Aims: To evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in wild birds and to compare the genotypes with isolates previously collected from foods and food processing environments.Methods and Results: Samples of wild birds' faeces (n = 212) were collected from a municipal landfill site and from urban areas in the Helsinki region and analysed by two-step enrichment and plating onto L. monocytogenes-selective agar. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes in bird faeces was 36% (95% CI 30-43%), and prevalence on the landfill site was significantly higher. All isolates were analysed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and compared with the L. monocytogenes profiles in an existing collection. Similar pulsotypes were found in birds and in isolates collected along the food chain.Conclusions: Birds commonly carry L. monocytogenes, and strains are frequently similar with those detected in foods and food processing environments. Thus, birds may disseminate L. monocytogenes in nature and may also contaminate foods when entering the food processing environments and outdoor market places.Significance and Impact of the Study: Populations of L. monocytogenes in wild birds and along the food processing chain overlap. Our findings add to the epidemiological data on this significant foodborne pathogen.

This study describes ageing men's experiences of benign prostatic hyperplasia and transurethral resection. The experiences of ageing men participating in this study vary in different periods of their treatment. It is evident that experiences are attached to feelings, cognitive thinking and responses.

An ageing man has been the focus of nursing research only rarely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the meanings that men aged 65 or over attached to living with enlarged prostate before the transurethral resection of prostate. The data were collected by interviewing seven ageing men, who have had transurethral resection of the prostate. The data were analysed using Giorgi's method, which is based on phenomenology. Living with enlarged prostate has an effect on ageing men's physical, social and emotional well-being. Because of problems with voiding they avoided physical exercise and outdoor activities. They were also fatigued, since they have to go to the toilet many times at nights. It was possible that the voiding need was so sudden and frequent that the men limited their social participation. The symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate had often lasted for a long period. They have also affected on sex life and aroused depression and shame in ageing men.

Results are presented which suggest that inhibition of tritiated thymidine incorporation into the deoxyribonucleic acid of bone marrow in vitro by high concentrations of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate is pharmacological in nature, and thus apparently unrelated to the physiological actions of cAMP.

ABSTRACTThe granulocytic chalone is secreted by mature granulocytes and inhibits 3H‐thymidine incorporation of proliferating granulocytes in vitro. The effect and the cell line specificity of this chalone was assessed with the in vivo diffusion chamber culture technique. Tests were carried out on cultures from normal mouse bone marrow cells and mouse and rat blood leucocytes. The majority of the DNA synthesizing cells in marrow cultures were proliferating granulocytes. Macrophages and immunoblasts proliferated in rat leucocyte cultures, when the chambers had been carried for 5 days in host mice. Repeated chalone or control injections were given i.p. to the host mice during 6–7 hr prior to 3H‐thymidine injection. Isotope uptake of proliferative granulocytes was reduced by the chalone treatment. No such effect was found on the rat immunoblasts and macrophages. The viability of cultured cells was apparently not affected by the chalone treatment.

This study showed that growth of granulocytes, both normal and leukaemic, is inhibited in a specific manner in diffusion chamber cultures carried by chloroma-bearing host rats (→ elevated granulocyte chalone content in the body). This inhibition could be demonstrated directly by a reduced formation of granulocytes and by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake in the cells. Non-granulocytic cell lines (mastocytoma and HeLa cells) were not detectably inhibited when grown in identical conditions. The inhibition of granulocytic cells did not depend on a selective immunological reaction developed against granulocytic cells in the chloroma-bearing host rats.

It has been shown in this study that granulocytic chalone inhibits DNA synthesis in normal and leukaemic cells (chloroleukaemia in rat and chronic myeloid leukaemia in man), and that this inhibition is tissue specific to the granulocytic system. In contrast to this granulocytic chalone is not species specific either in respect to its origin or to its inhibitory action.

IT has been demonstrated recently that in four different malignant tumours cells responded by mitotic inhibition to their own tissue-specific chalone when the chalone content was artificially increased either in vitro or in vivo1–3. It has also been shown that when extracts containing melanocyte chalone1 were injected into animals bearing malignant melanomata, the tumours regressed3. We have tried to treat malignant chloroma in rats by means of the granulocytic chalone.

ABSTRACT It has previously been indicated that the inhibitory power of the granulocytic chalone is not influenced by adrenalin. It is now shown that this is true both in absence and in presence of exogenous hydrocortisone. It is also shown that hydrocortisone itself does not cause significant inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat bone marrow cells in vitro , but that it does act to augment the inhibitory effect which the granulocytic chalone induces. It is suggested that the primary action of hydrocortisone may be on the cell membrane which changes the cell wall permeability to chalone, perhaps by reducing its rate of loss from the cells.

ABSTRACTIt has previously been demonstrated that granulocyte production is controlled by a humoral feedback mechanism based on at least two tissue‐specific substances, granulocytic chalone and antichalone. It is now shown that the action of these regulators is almost instantaneous, reversible, short‐term, and at least in the case of chalone, followed by an overshoot during recovery.It is also shown that both substances operate primarily, if not solely, in a phase prior to DNA synthesis: chalone prevents and antichalone promotes the entry of precursor cells into the DNA synthesis phase. These actions are based on a switch mechanism, apparently involving transient change in the synthesis of a short‐living RNA.In addition to these results, a dose‐effect relationship is obtained for chalone, and continuous production of the inhibitor in mature granulocytes is indicated.

Il est connu que l'activité mitotique des cellules précurseurs granulocytiques normales est réprimée par une chalone granulocytique dont l'action est spécifique à ce tissu (VeVo=2·73±0·035 sur Sephadex G-75). En employant la thymidine 3H et le formate14C, un compteur opérant au liquide scintillant, ainsi que l'autoradiographie, on a démontré que cette même chalone existait aussi dans les cellules chloroleucémiques et qu'elle était capable de réprimer leur activité mitotique. Or, les cellules leucémiques ne sont pas aussi sensibles que les cellules précurseurs normales. On a remarqué que la concentration de la chalone dans une cellule chloroleucémique est de 110 à140 de la concentration dans une cellule granulocytique mûre normale, et que les cellules leucémiques produisent probablement moins de chalone. La concentration de la chalone dans le sérum leucémique est plus élevée que dans un sérum normal. Il est évident que ceci est causé par le haut degré de perte de la chalone subie par les cellules leucémiques en conjonction avec le nombre élevé de ces cellules qui se trouvent dans l'organisme en question.

Young rats, inoculated with myelocytic chloroleukaemia, were treated with mucopolysaccharide (MPS) concentrates and fractions of animal tissue homogenates. Many groups of treated rats survived significantly longer than the controls. Fractions of bovine liver MPS gave the best results. The most active of these was prepared by absorption of the crude concentrate to Ecteola cellulose, and elution with 2 M NaCl‐HCl solution. However, some failures were noted with similar fractions, probably attributable to the development of varying degrees of resistance. The results were more consistently positive if the treatment was begun 12 days after transplantation than in treatment experiments begun 1–3 days after the inoculation.Aided by grants from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki, and the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund, New York (DRG, 644, 788).

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica ScandinavicaVolume 59, Issue 3 p. 311-324 STUDIES ON THE ELIMINATION OF GRANULOCYTES IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT IN RAT Harald Teir, Harald Teir THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorTapio Rytömaa, Tapio Rytömaa THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorAntti Cederberg, Antti Cederberg THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorKyllikki Kiviniemi, Kyllikki Kiviniemi THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this author Harald Teir, Harald Teir THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorTapio Rytömaa, Tapio Rytömaa THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorAntti Cederberg, Antti Cederberg THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this authorKyllikki Kiviniemi, Kyllikki Kiviniemi THE DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY, SECTION II, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKISearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1963 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb01803.xCitations: 26AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume59, Issue3November 1963Pages 311-324 RelatedInformation