Biofiltration has acquired widespread recognition as a cost-effective and dependable method of removing biodegradable volatile organic pollutants from the air Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs). Biofiltration of toluene was investigated in this study in continuous mode under diverse flow and concentration conditions in a hybrid biofilter equipped with membrane. The Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane is used in the bio reactor which employed the mixed packing media containing pearl millet-poly urethane foam in up flow operation mode. An overall removal efficiency of 99.1

Oryza sativa L., commonly known as rice, is a crop that is extensively cultivated worldwide and is recognized as the "global grain." In the current context, the pressing requirement for sustainable agricultural practices that ensure food production without compromising crop yield and producer income has become a significant objective. This is due to the escalating environmental pollution, augmented use of chemical fertilizers, and the gradual deterioration of cultivated soils. In order to mitigate the aforementioned environmental degradation, minimize the reliance on chemical fertilizers, reduce cultivation expenses, and achieve sustainable production, a viable and ecologically sound solution would involve the utilization of natural plant bio-stimulants (PBs). These PBs have the capacity to augment flowering, promote plant growth, facilitate fruit set, enhance crop productivity, and improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Additionally, they possess the ability to enhance tolerance against various abiotic stresses. Studies have demonstrated that bio-stimulants such as humic acid, which encompass an intricate blend of polysaccharides, micronutrients, and plant growth hormones, facilitate the growth of plants and enhance their ability to withstand abiotic stresses. Humic substances, being highly adaptable and indispensable constituents of the inherent soil-ecosystem, have endured for centuries. Foliar application of humic acid could increase osmotic regulators compared with other fertilizer resources, reducing the damage caused by drought stress to some functional traits of cultivars. Humic acid, in comparison with other nutritional systems at higher levels, lead to increase in chlorophyll levels. It also causes photosynthetic stability with increase in yield. Humic acid exerts a beneficial influence on the efficacy of enzymes and nutrients in plant metabolism. It improves the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil. In this mini review, we detailed the humic acid sources, extraction methods and its benefits and effect of humic acid application combined with NPK fertilizer to rice.

Using the rice variety ADT-37, a field experiment was conducted in the rabi season of 2023 in Tamil Nadu. The scope of the study is to find out the impact of different sources of nutrients on nutrient content and uptake of rice. Most of the previous research work has combined inorganic and organic sources, or inorganic alone or organic alone or anyone with biological. Here we have included inorganic, organic and biological sources of nutrients. The experiment included of nine treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 - 100% RDF, T3 - 125% RDF , T4 - 100% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T5 – 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T6 – 100% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T7 – 125% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T8 – 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T9 – 125% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria. The result concluded that 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (T8) resulted maximum values in nutrient content and significantly higher in nutrient uptake values.

Abstract Purpose; A field experiment was carried out during the Navarai season (2022) using rice variety ADT - 37 to assess the impact of different sources of nutrients on nutrient contents and nutrient uptake of rice in an Inceptisol soil of Tamil Nadu. Methods; The experimental soil was clay loam in texture and had a pH-8.10, EC-0.7 dSm-1, and available NPK of 186.20, 23.30, and 192.25 kg ha-1, respectively. The experiment comprised of nine treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 - 100% RDF, T3 - 125% RDF , T4 - 100% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T5 – 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T6 – 100% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T7 – 125% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T8 – 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T9 – 125% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria. Results; The results revealed that application of 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (T8) recorded higher values in nutrient content and nutrient uptake. Conclusions; It could be concluded that the T8 was found to be agronomically and economically viable, practice for augmenting higher production. Hence this can be recommended by the rice-growing farmers in Tamil Nadu.

A field experiment was carried out during the Navarai season (2022) using rice variety ADT - 37 to assess the impact of inorganic, organic, and biological sources of nutrients on the growth and yield of rice in an Inceptisol soil of Tamil Nadu. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture and had a pH-8.10, EC-0.7 dSm-1, and available NPK of 186.20, 23.30, and 192.25 kg ha-1, respectively. The experiment comprised of nine treatments viz., T1 – Control, T2 - 100% RDF, T3 - 125% RDF , T4 - 100% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T5 – 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T6 – 100% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T7 – 125% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T8 – 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria, T9 – 125% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria. The results of the experiment revealed that application of 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + 2% Zinc Solubilizing Bacteria (T8) recorded higher values in growth and yield parameters viz., plant height (106.8 cm), Number of productive tillers hill-1 (14.5), Leaf area index (8.02), chlorophyll content (1.285 mg g-1) Number of panicles m-2 (585), Number of grains panicle-1 (227) Dry matter production (5720 kg ha-1), Grain yield (6293 kg ha-1) and Straw yield (8943 kg ha-1).

A field experiment was carried out using groundnut variety VRI 2 in coastal sandy soil in Pichavaram coastal village near Chidambaram which represented sandy texture and had a pH-7.44, EC-0.12 dSm -1 and available NPK of 139, 15 and 143 Kg ha -1 , respectively. The experiment conducted were nine treatments viz., T1 – Absolute control, T2 100% RDF Alone, T3 125% RDF Alone, T4 100% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract, T5 – 100% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract, T6 – 100% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract, T7 – 125% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract, T8 – 125% RDF + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract, T9 – 125% RDF + Coirpith Compost @ 6 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract. The result revealed that application of 125% RDF + Press mud @ 10 t ha -1 + Sea weed extract (T7) recorded higher values in parameters viz., plant height (63.30cm), Leaf area index (1.48), Number of leaves (45.30), Dry matter production (3816), Pod yield (2157), Kernel yield (1119), nitrogen uptake (68.92), phosphorus uptake(12.64), Potassium uptake (12.64), Calcium uptake (61.57), Magnesium uptake (23.64) and BC ratio (2.88).

A field experiment was carried out at Annamalai University Experimental farm, Annamalai nagar, during Kuruvai and Navarai in the year 2008-09. To study the timing and graded levels of nitrogen and potassium in rice crop under SRI (System of rice intensification) cultivation. The experiment was laid out on deep clay soil by adopting randomized block design with factorial technique (FRBD). The results of field experiment revealed that the maximum growth and yield attributes were recorded in the treatment which received P2O5 as fully basal dose and nitrogen as three split doses viz., 50% basal and 25% each at tillering and panicle initiation stages. Potassium was applied as 33.3% K2O each at 15, 30 and 45 DAT. This treatment significantly recorded higher grain yield of 6278.7 kg ha-1 in field experiment – I and 6577.9 kg ha-1 in field experiment – II; and the straw yield of 7010.3 and 7309.7 kg ha-1 in field experiment I and II respectively. The shoot and grain uptake of nutrients (N, P and K) were high during 15, 30 and 45 DAT and at harvest which received 33.3 % K2O each at 15, 30 and 45 DAT.

The effect of different levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and certain weeding practices on hybrid rice (ADTRH-1) were studied during both dry and wet season of 2003. Response of nitrogen was noticed up to 150 kg ha-1 with the maximum grain yield of 5.80 t ha-1. In respect of weed management practices, highest rice grain yield was obtained with weed free (6.24 t ha-1) followed by butachlor 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 at 3 days after transplanting (DAT) + hand weeding at 40 DAT (5.78 t ha-1)and the effect was comparable with that of hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT.

The performance under graded levels of fertilizers and in combination with green leaf manure (GLM) and Farmyard manure (FYM) was studied with rice hybrids ADTRH-1 in a rice-rice cropping sequence. It was observed that 125% recommended dose of fertilizer (100:50:50 NPK) +6.25 t GLM gave the highest grain yield (5.67 and 5.96 t ha−1), highest nutrient uptake and return per rupee invested (2.10 and 2.20), the yield advantage being 52 per cent compared RDF (100:50:50 NPK).

A field experiment was conducted during 20152017 at Melakachirapattu Village, Thiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the effect of different plant spacing and certain nutrient sources, on growth and yield of Co (RA) 14 Var. of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Qaertn.). The experiment was laid out in a thrice replicated ran- domized block design (factorial technique). Planting at different spacing of 30 cm 10 cm, 20 cm 20 cm, 25 cm 25 cm and 30 cm 30 cm were the levels of the first factor, whereas different sources of nutrients, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% poultry manure (PM), 50% RDF + 50% PM, and 75% RDF + 25% PM were the levels in the second factor. The treatment with 100% RDF was satisfied through urea, single super- phosphate (SSP), muriate of potash (MOP). Among the different spacings 30 cm 30 cm and 25 cm 25 cm be- ing at par with one another recorded significantly the maximum grain yield of 3.4 t/ha. The lowest grain yield (2.4 t/ ha) was recorded with 20 cm 20 cm. Among the different sources of nutrients, invariably for all the characters, 100% RDF and 75% RDF + 25% PM were at par with one another that performed the best. The second-best treat- ment was 50% RDF + 50% PM and the poorest performer was 100% PM. The highest grain yield (3.7 t/ha) was recorded with 100% RDF and at par with 75% RDF + 25% PM, while 100% PM resulted in the lowest yield of 2.1 t/ ha. Interaction effect being significant, the grain yield was maximum with 30 cm 30 cm and 75% RDF + 25% PM (4.4 t/ha) and the lowest was grain yield of 1.4 t/ha was recorded with 20 cm 20 cm and 100% PM. The highest benefit: cost ratio of 3.0 was recorded with 75% RDF + 25% PM and it was same with 100% RDF.