This study evaluated the effects of reducing total amino acid (AA) & crude protein (CP) level and supplementation of protease on egg production, egg quality, AA digestibility and economics of egg production in W-36 laying hens from 50-70 wk of age. Five hundred seventy-six Hy-Line W-36 hens were housed in 192 cages consisting of 12 reps of 2 side-by side cages containing 3 hens. Each replicate was fed one of 8 diets in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of AA&CP levels (85, 90, 95, and 100% of the breeder recommendations) and protease (exclusion or inclusion). Protease was incorporated into the feed at the dosage recommended by the manufacturer, which is 60 grams per metric ton. Corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to meet 100% of the breeder's recommendations for the standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, TSAA, Ile, and Val. Our study explored the effects of varying levels of AA&CP set at 85, 90, 95, and 100% of the recommendations for the ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Trp, TSAA, Ile, and Val, in diets with and without protease supplementation. All diets were supplemented with phytase at 500 phytase units/kg. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS 9.4 (2019) and the means were separated using Tukey's multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05). Overall, an interaction was observed between AA&CP level and protease supplementation on egg weight (EW; P = 0.003). The main effect of AA&CP level was observed on haugh unit (HU; P < 0.001) and feed cost (P < 0.001) where higher values were observed in 100 and 95% CP level diets as compared to 90 and 85% CP level diets. Similarly, a decrease in the AA&CP level increased the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP (P < 0.001), Lys (P < 0.001), Met (P < 0.001), Thr (P < 0.001), Trp (P < 0.001), Ile (P < 0.001), and Val (P < 0.001). Protease supplementation increased the AID of CP (P = 0.003), Lys (P = 0.001), Thr (P = 0.009), Ile (P < 0.001), and Val (P < 0.001). In conclusion, lower levels of AA&CP supplemented with protease did not negatively affect the egg production, albumen quality and the cost of production in low AA&CP corn and soybean meal-based diets in the Hy-Line W-36 laying hen.

Data are scarce for relative effectiveness of the liquid hydroxy analogue of Met (MHA-FA) relative to DL-Met (DLM) in turkeys. In the current paper, 2 experiments are presented in order to determine the relative effectiveness of liquid MHA-FA. In trial 1, female 1-d-old Hybrid Converter turkeys were fed 13 different corn-soy diets supplemented with graded levels of DLM, diluted DLM (65%), or liquid MHA-FA (0.07, 0.14, 0.21, 0.28%) from d 7 to 50. DLM (65%) treatments can be regarded as an internal standard for the validation of exponential regression analysis. In trial 2, male 1-d-old BUTA Big 6 turkeys were assigned to 63 battery cages for 21 d. Treatments consisted of a basal corn-soy diet and 2 series each containing graded levels of either DLM (0.100, 0.200, 0.300%) or liquid MHA-FA (0.154, 0.308, 0.462%). The ratio between both products at the 3 corresponding inclusion levels was 65% weight/weight. In both trials, basal diets were formulated to be deficient in Met+Cys but adequate in all other nutrients and energy. Exponential regression analysis revealed a relative effectiveness for weight gain and feed conversion of liquid MHA-FA of 68 and 56% vs. DLM in trial 1, respectively, and of 66 and 44% in trial 2, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis of a relative bioeffectiveness of approximately 65% of liquid MHA-FA as compared with DLM.

Algorithms are presented that limit the scope of recalculation of data-flow information for representative program changes. A prototype data-flow analysis program has been developed for a subset of the Ada language. An example analyzed by the prototype shows its possible use by program maintenance personnel

Migratory timing of 15 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks in the upper Copper River, Alaska, was determined from a tag and recapture project conducted between 1967 and 1972. Time densities and descriptive statistics were used to estimate mean date of migration upstream, variation about the mean, form, and stability of these measures between years within the geographic reference frame of Wood Canyon. The mean calendar dates of migration through the Copper River commercial fishery district of Prince William Sound also were estimated. River level appeared to have a negative correlation with travel rate and was a source of yearly variation in the mean date of migration. Mean dates of migration varied by stock and were grouped by a Student-Newman-Keuls test into six time spans that significantly differed from one another. Variation in mean migration date increased through time, with earlier migrating stocks demonstrating greater consistency of timing between years than the later migrating stocks. The majority of migratory time densities were positively skewed, platykurtic forms which were relatively stable between years. Migratory timing of upper river stocks overlapped and harvest control of individual stocks within the Copper River District of Prince William Sound may not be feasible. However, management of groups of stocks according to clusters of time-density means is feasible. Identification of the upper Copper River stock composition within a commercial fishery period can assist the manager in assessing stock abundance and the probable impact of the fishery on groups of stocks.