between the rivers Narew and Suprasl, North-East Poland and the influence of two nearby peat mines. An integrated model of the area was set up using the SIMGRO program. The aim of the model simulations was to estimate the historic hydrological situation of the area. The current groundwater levels were simulated as well as scenarios were investigated, which were based on blocking all drainage canals in the area of the two peat mines. The research proves that the watershed boundary between the Narew and the Suprasl River corresponds to the division of groundwater basins. Significant influences of the peat mines on groundwater levels are noticeable only in the close surroundings of the mines.

The Biebrza National Park, situated in north-cast Poland is a unique environment of wetland with very well developed zones of peat ecosystems. At present the wetlands are threatened by numerous factors associated with human activity (drainage, ceasing of mowing) as well as natural succession. Understanding the hydrology gives a proper basis for nature management in the area. The groundwater model SIMGRO was set up for the Lower Biebrza basin. The study focused on measures and their effect on groundwater levels. For this case some scenarios, which assumed weirs with different location, dimension and capacity, were simulated. The other type of management focused on changes in land use, especially changes from meadow to forest area. Results of simulations show that for improving soil moisture the best solution is implementation of group of weirs on small canals. Simulation proved also important role of land use type and their influence on groundwater level. Introduction of forest on meadow territory cause rapidly lowering of groundwater level.

W ostatnich latach na terenie Puszczy Białowieskiej notuje się stałe obniżanie się zwierciadła wód gruntowych. Proces ten jest spowodowany m.in. pracami melioracyjnymi wykonanymi w latach 50. i 60. ubiegłego wieku. Regulacja cieków oraz budowa rowów melioracyjnych przyśpieszyły odpływ wody. Efektem zaburzenia warunków wodnych na tym obszarze jest przesuszenie mokradłowych siedlisk leśnych, a w rezultacie grądowienie olsów i łęgów. W celu poprawy warunków wodnych mokradłowych obszarów leśnych na terenie Puszczy Białowieskiej (poza obszarem parku narodowego), z inicjatywy PTOP (Północnopodlaskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków), wybudowano kilkadziesiąt małych zbiorników wodnych różnych typów. Zbiorniki w zlewniach zalesionych powstały poprzez przegrodzenie naturalnych cieków bądź rowów progiem– –bystrotokiem, natomiast zbiorniki śródpolne wykopano. Oczekuje się, że powyższe działania wpłyną korzystnie na wydłużenie okresu stagnacji wód roztopowych, co zapobiegnie wysychaniu niektórych cieków w okresie lata. Umożliwią one również przywrócenie i powstanie nowych miejsc rozrodu płazów oraz utrzymanie bazy pokarmowej dla ptaków obszarów mokradłowych, m.in. bociana czarnego (Ciconia nigra L.). W pracy przedstawiono ocenę warunków ekologicznych i hydrologicznych zbiorników w zlewni Narewki. Przeprowadzono podstawowe pomiary jakości wody i stanu roślinności ekotopu oraz lustra wody wybranych zbiorników. W wielu przypadkach stwierdzono wkraczanie roślinności siedlisk mokradłowych oraz wypadanie gatunków grądowych i borowych. W okresie wiosennym zaobserwowano wykorzystanie stworzonych miejsc lęgowych przez płazy oraz obecność bociana czarnego (Ciconia nigra L.). W wyniku budowy małych zbiorników wodnych poprawiły się warunki do istnienia siedlisk olsowych i łęgowych.

The Biebrza National Park valley situated in north-east Poland, is a unique environment of wetlands with very well developed zones of peat focusing ecosystems. At present the wetlands are threatened by numerous factors associated with human activity (drainage, ceasing of mowing) as well as natural succession. Water conditions should be improved in order to stop the negative effects of the drainage works. Understanding the hydrology gives a proper basis for nature management in the area. The physically-based groundwater and surface water model SIMGRO was used to gain insight in the regional groundwater flow. Set up hydrological model became helpful during proper management of this territory. The study focuses on some management tools and their effect on groundwater level. For this case some scenarios, which set up weirs with different localization in canals and drain ditches were simulated. The second type of management based on changes in land use. Scenarios were established to find relation between different land use type and groundwater level.The study shows, that some local weirs situated in canals improve soil moisture only in close neighborhood while influence of group of weirs is noticed on bigger area.. Land use is important for establish groundwater level also, especially forest vegetation, which overgrown huge area cause sufficient decrease of groundwater level.To sum up, modeling method which was used during the research might be helpful on decision process and water management in the BPN and river catchment.

The main objective of the research is the setup of a groundwater model which can be used for predicting consequences of different land use management options. The constructed Lower Biebrza model is based on the SIMGRO model (SIMulation of GROundwater and surface water levels), a distributed physically-based model that simulates groundwater flow and surface water levels. Two different scenarios were modeled. The first scenario considered the natural vegetation succession of the peatlands as a serious threat. The second scenario considers a man-made approach, and was designed to check which changes in groundwater levels could be expected by blocking the existing drainage system on the Biebrza riverbanks. The study shows that, with regard to the impact on wetland conditions, the first scenario leads to negative changes in simulated groundwater levels while the second scenario leads to positive changes. The research clearly showed that an integrated hydrological approach, by using forecasting methodology, gives results that can be used in the evaluation of water management options. These results can also be the basis of a more comprehensive and profound study that takes into account other factors such as constraints and costs of the different measures and public participation in managing the area

The study area the Biebrza River Valley located in north-eastern part of Poland is the largest wetland area in central Europe where peat forming processes are still active. High biodiversity is attributed to the unique hydrological conditions. However, these conditions have been changed because of drainage works carried out in the past. The groundwater levels are not high enough to maintain proper moisture for peat soils. Peat mineralization proceeds in same part of the study area and others are in danger. Open, reach grassland territory shows a definite tendency of succession towards scrubs and woodland. To stop succession and mineralization of peat soils and to maintain unique environment of the Biebrza Valley, it is required to increase groundwater levels and to maintain flooding of the valley in spring. The study focuses on same management tools and their influence on groundwater levels. Same scenarios, which set up small dams in canals and drainage ditches, were created. The second type of management was based on changes in land use. Results of simulation point out that for proper improving soil moisture the best solution is implementation of group of dams on small canals. Simulation proved also the important role of land use type and its influence on groundwater levels.