Alectryon is a genus of trees in the family Sapindaceae that occurs in the rainforests of Australia and vast areas of Asian continent. In the present study, petroleum ether extract of Alectryon tomentosus was subjected to chemical investigation, and its renal protective efficiency is investigated by potassium dichromate renal toxicity test. Additionally, the volatile constituents were estimated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique. Saponification of the petroleum ether extract of A. tomentosus (5 g) leaves was carried out under certain conditions to give 2.2 g of unsaponifiable matter and 1.7 g of fatty acids. Investigation of the saponifiable and unsaponifiable matter of A. tomentosus leaves was carried out by GC/MS analysis. Eleven fatty acid methyl ester derivatives could be identified, representing 96.55

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a significant clinical problem for which no standard treatment currently exists. Most DILI mechanisms center on oxidative stress resulting from glutathione depletion, excessive ROS production, and subsequent cell death. Flavonoid-rich Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey (honeybush) is a commercially important African herbal tea and is traditionally promoted as a restorative treatment. Cytotoxicity evaluation of a fermented C. intermedia extract in C3A hepatocytes confirmed the absence of toxicity up to 200 mg/mL using quantitative fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst 33342-PI dual-labeling. DPPH, NO scavenging, and ORAC assays established a strong antioxidant potential. Antioxidant bioavailability, assessed using the CAPe assay, indicated significant uptake at 100 mg/mL (p < 0.005). C. intermedia extract decreased TBHP-induced oxidative stress in C3A cells and attenuated TBHP-induced changes in thiol group levels at 200 mg/mL (p < 0.005) as confirmed by CellROX* Orange and ThiolTrackerTM Violet staining, respectively. Apoptotic cell death was significantly reduced by the extract from 50 mg/mL (p < 0.005) as deter-mined by Annexin-V FITC staining. These results suggest that C. intermedia can function as a hepatoprotectant and has potential as a treatment against DILI.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of SAAB. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Sesamum indicum L. is from Family Pedaliaceae. It plays an important role in ancient culture and modern system of medicine. It is commonly known as sesame. It is cultivated throughout India, mainly for its seeds and oil. The plant traditionally used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, dysentery, constipation, cough, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and ulcers. It also has antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antiatherosclerotic activity. The total alcoholic extracts of all residual aerial parts of this plant show antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging and anticoagulant activities.

Foodborne infections and antibiotic resistance pose a serious threat to public health and must be addressed urgently. Pistacia lentiscus is a wild-growing shrub and has been utilized for medicinal applications as well as for culinary purposes. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of P. lentiscus bark in vitro, as well as the phytochemical composition, are the focus of this inquiry. The bark extract of P. lentiscus showed significant antimicrobial activity in experiments on bacteria and yeast isolated from human and food sources. The exposure time for the complete inhibition of cell viability of P. aeruginosa in the extracts was found to be 5% at 15 min. Phytochemical inquiry of the methanol extract demonstrates the existence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, triterpenes, and alkaloids. Deep phytochemical exploration led to the identification of methyl gallate, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-glucoside, and Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside. When tested using the DPPH assay, the methanol extracts of P. lentiscus bark demonstrated a high free radical scavenging efficiency. Further, we have performed a molecular modelling study which revealed that the extract of P. lentiscus bark could be a beneficial source for novel flavonoid glycosides inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Taken together, this study highlights the Pistacia lentiscus bark methanol extract as a promising antimicrobial and antiviral agent.

Olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) leaves have been widely used in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases especially in Mediterranean countries. They contain several potentially bioactive com-pounds that may have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Olea europaea is commonly known as Zaitoon. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and other Mediterranean nations cultivated olives for its edible fruits and to obtain oil from them. Leaves of the tree became important when olive leaf extract was reported to be potent in reducing incidence of degenerative diseases, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancers of the breast, skin, and colon. Olive leaves have the highest antioxidant power among the different parts of the olive tree. While in olive fruit, phenols (e.g.,TYR) and terpenoid hydrocarbon (Squalene) are the major components found in the oil. Much research has been carried out on the medical applications of olive. The choice of the plant was based on the good previous biological study of Olea europaea. Interest to choose this plant, may have been due to the widespread use of olive species medicinally, food industry and cosmetics.

The genus Passiflora is the largest and more diverse of the family Passifloraceae, comprising more than 560 species of vines, lianas, trees, and shrubs, commonly used for their fruits and derivatives, and as ornamental and medicinal plants. Passiflora foetida is a prominent medicinal plant with major phyto-constituents such as flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic and volatile constituents those are potent for potential therapeutic practice. It has been used in treatment of some disease like as anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, sexual dysfunction, cough and cancer. It is rich in fiber content, used in paper production industries. In various, countries Passiflora fruits are farmed for making cold drink, ice cream, flavor thus best source for economic earning.

Carica papaya belongs to caricaceae family and it is commonly known as papaya. Carica papaya L. is a popular and important fruit tree in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. The fruit is healthy and delicious and the whole plant parts including fruit, root, bark, peel, seeds and pulp are also known to have medicinal properties. The many benefits of papaya are owed due to high content of vitamin A, B and C, proteolytic enzymes like papain and chymopapain which have antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties. Carica papaya is usedin ayurvedic medicines from very long time. It is used as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, abortifacient, vermifuge, hypoglycemic, antifungal activity, antihelmenthic and immunomodulatory etc. Scientific evidences suggest their versatile biological function that supports its traditional use in different diseases. Phytochemical studies shows that plant Carica papaya contains mainly alkaloids carpaine, pseudocarpaine, tannins, flavnoids, carcin, gamma terpine, glycoside carposides, sugars.

Catha edulis Forsk (Celastraceae)], is an ancient plant associated with psychological, health and socioeconomic issues on humans. Khat (the flower of paradise) is a plant vastly used on the African continent. Many different compounds are found in khat including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, glycosides, tannins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The phenylalkylamines and the cathedulins are the major alkaloids which are structurally related to amphetamine. The major effects of khat include those on the gastro-intestinal system and on the nervous system. Constipation, urine retention and acute cardiovascular effects may be regarded as autonomic (peripheral) nervous system effects; increased alertness, dependence, tolerance and psychiatric symptoms as effects on the central nervous system. The main toxic effects include increased blood pressure, tachycardia, insomnia, anorexia, constipation, general malaise, irritability, migraine and impaired sexual potency in men.

Newbouldia laevis (L) plant is a medium sized angiosperm and it is from Bignoniaceae family. In Nigeria vernacular, it is called Aduruku. It is popularly known as the tree of life or fertility tree in Nigeria. The plant has been found to be effective in the treatment of elephantiasis, dysentery, rheumatic swellings, syphilis, constipation, pile and as a vermifuge to round worms. It has also been found useful for earache, sore feet, chest pain, epilepsy and children's convulsion. Previous chemical studies proved that it has flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, saponins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids.

This work proved antioxidant and antimicrobial effects and chemical content of Cichorium intybus L. Methanol extract of C. intybus L. aerial parts were tested for antimicrobial activity, and for antioxidant effect. The results showed that the extract has a significant antimicrobial activity, it inhibited the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria and Fungi (has registered against various). The extract has a good antioxidant activity reported to Vitamin C (IC50=61.57 +/- 0.75 mu g/mL; Vitamin C=5.78 +/- 0.08 mu g/mL). Phytochemical evaluation has shown that the plant has flavonoids, triterpenes and others, and further phytochemical proved the identification of beta-sitosterol, apigenin, kaempferol, apigenin 7-O-beta-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-glucoside). In conclusion, C. intybus can be a new promising antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Dicoumarol, a natural anticoagulant drug chemically designated as is metabolized from Coumarin in the sweet clover (Melilotus alba and Melilotus officinalis) by molds, such as Penicillium nigricans and Penicillium jensi. Coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone), the parent molecule of Dicoumarol, is the simplest compound of a large class of naturally occurring phenolic substances made of fused Benzene and Pyrone rings . In addition, the Coumarin anticoagulants, Dicoumarol (Dicumarol) and its synthetic derivative Warfarin sodium (Coumadin), have been shown to decrease metastases in experimental animals. Warfarin sodium, largely replacing Dicoumarol therapeutically as an anticoagulant, has been used for the treatment of a variety of cancers and shown to improve tumor response rates and survival in patients with several types of cancer. However, despite numerous studies, little information has been acquired on the cellular mechanism of action of Coumarin compounds in the treatment of malignancies. Possibly for this reason, the Coumarin compounds have not received much attention for the treatment of cancer.

Post-meal hyperglycaemia is considered a prominent therapeutic target to attenuate the progression of diabetes and its associated complications. The present study identified fruit extract of Diospyros lotus Linnaeus, of the Ebenaceae family, as an inhibitor of starch digestion through the inhibition of both alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase. The extract inhibits porcine and human pancreatic amylase with IC50 values of 82.5±2.0 and 130.4±24 μg/ml respectively. The inhibition of intestinal sucrase and maltase activity was however considerably weaker. In vitro hydrolysis of solubilised potato starch into glucose yielded comparable inhibition kinetics for 100 μg/ml D. lotus L. extract and 3.5 μM acarbose. Screening the major phenolic constituents revealed that quercetin and myricetin were the strongest alpha amylase inhibitors. D. lotus L. extract showed strong antioxidant activity; however, this provided no meaningful protection against 2-deoxy-ribose induced oxidative stress in INS-1 cells. Taken together these findings identify D. lotus L. fruit as a multi-component functional food with potential to dampen the onset and development of diabetes through the inhibition of post meal hyperglycaemia.

Myrtus communis L. plant is from Myrtaceae family and it is known as True Myrtle. M. communis extracts and essential oil are important in drug development with some pharmacological activities in the Middle East. For a long time M. communis has been used in traditional medicines for the treatment of lung disorders and as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic, carminative and astringent remedy. It has recently antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial and antifungal activities and larvicide, insecticide and repellency effects. Myrtucommulone A & B and semi-myrtucommulone are oligomeric, nonprenylatedacyl-phloroglucinols which are reported from leaves of myrtle. α-pinene, 1,8-cineol, limonene and linalool were identified as the major constituents in M. communis essential oil.

Terminalia bellerica Roxb. is from family combretaceae. It is one of the most commonly used plants in Indian traditional systems of medicine. T. bellerica is used for treatment of various diseases such as conjunctivitis, asthma, migraine, baldness, constipation and weak eyesight. It contains different phytoconstituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compound, amino acids and saponins which are responsible for different pharmacological activities as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and hepatoprotective.

This study evaluated anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant potentials in mice hippocampus treated with essential oils (EO) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange) in vitro and in vivo. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated by using an adapted spectrophotometric method by Ellman after administration (30 consecutive days) in albino mice at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (EO 50), 100.00 mg/kg (EO 100) and 200.00 mg/kg (EO 200). The results showed that there was a significant decrease on enzymatic activity of AChE in mice hippocampus treated with essential oil of C. sinensis at doses of 50.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89 +/- 0.19, OE 50= 2.63 +/- 0.21) [P <0.05], 100.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89 +/- 0.19, EO 100= 1.65 +/- 0.15) [P <0.05] and 200.00 mg/kg (vehicle= 9.89 +/- 0.19, EO 200= 2.38 +/- 0.12) [P <0.05] when compared with vehicle group (0.05% Tween 80 dissolved in saline 0.9%). Concerning antioxidant activity, there was a significant reduction (P <0.05) of 20% on lipid peroxidation level in mice hippocampus treated with a dose of 200.00 mg/kg. The results obtained from the current studies showed that the essential oil of C. sinensis has considerable antioxidant and activity and inhibitory effect on AChE.

Natural products have bioactive chemical entities, persist as an inexhaustible resource for discovery of drugs. One of the naturally occurring flavonoids, astragalin (kaempferol 3-glucoside), which is a bioactive constituent of various traditional medicinal plants such as Cuscuta chinensis. It is well known for its various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiobesity, antiosteoporotic, anticancer, antiulcer, and antidiabetic properties. It showed the highest antiproliferation effect on the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, mouse colon cancer cell line CT26 and mouse melanoma cell line B16F1.

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. is one of the wild plants found in farmland of Southeast Asia. The root of the tuba plant was traditionally used as the fish poison and crop pest insecticide. It has many kinds of toxic chemical compounds as rotenone, toxicarol, elliptone, sumatrol, tephrosin, and deguelin. Recently, root extract has developed in various bioactive compounds exploration not only for the agricultural field but also public health intervention, especially in Dengue control programs. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. root extract have larvacidal potential to control the temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae.

Beta-sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and known to be involved in the stabilization of cell membranes. β-sitosterol is an ancient molecules in plants kingdom. Simple sterols have evolved into more complex forms from single cellular organisms to vascular plants. BS has been reported to have beneficial effects in different diseases as lower urinary tract infection; hypercholesteremia, immunosuppression and inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and androgenetic alopecia.