One of the most important cathode materials for Na-ion batteries, Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F, and its compositional variants have been synthesized using four different and facile one-step soft chemical routes. The as-synthesized compounds, Na2.95(VO)2(PO4)2F (I), Na2.93(VO)2(PO4)2F (II), and Na2.58(VO)2(PO4)2F (IV), crystallize in the tetragonal crystal system in the P42/mnm space group, while Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F (III) crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system in the Amam space group, as confirmed by Rietveld refinement of the high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Detailed crystal structure analysis, spectroscopic techniques, such as XANES, DRS, and IR, and chemical analysis reveal subtle differences in the compositions. The electrochemical performances of the four compounds are investigated in sodium- and lithium-ion batteries, which exhibit high reversible capacities of more than 115 mA h g-1 with an average voltage of 3.8 and 4 V, respectively, when cycled between 4.5 and 2.5 V. When the batteries are cycled between 4.5 and similar to 1 V, a capacity exceeding 150 mA h g-1 can be achieved for Na- and Li-ion batteries, showing the capability of displaying more than one electron process. In addition, the compounds show excellent capacity retention at faster C-rates and upon long cycling for Na-ion and Li-ion hybrid cells without much optimization of the particle size or chemical-carbon coating, demonstrating that the frameworks favor facile ion conduction of both Li- and Na-ions in their channels without degradation upon repeated cycling. Composition- and synthesis-dependent differences are observed in the electrochemical performances in Na- and Li-ion cells. These results demonstrate the importance of the structural framework of polyanion compounds that are highly stable in aqueous media and can be synthesized hydrothermally in highly pure forms with excellent electrochemical activities.

In this study, we investigate a simple technique in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate fabrication designed to decrease synthesis time, effort and cost. Sputtering is utilized to deposit a gold (Au) layer on insulating substrates, and annealing treatments are applied to agglomerate the Au atoms into the sought-after nanostructures conducive to the SERS effect. The samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, etc. This study shows that with increasing sputtering amperage and time, the film thickness increases, and with increased annealing temperature, the surface roughness decreases while increasing the particle-to-particle distance. A quartz substrate with 10 mA current, 40 s time and annealing at 300°C produced the highest enhancement factor. Through the utilization of sputter coating and a simple annealing step, the complexity of SERS substrate synthesis can be scaled back considerably, allowing further utilization within industrial and medical settings and unlocking more potential for SERS.

A series of non-van der Waals 2D quaternary thiophosphates with nominal composition, Li2MP2S6 (M = V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn), has been successfully synthesized through solid-state metathesis reactions by a building block approach as well as starting with a stoichiometric combination of elements. Li4-nxMxn+ P2S6 (M = V, Fe, Ni, Co, and Zn; x = 0.5-1, n = 2 or 3) crystallize in the P31m space group, while Li2MnP2S6 crystallizes in R3. All the compounds form a 2D layered structure through edge sharing MS6 octahedra and P2S6 units with Li atoms occupying the interlayer spaces. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses reveal spontaneous water intercalation tendencies of these materials, leading to two distinct hydrated phases (HY-I and HY-II) when they are exposed to air for shorter and extended times, respectively. Thermodiffractograms demonstrate the reversibility of phase transformation upon deintercalation of water molecules from the interlayer regions. The crystal structure of hydrated phase I from single-crystal and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction indicates formation of a monolayer of water with interlayer expansion. Additionally, Li4-nx M x n+P2S6 (M = V, Mn, Fe, and Ni) also display huge affinity toward NH3 intercalation in the interlayer space when subjected to a liquid or gaseous ammonia environment. The magnetic measurements on Li(2)MP(2)S6 (M = Mn and Ni) show the paramagnetic nature of the compounds down to 2 K. AC impedance spectroscopy on Li-2.56Zn0.72P2S6 shows a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 2.69 x 10(-3) mS/cm, which is four order higher in magnitude than Li4P2S6, while hydrated Li2.56Zn0.72P2S6 display 7-fold higher ionic conductivity (1.85 x 10(-2) mS/cm) than its anhydrous counterpart. The study also reports electrochemical Li (de)intercalation in Li2FeP2S6 in a Li-ion battery with a liquid electrolyte for the first time.

Due to the accessibility of raw materials and good cost-effectiveness, Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are a possible replacement for lithium-ion batteries. The subject of this paper is the layered P2-type NaxMnO2-δ nanostructure which was synthesized by a solid-state process and annealed in an Ar–H2 atmosphere at various calcination temperatures. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to describe the cathode material's crystalline structure, vibrational analysis, surface morphology, elemental composition, optical properties, and electrochemistry performance. The calcination temperature significantly affects the structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics of layered P2-type NaxMnO2-δ material. After 20 cycles, the reduction annealing of 400 °C has the highest specific discharge capacity of 130 mAhg−1 at C/10 where capacity retention is 98.84 % and average coulombic efficiency of 98.37 % in between 2.0 and 4.2 V range (Na+/Na).

Due to the accessibility of raw materials and good cost-effectiveness, Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are a possible replacement for lithium-ion batteries. The subject of this paper is the layered P2-type NaxMnO2-8 nanostructure which was synthesized by a solid-state process and annealed in an Ar-H2 atmosphere at various calcination temperatures. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to describe the cathode material's crystalline structure, vibrational analysis, surface morphology, elemental composition, optical properties, and electrochemistry performance. The calcination temperature significantly affects the structural, optical, and electrochemical characteristics of layered P2-type NaxMnO2-8 material. After 20 cycles, the reduction annealing of 400 degrees C has the highest specific discharge capacity of 130 mAhg  1 at C/10 where capacity retention is 98.84 % and average coulombic efficiency of 98.37 % in between 2.0 and 4.2 V range (Na+/Na).

A series of quaternary selenides, NaxMGaSe4 (M = Mn, Fe, and mixed Zn/Fe), have been synthesized for the first time employing a high-temperature solid-state synthesis route through stochiometric or polychalcogenide flux reactions. Along with the selenides, a previously reported sulfide analogue, NaxFeGaS4, is also revisited with new findings. These compounds form an interpenetrated structure made up of a supertetrahedral unit. The electrochemical evaluations exhibit a reversible (de)intercalation of ∼0.6 and ∼0.45 Na-ions, respectively, from Na2.87FeGaS4 (1a) and Na2.5FeGaSe4 (2) involving Fe2+/Fe3+ redox when cycled between 1.5 and 2.5 V. Mössbauer spectroscopy of 1a shows the existence of a mixed oxidation state of Fe2+/3+ in the pristine compound and reversible oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during the electrochemical cycles. Na2.79Zn0.6Fe0.4GaSe4 possesses a reasonably high room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.077 ms/cm with an activation energy of 0.30 eV. The preliminary magnetic measurements show a bifurcation of FC-ZFC at 4.5 and 2.5 K, respectively, for 1a and Na3MnGaSe4 (4) arising most likely from a spin-glass like transition. The high negative values of the Weiss constants -368.15 and -308.43 K for 1a and 4, respectively, indicate strong antiferromagnetic interactions between the magnetic ions and also emphasize the presence of a high degree of magnetic frustration in these compounds.

A kidney transplant (KT) offers a significant survival benefit and is the only curative treatment for patients with ESRD. Infectious complications are still a leading cause of morbidity and death among transplant patients. This study aimed to assess the organisms and risk factors responsible for urinary tract and surgical site infection in allograft live-related renal transplant recipients during the early post-transplant period. This observational follow-up study was conducted among 20 purposively selected patients who underwent renal allograft transplant surgery from July 2019 to December 2020 in the Department of Urology, BSMMU, Dhaka. Patients with a history of renal transplant recipients or congenital renal anomalies and any urological malignancy were excluded from the study. After kidney transplant, UTI developed in 6 (30%) renal transplant recipients where all were complicated types and occurred between 10 to 14 days postoperatively. UTI was caused by E. coli in 3 (15%) patients, while Klebsiella and Enterococci were causative organisms for 1 (5%) and 2 (10.0%) patients, respectively. SSI developed in 3 (15%) renal transplant recipients where two were superficial, and one was deep. SSI occurred between 5-8 days postoperatively. SSI was caused by S. aureus in 2 (10%) patients and Pseudomonas in 1 (5%) patient. UTI was significantly more in older patients and the patients with a longer duration of catheterization. Older patients and overweight patients had significantly higher rates of SSI. In total, 33% of the recipient during the early hospital stay developed UTIs, all of which were complicated types. SSI developed in 15%, where 2/3rd was superficial and 1/3rd was deep. Older age with a longer duration of catheterization and DJ stent was found to be associated with the occurrence of UTI, while older age and high BMI were related to the event of SSI. BSMMU J 2022; 15(2): 127-131

Background Ring-enhancing lesion is one of the most common radiological findings in a spectrum of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) including infectious, inflammatory, demyelinating, and neoplastic pathologies.Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and radiological parameters of pathologies presenting as ring-enhancing lesions in the brain, especially tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis.Materials and Methods In this study, 58 patients with ring-enhancing lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recruited. Cases were studied for different clinical and radiological variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 version.Results Tuberculoma is the most common pathology accounting for ring-enhancing lesions in the brain, followed by neurocysticercosis. Seizures were present in the majority of cases, with focal onset seizures being more common than generalized seizures. Multiple ring-enhancing lesions were present in the majority of cases, with the cerebral cortex being the most frequently involved site. On T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, 2/3rds of the neurocysticercosis cases showed full suppression, whereas only 1/10th of tuberculoma cases showed full suppression. On diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), a minority of neurocysticercosis cases showed diffusion restriction, while more than one-fifth of tuberculoma cases showed diffusion restriction. MR spectroscopy (MRS) results showed that a normal lipid lactate peak was observed in the majority of neurocysticercosis cases, whereas more than half of tuberculoma cases had a high lipid lactate peak. The choline-to-creatine ratio (Chol/Cre ratio) was less than 1.2 in one-third of neurocysticercosis cases and between 1.2 and 2.0 in two-thirds of the cases. In contrast, more than half of tuberculoma cases showed a Chol/Cre ratio between 1.2 and 2.0.Conclusion Tuberculoma and NCC are the two most common causes of ring-enhancing lesions in developing world. Radiological characteristics like FLAIR suppression and diffusion restriction on MRI and Chol/Cre ratio and lipid peak on MRS can substantiate the clinical parameters in distinguishing the two pathologies to a good extent.

Objective: To study the etiology and clinico-radiological profile of non-compressive myelopathies. Methods: 40 consecutive admissions of non-compressive myelopathy were studied for clinical and radiological profile. Statistical methods: Descriptive statistics, linear regression and independent t-test using SPSS 20. Results: Age of the studied population ranged from 2 years to 55 years with a median age of 32.35 years and male:female ratio of 2:1. 87.5% of cases had an acute to subacute presentation. Complete cord syndrome was the most common presentation followed by anterior cord syndrome, central cord syndrome and mixed pattern. LETM was seen in nearly two-thirds of cases. Lesions involving more than two-thirds of the cross section of spinal cord were seen in more than 60% of cases, thereby accounting for significant disability at onset. Most of the lesions were hyperintense on T2 and STIR images and isointense on T1 with only 18.91% showing contrast enhancement. Optic neuritis was recorded with an overall prevalence of 28.26%. EDSS at presentation varied among the subgroups with ADEM, NMOSD and LETM form of ITM having EDSS scores of 9.5,8.0 and 7.5 respectively whereas in MS and Non-LETM form of ITM, EDSS score was 4.0 and 2.5 respectively. Conclusion: Demyelinating disorders contribute to nearly 80% cases of non-compressive myelopathies with NMOSD being the most common pathology. CSF cell count, cross-sectional involvement of spinal cord, pattern of myelitis and aquaporin-4 seropositivity were found to be predictive of the severity at onset i.e., EDSS at presentation with the initial 3 factors also showing predictability of EDSS at last visit.

Much research has been put into investigating and analyzing the performance of flat-plate collectors. The mathematical model of steady-state laminar conditions in a solar collector that was developed was done so with the assistance of Microsoft Excel. Researchers proved that the collector's thermal efficiency could be increased by 2% at a volume concentration of 4% when the working fluid was a Cu-water nanofluid rather than plain water. This was accomplished by using the nanofluid as the working fluid. In addition, the decrease in pressure resulting from pumping the nanofluid within the collection requires more electricity than the alternative method of dispersing the nanoparticles in water. According to the research conducted on collectors, the increase in pumping power and pressure drop was estimated to be around 29%. Compared to water, the use of nanofluid has been shown to result in a 3.8% greater reduction in the production of greenhouse gases.

The crystallographic orientation plays a significant role in the modern magnetic heterostructure devices, espe-cially in the arena of spintronics. In terms of magnetic property, domain orientation is solely dependent on structural homogeneity. This research work deals with the development of pure Ni, NiO, and mixture of Ni-NiO thin films on a single-crystalline piezoelectric lithium niobate substrate. Pulsed laser deposition technique was used at 650 degrees C in a reduction and oxidation atmosphere for pure Ni and NiO deposition respectively, whereas deposited NiO was reduction annealed to achieve mixture of Ni (ferromagnetic)-NiO (antiferromagnetic) thin film on a piezoelectric lithium niobate substrate. X-ray diffraction along with x-ray reflectometry was carried out for better understanding of surface nature and thickness of the film. Morphological analysis of the films was conducted using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrum. Atomic force microscopy as well as ferromagnetic resonance were used to understand the magnetic characteristics of the thin films. Additionally, surface properties of the films with Ni and O oxidation states were investigated by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy. Our findings indicate that Ni and mixture of Ni-NiO thin films exhibit similar dynamic magnetic characteristics, making Ni-NiO films a more attractive option for spintronic applications because of their adjustable magnetic properties.

A magnetoelectric multiferroic bi-phase system with robust ferroelectric and ferro/ferri-magnetism response at room temperature would be ideally suitable for microelectronics, memory devices, and for spintronic applications. BaTiO3/CoFe2O4/BaTiO3(BTO/CFO/BTO) heterostructured films were pulsed laser deposition grown on Pt (111)/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates. High quality polycrystalline films were grown by thermal annealing at 750 degrees C, at an oxygen partial pressure of 100 mTorr for 1 h. Crystal quality and phase formation information was monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD confirm the growth of polycrystalline heterostructures and the coexistence of both perovskite BTO and spinel CFO phases in heterostructures. In order to obtain robust magnetoelectric coupling, we studied the tri-layer structure as a representative ferroelectric/ferrimagnetic/ferroelectric system. We report the ferroelectric, leakage current behavior, ferrimagnetic, and frequency dependent ME properties of the films. Ferroelectric BTO and ferrimagnetic inverse spinel CFO nature is also confirmed using the piezoresponse force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy measurements. These nanostructures exhibit high saturation polarization (Ps similar to 99.86 mu C/cm(2)), saturation magnetization (Ms similar to 51.48 emu/cm(3)), and a strong ME coupling coefficient of similar to 274 mV/cm-Oe with a bias magnetic field of + 90 Oe, anda frequency of 1 kHz revealing them as prospective candidates for multifunctional applications.

The necessity for electrochemical energy storage technologies is promptly boosted due to the spread of renewable energy sources and the promising market for net-scale battery applications. Sodium-ion batteries are a novel battery class due to Na materials’ abundance and low cost compared to lithium. In the present study, NaxMnO2 is being prepared by solid-state method and materials were characterized using various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–VIS, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Rietveld refinement performed on the respective XRD pattern led on a hexagonal structure with space group P63/mmc. Raman Spectroscopy observes to obtain information about the structural fingerprint of the prepared powders by identifying the vibrational mode of different calcination temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was carried out to investigate the Mn valence of NaxMnO2. The Surface morphology was characterized by SEM and electrochemical charge–discharge cycling, which also performed from 2.0 to 4.2 V versus Na+/Na for C/10 where initial discharge capacity 102 mAh/g and 90.2

In this study, we report on the complex formation and characterization of nano-bio conjugates synthesized by the sol–gel chemical method. The nano-bio conjugates, consisting of inorganic ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and organic nitrogenous bases of DNA (Thymine and Cytosine), are investigated using electron microscopies, molecular vibrational analysis and X-ray spectroscopies. In this experimental investigation, we used two basic nitrogenous bases of DNA – Cytosine, and Thymine. The X-ray diffraction patterns of both ZnO NP and the nanoconjugate (NJ) reveal a highly phase pure ZnO structure with negligible changes in the unit cell dimensions. The Raman peaks due to the molecular vibration of C2=O7 and C4=O8 sites of Thymine and C=O and N-H sites in Cytosine are shifted due to the cation affinity after the interaction with ZnO NPs. The shifted XPS spectra towards higher binding energies of the NJ divulge the atomic level interaction between the DNA bases and ZnO NPs at the surface. Moreover, the formation of NJs reduces the surface defect states of the ZnO NPs and increases the fluorescence properties by quenching the oxygen vacancy concentration. Thus, the current study on the interfacial properties of organic–inorganic conjugate materials opens new frontiers for developing novel nano-bio conjugate materials and their integration for targeted drug delivery, biomolecular sensing and therapeutic tools medicine applications.

In this study, we report on the complex formation and characterization of nano-bio conjugates synthesized by the sol-gel chemical method. The nano-bio conjugates, consisting of inorganic ZnO nanoparticles (NP) and organic nitrogenous bases of DNA (Thymine and Cytosine), are investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, molecular vibrational analysis, and X-ray spectroscopies. In this experimental investigation we have used two basic nitrogenous bases of DNA – Cytosine, and Thymine. The X-ray diffraction patterns of both ZnO NP and Nanoconjugates (NJ) reveals highly phase pure ZnO structure with negligible changes in the unit cell dimensions. The high-angle annular dark-field transmission electron microscopy refers to the particle size in-between 20-30 nm. The Raman peaks due to the molecular vibration of C2=O7 and C4=O8 sites of Thymine, and C=O and N-H sites in Cytosine are shifted due to cation affinity after the interaction with ZnO NP. The shifted XPS spectra towards higher binding energy of the NJ divulge the atomic level interaction between the DNA bases and ZnO NP at the surface. Moreover, the formation of NJs reduces the surface defect states of ZnO NP and increases the fluorescence properties by quenching the oxygen vacancy concentration. Thus, the proposed study on the interfacial properties of organic-inorganic conjugate materials opens new frontiers for the development of novel nano-bio conjugate materials and their integration for the targeted drug delivery, biomolecular sensing, and therapeutic tools medicine applications.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system is a rare disease characterized by vasculitis of the central nervous system without any systemic involvement. This review aims to provide an insight into the existing stagnancies in the diagnostic approach and management of this disease. The clinical presentation is typically nonspecific, ranging from headaches, altered sensorium, and seizures to recurrent ischemic strokes. The definitive diagnosis can only be ascertained by histopathological studies of tissue obtained from a brain biopsy. While angiography can provide clues to diagnosis, it has often been normal, even in biopsy-proven cases. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system continues to be a diagnostic challenge as little progress has been made over the years in the diagnosis and management strategies. Considering the vast list of mimickers of primary angiitis of the central nervous system and the existence of a significant proportion of imaging-negative and biopsy-negative cases, it becomes imperative to devise universally accepted diagnostic criteria for this disease. Steroids in combination with cyclophosphamide are the agents used to achieve remission. Rituximab can be an alternative. The treatment-related toxicity of cyclophosphamide warrants larger trials for alternative drugs to be studied.

A new polar quaternary chalcogenide, Na8Mn2(Ge2Se6)(2), has been synthesized using the building-block approach by reacting preformed Na6Ge2Se6 and MnCl2 at 750 degrees C. The structure consists of layers of [Na(1) Mn(Ge2Se6)](3) stacked perpendicular to the c-axis and sodium ions occupying the interlayer space. An indirect bandgap of 1.52 eV has been calculated using density functional theory, which is expectedly underestimated compared to the observed optical bandgap of 1.95 eV derived from diffuse reflectance spectroscopic measurements in the UV/Vis/NIR region. Magnetic measurements confirm the paramagnetic nature of Na8Mn2(Ge2Se6)(2) with an experimental magnetic moment of 5.8 mu(B) in good agreement with the theoretical spin only moment of 5.92 mu(B) for high spin Mn2+. Na8Mn2(Ge2Se6)(2) exhibits a potentially wide region of transparency in the measured range of 2.5-25 mu m. Na8Mn2(Ge2Se6)(2) shows a modest second-harmonic generation (SHG) response but with a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of similar to 9x AgGaSe2. Third harmonic generation (THG) measurements indicate that Na8Mn2(Ge2Se6)(2) displays a high THG coefficient (1.9x AgGaSe2) at lambda =1800 nm. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A bstract Introduction: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing inflammatory central nervous system disorder. Patients either have antibodies to aquaporin 4 (AQ4)/myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) or are double seronegatives (DSN). Aim: We aimed at comparing the clinico-epidemiological features and outcome of the subgroups of NMOSD. Design: Prospective longitudinal observational study. Materials and Methods: NMOSD was diagnosed by using the 2006 Wingerchuk criteria. Patients diagnosed between September 2016 and August 2018 were prospectively followed upto July 2020. Acute episodes were treated with steroids, and immunomodulators were started in patients with aquaporin 4 IgG (anti-AQ4+) and in relapsing cases of anti-MOG+ and DSN groups. Disability was assessed by using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Comparisons were made between patients who were anti-AQ4 and anti-MOG positive and those with DSN. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 20.0 software. Results: Among 13 patients, the female:male ratio was 1.16:1, and the mean age of disease onset was 9.65 ± 3.25 years. Overall, 15.38% patients were anti-AQ4+, 30.67% were anti-MOG+, 53.86% were DSN, 69.2% had relapsing disease, and 30.8% had monophasic disease ( P = 0.11). The mean to relapse was 13.16±3.5 months; 61.5% patients had long segment myelitis and 53.86% had optic neuritis on their first presentation ( P = 0.99). Cerebral syndrome occurred among one patient with anti-MOG+ and in three patients with DSN. The EDSS scores were significantly lower among patients who were anti-MOG+. Conclusion: The female:male ratio was more equitable and the age of disease onset was lower in our cohort compared with western data. There was no significant difference in the clinico-demographic characteristics among the three groups; however, outcome was better in the anti-MOG+ group. Rituximab was effective for recurrent relapses.

Carbon-based materials (CBMs) such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), and pyrolytic carbon (PyC) have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their unique electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. CBMs have been grown using a variety of processes, including mechanical exfoliation, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Mechanical exfoliation creates materials that are irregularly formed and tiny in size. On the other hand, the practicality of the PLD approach for large-area high-quality CMB deposition is quite difficult. Thus, CVD is considered as the most effective method for growing CBMs. In this paper, a novel pulsed laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) technique was explored to determine ways to reduce the energy requirements to produce high quality CBMs. Different growth parameters, such as gas flow rate, temperature, laser energy, and deposition time were considered and studied thoroughly to analyze the growth pattern. CBMs are grown on Si and Cu substrates, where we find better quality CBM films on Cu as it aids the surface solubility of carbon. Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of high-quality PyC which is grown at a temperature of 750 °C, CH4 gas flow rate of 20 sccm, a laser frequency of 10 Hz, and an energy density of 0.116 J/cm2 per pulse. It is found that the local pulsed-laser bombardment helps in breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds of CH4 at a much lower substrate temperature than its thermal decomposition temperature. There is no significant change in the 2D peak intensity in the Raman spectrum with the further increase in temperature which is the indicator of the number of the graphene layer. The intertwined graphene flakes of the PyC are observed due to the surface roughness, which is responsible for the quenching in the Raman 2D signal. These results will provide the platform to fabricate a large area single layer of graphene, including the other 2D materials, on different substrates using the LCVD technique.

Background: According to standard guidelines, high-risk NMIBC (Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer) is treated by TUR (Transurethral resection) followed by intravesical immunotherapy(BCG). Induction followed by maintenance is recommended for achieving maximum delay of tumor recurrence and progression. Objective: This study aimed to find the outcome of induction only vs induction and maintenance, considering recurrence and progression of the disease. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in BSMMU from June 2018 to December 2020 among the histologically proved high-risk NMIBC (Ta, T1, and/ Tis) patients. Patients were allocated in two groups. In one arm BCG induction only and another arm induction and maintenance were implemented. Patients were followed up upto 2 years period. Disease recurrence and progression along with different local and systemic adverse effects were recorded add analyzed. Results: Total 30 patients were allocated in 2 groups.14 patients in induction only arm and 16 in induction and maintenance arm. Upto 24 months follow upoverall disease recurrence was 23.3% and disease progression was found in 10 % of patients. 28.5% of the induction-only arm and 18.75% patients of induction and maintenance arm developed recurrence. Whereas 7.14% of the induction-only arm and 12.5% of other arm patients developed disease progression. Both were statically insignificant (p 0.198). Conclusion: For high-risk NMIBC inductiononly BCG therapy is not inferior to induction and maintenance therapy in terms of recurrence and progression, rather it has relatively fewer adverse effects.