Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare cancer. This study aimed to analyze the clinical, pathological, and treatment features of MBC cases managed in an oncological setting in Togo. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on all histologically confirmed MBC cases diagnosed between March 2016 and March 2024 at the Oncology Unit of Sylvanus Olympio University Teaching Hospital in Lomé, Togo. Epidemiological, clinical, histological, and therapeutic data were collected from medical records and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results: Fifteen cases of MBC were identified among 653 confirmed breast cancer cases, representing a frequency of 2.3%. The mean age at diagnosis was 61 ± 15.75 years (range, 36-95 years). Most patients (33%) were aged 60-69 years. The average delay in seeking consultation was 36 months (range: 12-48 months). The most common presenting symptom was a retroareolar breast mass (n = 12; 80%). Invasive carcinoma of no special type was the predominant histological subtype (n = 12; 80%). Immunohistochemistry was performed on seven patients: three had luminal subtypes, while four had triple-negative tumors. Tumors were classified as T2 in 40%, T3 in 13.3%, and T4 in 46.7% of cases. Five patients (33.3%) initially presented with metastasis. Surgery was performed on eight patients. Chemotherapy was given to six patients. Radiotherapy was administered to one patient. Endocrine therapy was prescribed to three patients. Of the 15 patients in this study, two were lost to follow-up before treatment. Among the remaining 13 treated patients, at last follow-up, five were alive, two had no evidence of disease, and three showed evidence of disease. Additionally, three patients were lost to follow-up, and five patients had died. Conclusion: Male breast cancer remains a rare and often overlooked disease in our context, frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. Improving early detection strategies and increasing public awareness are crucial for achieving better outcomes.

Le fibrothécome testiculaire est une lésion intratesticulaire rare et représentent environ 4 à 5 % de toutes les tumeurs gonadiques. Il fait partie des tumeurs du stroma gonadique et des cordons sexuels. Nous rapportons un cas de fibrothécome testiculaire chez un adulte. Il s’est agi d’un patient âgé de 40 ans, sans antécédent particulier, qui a consulté dans le service d’Urologie du Centre Hospitalier Régional de Sokodé (Togo) pour l’apparition, depuis environ 12 mois, d’une masse testiculaire droite indolore sans les symptômes du bas appareil urinaire ni de fièvre. Les marqueurs tumoraux étaient tous dans les limites de la normale. L'examen histopathologique après archidectomie droite par voie inguinale a révélé une compacte tumeur fusiforme impliquant le rete-testis en accord avec un fibrothécome. La connaissance d'une telle entité est d’une importance clinique pour les urologues et les pathologistes. Testicular fibrothecoma is a rare intratesticular lesion and accounts for approximately 4 to 5% of all gonadal tumors. It is part of gonadal stromal and sex cord tumors. We report a case of testicular fibrothecoma in an adult. It was about a 40-year-old male, with no particular history, who consulted the Urology department of the Sokodé Regional Hospital Center (Togo) for the appearance, approximately 12 months ago, of a mass right testicular painless without lower urinary tract symptoms or fever. Tumor markers were all within normal range. Histopathological examination after right inguinal orchiectomy revealed a compact spindle cell tumor involving the rete-testis keeping with fibrothecoma. The results of the given study are valuable for medical professionals related to the field of urology and pathology.

Background vulvar cancer, once predominantly diagnosed in older women, is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals, due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of vulvar cancer in Togo and its associated factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on vulvar cancer cases histologically diagnosed at the Pathological Laboratory of Lomé over a period of 17-years (2005–2021). Parameters investigated included age, occupation, risk factors, sample nature, macroscopic tumor aspects, histological types, therapeutic intervenions, and prognostic outcomes. Results A total of 32 cases of vulvar cancer were collected, yieding an annual frequency of 1.88 cases. The average age of the patients was 48±14.12 years with extremes of 27 years and 82 years. Housewives accounted for the largest proportion of cases (37.5%). Among the 32 cases, 27 had identifiable risk factors, with HPV infection being the most prevalentr (33.3%). The ulcero-budding aspect was most frequently observed, and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, with the majority being well differentiated (89.3%). Statistically significant associations were found between risk factors and histological types, risk factors and degrees of differentiation, as well as between histological types and good differentiation of vulvar cancers. The 3-year survival was estimated at 78.13%. Conclusion The incidence of vulvar cancer is increasing in Togo, particularly among young, primarily due to HPV infection.

Malignant degeneration on remnants of the thyroglossal tract is a very rare phenomenon. In our practice setting, we report the management of papillary carcinoma on a thyroglossal tract cyst. This was a 44-year-old female patient with a postoperative diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroglossal tract with an atypical clinical and ultrasound presentation. She subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral recurrent lymph node dissection, with resection of fibrous scar tissue in the previously operated hyoid region. We have discussed our therapeutic attitude to this rare pathology, the management of which is the subject of controversy.

Introduction:The objective of the study was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutive aspects of long bones primary tumors at the Regional Hospital of Sokode. Patients and Method:It was a prospective descriptive study of patients with long bone primary tumors for a period of 04 years from January 2019 to December 2022.Results: Twenty-eight tumors were identified in 18 men and 10 women.The morphological assessment was standard radiography (n=28), CT scan was performed in 18% (n=05).These were osteolytic tumors (39.2%), osteocondensing tumors (21.4%), mixed tumors (25%) and mixed tumors with fracture (14.4%).Anatomopathology examination of 14 patients showed osteosarcoma (n=06), chondrosarcoma (n=03), Ewing's sarcoma (n=01) and an osteochondroma (n=04).Surgical treatment by transfemoral amputation was performed in 06 cases for malignant tumors.An excision biopsy was performed for the 04 lesions whose diagnosis was an osteochondroma. Conclusion:Diagnosis and treatment of primary long bone tumors is difficult in isolated surgical areas.The subsidy of their treatment, the implementation of diagnostic and therapeutic tools could improve the vital prognosis of patients with malignant tumor.

Mature teratoma is a primary germ cell tumor frequently revealed during childhood in its sacrococcygeal and gonadal location, and rarely in the mediastinal location. The mode of the revelation of this tumor in the mediastinum ranges from incidental discovery to acute respiratory distress syndrome. We report the management of a case of mature mediastinal teratoma in a 10-year-old girl revealed by persistent chest pain evolving for 16 days. This observation will allow us to review the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of this affection.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and its incidence and mortality rates are expected to increase significantly over the next few years, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, histopathological, and prognostic aspects of breast cancer in Togo.MATERIALS AND METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed at our Department of Pathology of Lomé all cases of breast cancer in women confirmed by histology over a period of 20 years (2000-2019).RESULTS:We collected 804 cases of breast cancer in women. The median age was 46.7 years (range, 12-86 years). Patients aged <40 years represented 48.38% of cases, and the left breast was more affected (51.24%). Most women were sexually active (71.52%) and resided in urban areas (66.29%). Carcinomas represented the predominant histological group (796 cases, 99.00%) with a predominance of invasive nonspecific type carcinoma (92.34%). These cancers were diagnosed at late stage III using Nottingham grading (55.10%). The TNM classification showed a predominance of grades T2NxMx (72.45%) and T4N1Mx (17.76%). The luminal B profile (40.85%) was found mostly, and the mutation of BRCA2 and BRCA1 genes was found in 2.61% of cases. Mastectomy was performed in 7.59%, radiotherapy in 3.61%, and chemotherapy in 18.66%.CONCLUSION:Breast cancer is a frequent pathology in Togolese women, predominant in young adults, often diagnosed at a late stage with limited possibilities of treatment. The establishment of early care programs is essential.

ABSTRACTIntroduction. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiology and pattern of tumors in adolescents and young adults (AYA) managed in the oncology department of the University Teaching Hospital of Lome, Togo. Materials and methods. A cross sectional retrospective study was performed from March 2016 to March 2021 in the oncology department of the University Teaching Hospital of Lome. Medical records of patients aged 15-39 years with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of cancer were retrieved for analysis. Demographic characteristics, clinical and histological data were collected. Results. A total of 190 adolescents and Young Adults representing 16.9% of all cancer cases were diagnosed over the study period. There were 128 females (67.4%) and 62 males (32.6%). The majority of patients were in the age group of 35-39 years (n=84; 44.2%) and less than 5% were aged 15-19 years. The largest diagnosed group of cancer was carcinoma (n = 128; 67.4%). Breast cancer (n= 55; 43%) and gonadic cancer (n= 19; 15%) were the most common cancers in AYAs women while liver cancer (n=12; 19.4%) and non- Hodgkin lymphoma (n=9; 15%) were most common in AYAs men. Soft tissue was the most common site of cancer in adolescents aged 15-19 years, whereas Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas were most common in the 20-24 age groups. Breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer in 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 age groups. Conclusion. Cancer in AYA is a significant and growing health problem. Our results show that Togolese AYAs are a heterogeneous group of patients affected by a variety of cancers. This study can help us to understand their need and to establish a standard of care for cancer in this population.RESUMEIntroduction. Le but de notre etude etait de decrire le profil epidemiologique et histologique des cancers des adolescents et des jeunes adultes a Lome. Materiels et methodes. Il s’agit d’une etude transversale descriptive et retrospective portant sur les patients âges de 15 a 39 ans recus dans le service d’oncologie du CHU SO de Lome du 1er mars 2016 au 1er Mars 2021. Les donnees epidemiologiques et histopathologiques de ces patients ont ete recueillies et analysees. Resultats. Les adolescents et les adultes jeunes ont represente 16.9% des patients recus pour un cancer. Il y’avait 128 femmes et 62 hommes. La majorite des patients etaient âges de 35 a 39 ans (n=84 ; 44.2%) et moins de 5 % etaient dans la tranche d’âge des 15-19 ans. Les carcinomes etaient le type histologique le plus frequent. Le cancer du sein et les tumeurs gonadiques etaient les cancers les plus frequents chez les adolescentes et les jeunes femmes tandis que le cancer du foie et les lymphomes non hodgkiniens etaient plus frequents chez les adolescents et les jeunes hommes. Les tissus mous etaient le site tumoral le plus atteint chez les adolescents et le sein etait la localisation tumorale la plus frequente dans les tranches d’âge de 25 a 39 ans. Conclusion. Le spectre du cancer chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes au Togo est heterogene et variable selon les tranches d’âge. La connaissance de la prevalence du cancer et des types histologiques de ces patients peut aider a etablir des standards de soins dans ce groupe specifique.

Background. Breast cancer in men is a rare condition, often diagnosed late. The purpose of this study was to describe its epidemiological, histopathological, and radiographic aspects in Togo. Materials and Methods. This was a descriptive retrospective study on cases of breast cancer in humans diagnosed histologically at the Laboratory of Anatomy Pathological and Imagery of the University Hospital in Lomé, over a period of 25 years (1995 to 2019). The parameters studied were epidemiological, anatomopathological, and imaging. Results. Eighty-two (82) cases were diagnosed, an annual frequency of 3.28 cases. The mean age was 45±2.5 years; the range was 27-63 years. The family history of 47 patients (57.32%) was known. Carcinomas represented the predominant histological group with predominantly nonspecific invasive carcinoma (87.5%). These cancers were diagnosed at late stages (75.71% grade II). They were mainly of luminal B profile (38.75%) and associated with mutations of the BRCA2 and BRCA1 genes in 14.63% of the cases. The lesions were classified ACR 5 in 61.5% (11/18). Two cases of breast angiosarcoma were diagnosed by the identification of CD31 markers and factor VIII in immunohistochemistry. Hormone therapy such as tamoxifen was prescribed in all luminal patients (43 patients). Radiotherapy was administered to 15 patients (18.3%), with acute toxicity in 20% of the cases. After a median follow-up of 36 months, the evolution was complete remission in 27 patients (32.93%). Conclusion. Breast cancer in men is rare, often diagnosed late with a poor prognosis.

Objectif : l’objectif general de ce travail etait de faire le point sur les cancers du cavum au Togo en decrivant les aspects epidemiologiques, diagnostiques et en relevant les difficultes de prise en charge.Methodologie : il s’est agi d’une etude retrospective descriptive portant sur tous les cancers du cavum diagnostiques dans le service d’ORL sur une periode de 27 ans. Ont ete inclus dans notre etude tous les cas de cancers du cavum documentes histologiquementdans le service durant la periode d’etude. L’immunohistochimie et la radiotherapie ne sont pas disponibles a ce jour au Togo.Resultats : les cancers du cavum representaient 0,168‰ des consultations. La sex-ratio etait de 1,46. La masse latero-cervicale a ete un motif de consultation le plus frequent suivie des signes rhinologiques. Le delai moyen d’evolution des symptomes avant la premiere consultation etait de 10 mois. Un syndrome neurologique a ete retrouve dans 33,34% des cas. L’evaluation de l’aspect macroscopique des lesions et la biopsie ont ete faites par cavoscopie sous anesthesie generale et sous nasofibroscopie dans 12 cas (37,5%) chacune. Il s’agissait d’une tumeur bourgeonnante et infiltrante dans 21 cas (65,63%). La tomodensitometrie crânio-faciale a ete realisee dans 6 cas (18,75%) notant dans 4 cas une extension cerebrale. Le lymphome non hodgkinien etait retrouve dans 14 cas (43,75%) et le carcinome epidermoide dans 11 cas (34,38%). L’evolution etait caracterisee par les pertes de vue et le deces.Conclusion : les aspects releves dans cette etude nous font dire que les cancers du cavum, bien que rares, pourraient representer a eux seuls la vitrine du systeme de prise en charge des cancers non chirurgicaux au Togo. Mots-cles : cavum, cancer du cavum, carcinome du cavum, Togo. English Title: Nasopharyngeal cancers in Togo: Epidemiological, diagnostic and evolving aspects Objective: the general objective of this work was to take stock of nasopharyngeal cancers in Togo by describing the epidemiological, diagnostic aspects and by underlying the difficulties of treatment.Methodology: This was a retrospective descriptive study of all nasopharyngeal cancers diagnosed in the ENT department over a period of 27 years. Were included in our study all cases of nasopharyngeal cancer documented histologically in the department during the study period. Immunohistochemistry and radiotherapy are not currently available in Togo.Results: Nasophanryngeal cancers represented 0.168‰ of consultations. The sex ratio was 1.46. The lateral cervical mass was the most frequent reason for consultation followed by rhinological signs. The average time of evolution of symptoms before the first consultation was 10 months. A neurological syndrome was found in 33.34% of the cases. The gross appearance of the lesions and the biopsy were evaluated by cavoscopy under general anesthesia and nasofibroscopy in 12 cases (37.5%) each. It was a budding and infiltrating tumor in 21 cases (65.63%). The cranio-facial CT scan was performed in 6 cases (18.75%), noting in 4 cases a cerebral extension. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was found in 14 cases (43.75%) and squamous cell carcinoma in 11 cases (34.38%). The development was characterized by loss of sight and death.Conclusion: the aspects noted in this study make us say that nasopharyngeal cancers, although rare, could represent by themselves the showcase of the non-surgical cancers management system in Togo. Keywords: nasopharynx, nasopharyngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Togo.

Background: Molecular classification of breast cancer is an important factor for prognostic and clinical outcomes. There are no data regarding molecular breast cancer subtypes among Togolese women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of ER, PR, HER2, and molecular subtypes of breast cancer receptors in Togolese patients and to establish the correlation between clinical and histological data and molecular types. Methods: Clinicopathologic data of patients were collected from clinical records. Immunohistochemistry biomarkers (ER, PR, and HER2) were assessed in patients who have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from March 2016 to March 2020 in the department of oncology. The analysis of variance and the Chi-square Test was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 117 cases were collected. The mean age of patients was 52.05±12.38 with an age range of 30 to 85 years. Half of the patients were over 50 years old and the majority (70.9%) was postmenopausal. More than half of patients (52.1%) presented with T3-T4tumors.The most common histologic subtype of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type (95.7%). Tumors grade 2 were predominant (51.3%) followed by grade 3 (42.7%). Advanced carcinomas were found in 69 patients (59%). The percentage of ER+, PR+, and HER2 positive tumors was 54.7%, 41%, and 15.4% respectively. The predominant molecular subtype was Triple negative (37.6%), followed by Luminal A (30.8.7%), Luminal B subtype (23.9%), and HER2 enriched (7.7%). There was a significant association between stage and breast cancer subtypes (p 0.025), histologic grade, and subtype (p<0.0001) but no correlation was found with age, menopausal status, and tumor size. Conclusion: Breast carcinoma in our patients are high grade tumors and are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Triple negative and Luminal A are the two predominant breast cancer subtypes in Togolese women. Consequently, Receptor testing availability should be a priority to offer the best breast cancer treatment.

This was a 50-year-old woman with a selling activity living in Lomé who came for a consultation in March 2016 for a facial flushing that had been going on for 2 months without pain or pruritus. On examination, there was a single, erythemato-squamous closet of the right hemiface. There was no infiltration of the right ear. There was moderate cutaneous heat compared to the left hemiface which was without any lesion. Examination of nails, hair, palms and plants was normal. There was no hypertrophy of the peripheral nerves (superficial cervical plexus, ulnar, median). The face was not fixed. Complementary examinations noted a normal blood count and negative HIV status. Histology performed on a biopsy fragment concluded tuberculoid leprosy. The patient was first put on WHO multidrug therapy during 6 months. But one month after stopping this treatment, the lesions resumed. She was referred to a multibacillary leprosy protocol during one year. She had been seen 4 months after stopping treatment, without recurrence. It is important not to ignore leprosy in case of atypical erythema of the face even in the absence of other evocative signs and to perform a biopsy to the slightest doubt.

Mycetoma is a chronic inflammatory process caused either by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). In this retrospective study, we report epidemiologic and histopathological data of mycetoma observed in the Lome Hospital, Togo in a 25-year period (1992–2016).

L’ulcere de Dieulafoy est une cause rare d’hemorragie digestive en particulier l’hemorragie digestive basse. Nous rapportons dans cette observation un cas d’ulcere de Dieulafoy colique responsable d’une hemorragie digestive basse chez un sujet de 60 ans aux conditions de vie precaires, admis aux urgences de l’hopital Saint-Louis de Paris. Le bilan initial comportant une rectosigmoidoscopie ainsi qu’une arteriographie coeliomesenterique n’ayant pas permis de retrouver l’origine du saignement, une laparotomie exploratrice avec colectomie subtotale a ete realisee. L’examen histologique de la piece operatoire avait montre au niveau de la paroi caecale une ulceration de la muqueuse et de la partie superficielle de la sous muqueuse, en regard d’une artere tortueuse et ectasique sous muqueuse, evoquant un ulcere de Dieulafoy. Cette observation illustre l’importance de l’examen histologique dans la prise en charge de cette lesion.Mots cles: Dieulafoy, hemorragie digestive basse, histopathologieEnglish Title: Dieulafoy disease: a rare cause of lower GI bleedingEnglish AbstractDieulafoy's ulcer is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in particular the lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. We report in this observation a case of colonic Dieulafoy ulcer responsible for a lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage in a patient of 60 years, admitted to the emergency hospital of Saint Louis. Initial tests with arectosigmoidoscopy and a mesenteric arteriography laparoscopic did not reveal the source of bleeding, an exploratory laparotomy with subtotal colectomy was performed. Histological examination of the surgical specimen showed at the caecal wall an ulceration of the mucosa and superficial part of submucosa, associated with a tortuous and ectatic artery submucosa, suggesting a Dieulafoy ulcer. This case illustrates the importance of histology in the management of this lesion.Keywords: Dieulafoy, lower GI bleeding, histopathology

Introduction: Le cancer chez l’enfant represente l’un des problemes de sante les plus preoccupants. Notre etude avait pour but de determiner l’histo-epidemiologie du nephroblastome au Togo.Materiels et methode: Etude retrospective descriptive portant sur les aspects anatomopathologiques du nephroblastome diagnostique de 1990 a 2015 au Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique du CHU Sylvanus Olympio de Lome.Resultats: Nous avons collige au cours de notre periode d’etude 22 cas soit une frequence annuelle de 0,8 cas. L’âge moyen des patients etait de 7 ans, avec des extremes de 12 mois et 13 ans. La tranche d’âge comprise entre 1 et 5 ans etait plus concernee (77,27%). Le sexe masculin predominait avec un sex ratio de 1,4. Au plan anatomopathologique, l’atteinte renale etait unilaterale chez tous nos patients avec une predominance au rein droit. La rupture capsulaire etait observee dans 18,18 % des cas. Dans 45,45% des cas, le nephroblastome etait multi nodulaire. La marge de resection tumorale etait envahie dans 2 cas (9,09 %). Il existait une necrose inferieure a 65% de la surface tumorale dans 45,45% des cas. Le nephroblastome etait de risque intermediaire dans 55% des cas et de haut risque dans 45% des cas. Le type histologique blastemateux predominait (40,91%), suivi du type epithelial (27,27%). Deux enfants presentaient un envahissement ganglionnaire. Au plan evolutif, 50% etait au stade I et 18,20% au stade III-IV.Conclusion: Le nephroblastome est frequent chez l’enfant au Togo et est generalement diagnostique a un stade tardif.Mots cles: Cancer, nephroblastome blastemateux, enfant, TogoEnglish Title: Histoepidemiological profile of nephroblastoma in Togo: about 22 cases collected at the pathology laboratory of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of LomeEnglish AbstractIntroduction: Cancer in childhood is one of the major problem of public health in the world. The purpose of this study is to determine the histo-epidemiology of nephroblastoma in TogoMaterials and method: Retrospective and descriptive study on the anatomopathological aspects of nephroblastoma diagnosed from 1990 to 2015 at the laboratory pathology of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of Lome.Results: We recorded 22 cases during our study period. The annual frequency was 0.8 cases. The mean age of patients was 7 years (extremes:14 months and 13 years). The age range between 1 and 5 years was more concerned (77.27%). The male sex predominated with a sex-ratio of 1.4. Renal involvement was unilateral in all the cases with a predominance in the right kidney. Capsular rupture was observed in 18.18% of cases. The tumor resection margin was invaded in 2 cases (9.09%). Necrosis was less than 65% of the tumor surface in 45.45% of cases. According to the risk group, the nephroblastoma was intermediate risk in 55% of the cases and high risk in 45%. The histological blasted type predominated (40.91%), followed by the epithelial type (27.27%). Two patients had lymph node invasion. At the evolutionary level, 50% was in stage I and 18.20% at stage III-IV.Conclusion: Nephroblastoma is common in children in Togo and is usually diagnosed at a late stage.Keywords: Cancer, nephroblastoma, child, Togo

Introduction: Ocular melanoma develops at the expense of eyes’ melanocytes which give to the eyes their color. It is the first primitive intraocular tumor in the White race. It is rare, as that of the skin in black people. The bilateral cases are exceptional even in the white race, estimated at 0.2%. We present the case of bilateral ocular melanoma with bad prognosis in a black patient. Patient and observation: A 56-year-old black male patient, who had benefited 4 years earlier from an enucleation of the right eye for ocular melanoma, and admitted for bilateral exophthalmos which evolved for three months in a context of bilateral blindness. The cerebral Scanning had allowed to objectify a bilateral lateral-conical mass which evoked an inflammatory pseudo tumor. The failure of the medical treatment led to the exeresis of a conical, juxta-orbital and mid-muscular blackish mass, to the later apex respecting the surrounding structures. The histological examination ends again in a melanoma. No additional therapy was undertaken. The evolution 2 years later was marked by a local recurrence, multiple hepatic metastases and patient death. Conclusion: Bilateral ocular melanoma is exceptional in Black people. The etiologic factors as well as bilateralism mechanisms are still hypothetic. Its most effective treatment is local and the prognosis, bad in case of metastases due to the absence of an effective chemotherapy.

Background: Urological cancers are an important public health issue and pose problems with diagnosis andadequate management in developing countries. Our aim was to determine and report epidemiological and histologicalfeatures of urological cancers in Togo. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted ofcases of urological cancers observed in the laboratory of pathological anatomy of the CHU Tokoin over the last 4 years(2012-2016). The parameters studied were frequency, age, sex, sites of development and histological type. Results:Epidemiological data were collected for 182 cases, representing 16.4% of all cancers (1108 cases). The annual frequencywas 45.5±1.1 cases on average. The male:female sex ratio was 8.6 with a mean age of 60.2 years. Regarding location,in decreasing order of frequency, the tumors were found in the prostate (n=121 cases; 66.5%), bladder (n=28; 15.4%),kidney (n=19; 10.4%), testis (n=10; 5%), penis (n=3; 1.7%) and scrotum (n=1; 0.5%). Histologically, prostate cancerswere predominantly adenocarcinomas (n=116 cases; 95.8%) with a Gleason score of 6 (n=46; 39.7%) predominant.Bladder cancers were mainly squamous cell carcinomas (n=11; 39.3%) followed by transitional carcinomas (n=9cases; 32.1%) and adenocarcinomas (n=7; 25%). Kidney cancers were predominantly nephroblastomas (n=10, 52.6%)in children and clear cell carcinomas (n=8 cases; 42.1%) in adults. Testicular cancers were Burkitt lymphomas in 5cases. The cases of penis and scrotum cancers were all squamous cell carcinomas. Conclusion: Urological cancersare experiencing an upsurge in frequency in Togo, dominated by prostate cancer, with a high frequency of squamouscell carcinoma of the bladder due to endemic bilharziasis.

Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of African histoplasmosis in Togo through a descriptive and cross-sectional study on histological diagnosed African histoplasmosis in Pathology Department of Lomé from 2002 to 2016 (15 years). A total of 17 cases of African histoplasmosis were diagnosed. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.8. The annual incidence was 1.1 cases. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 ± 0.4 years. All our patients were of social categories with a low socioeconomic level. HIV infection was known in 3 patients and one patient contracted tuberculosis. The clinical manifestations were cutaneous in 7 cases, cutaneous and mucous in 3 cases, cutaneous and lymph node in 3 cases, cutaneous and bone in 2 cases, and disseminated in 2 cases. The samples examined consisted of 14 cutaneous biopsies measuring 2-3 cm and 3 ganglionic biopsies each measuring 4 cm of major axis. Histologically, all cases were of chronic form made of granulomatous reaction with ovoid yeasts measuring between 1 and 2 microns. Despite the low frequency of this disease in our country, it should be kept constantly in mind before any granulomatous lesions, especially in the context of the HIV pandemic.

Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical and histological aspects of mammary tuberculosis in Togo. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of breast tuberculosis for which the diagnosis was presumed on histological grounds in the pathology department (LAP) of the Lomé Tokoin university hospital from January 1995 to December 2016 (20 years). A total of 28 presumed cases of mammary tuberculosis were identified. There were 26 women and 2 men, with an average age of 34.2 ± 0.3 years. The clinical signs were nodule (84.1%), tumefaction (75%), abscess (63.6%) and tumefaction with cutaneous fistulization (59.1%). Breast involvement was isolated in 31.8% of cases and associated with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis in 54.5% of cases. Co-infection with HIV was found in 63.9 % of cases. Histology showed inflammatory granulomas made of Langhans giant cells, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes around the foci of caseous necrosis. Thoracic radiography was abnormal in 16 patients (57.1%).Mammary tuberculosis is not rare in our country. Clinical presentation is often misleading and is a diagnostic challenge, more particularly with breast abscess or cancer.

Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical and histological aspects of mammary tuberculosis in Togo. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of breast tuberculosis for which the diagnosis was presumed on histological grounds in the pathology department (LAP) of the Lomé Tokoin university hospital from January 1995 to December 2016 (20 years). A total of 28 presumed cases of mammary tuberculosis were identified. There were 26 women and 2 men, with an average age of 34.2 ± 0.3 years. The clinical signs were nodule (84.1%), tumefaction (75%), abscess (63.6%) and tumefaction with cutaneous fistulization (59.1%). Breast involvement was isolated in 31.8% of cases and associated with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis in 54.5% of cases. Co-infection with HIV was found in 63.9 % of cases. Histology showed inflammatory granulomas made of Langhans giant cells, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes around the foci of caseous necrosis. Thoracic radiography was abnormal in 16 patients (57.1%).Mammary tuberculosis is not rare in our country. Clinical presentation is often misleading and is a diagnostic challenge, more particularly with breast abscess or cancer.