The objective of the experiment was to determine the sprout emergence and asparagus seedling growth characteristics of six cultivars ('Apollo', 'Atlas', 'Grande', 'Purple Passion', 'UC157', and 'Walker Deluxe') according to growth stage to select suitable cultivar in the Korean climate condition. As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the seedlings of each cultivar during the dormancy, bud break, early fern growth and fern establishment stages, green asparagus cultivar 'UC157' had a higher number of spears, number of roots and buds, root length, and fresh and dry weights of root than the other cultivars. Green asparagus cultivars, 'Atlas' and 'UC157' were released from dormancy considerably earlier than other cultivars. In contrast, a purple asparagus cultivar 'Purple Passion' was showed to lower growth characteristics than those of other cultivars. Proper thermal insulation will be required when the seedling stage of asparagus is damaged by low temperature in winter. These results indicated that the 'UC157' cultivar showed characteristics of good seedlings and bud break compared to other cultivars and is thus expected to have the highest yield among all cultivars tested.

Background and objective: This study was conducted to find out the psychological and physiological effects of creating a seasonal roadside flowerscape on police officials.Methods: Police officials created and managed a spring flowerscape in the outer space of their workplace, through which the effects on stability, relaxation, and attention could be examined through brainwave changes. EEG measurements and surveys were conducted twice before and after the experiment on a total of 18 men and women with an average age of 37.1 ± 9.0.Results: As a result of investigating the changes in the EEG and ECG of police officials, it was found that not only stability, relaxation (RSMT: Ratio of (SMR-mid beta) to theta), and attention (RMT:Ratio of mid beta to theta, RMB: Relative mid beta power spectrum), but also brain activity (SEF 50%:Spectral edge frequency 50%) increased after creating a roadside flowerscape compared to before (p < .05). As a result of examining the difference between positive and negative affect of police officials before and after creating the roadside flowerscape, it was found that positive affect tended to increase after creating the flowerscape, while negative affect tended to decrease, indicating the positive effect of the flowerscape. Police officials’ preference for flower landscapes increased after creating the flowerscape (p < .05). As for the correlations between key variables and loyalty to the seasonal roadside flowerscape, loyalty, positive affect, and flowerscape preference of police officials showed positive correlations, while negative correlations were found with negative affect, showing statistical significance. The results of this study indicate that creating a seasonal roadside flowerscape inside and outside the workplace of police officials increases stability, relaxation, and attention of police officials while decreasing tension and stress.Conclusion: Therefore, the positive effects of creating a natural landscape using plants for police officials suffering from severe occupational trauma could improve their quality of life and relieve stress

Background and objective: This study was conducted to examine the psychological and physiological changes in firefighters according to roadside flowerscape (RFS) models and color stimulation.Methods: EEG and ECG measurement was taken and a survey was conducted on a total of 30 firefighters with a mean age of 35.3 ± 9.4 years in Jeonju.Results: For the violet RFS among the four colors (white, yellow, pink, and violet) of the RFSs, RST(radio of SMR to theta), RSMT(ratio to mid beta to theta), RMT(ratio of mid beta to theta), RMB(relative mid beta power spectrum), and ASEF(spectral edge frequency of 50% alpha spectrum band), which is a comfort indicator, were the highest in all lobes, including the prefrontal lobe, a finding which was statistically significant. The radio of alpha to high beta (RAHB), an indicator of calm and relaxation, was the highest for the white flowerscape. As for the level of gardening activity, the higher the age, the higher the average monthly income and rank, and the longer work experience, the higher the average value. The stress level of firefighters was 46.7%, indicating the need for expert help. Among the four colors (white, yellow, pink, and violet) of the RFSs, the preference for the yellow flowerscape was the highest, and "pleasant" was also the most common emotion, a finding which was statistically significant. As for the correlation between loyalty to the RFSs and key variables, a positive correlation was found between loyalty and gardening activity level, while a negative correlation was found between loyalty and job burnout. By examining the effects of key variables, as well as demographic variables such as gardening activity level and job burnout on respondents' loyalty, a sense of calm was found to be the most influential variable.Conclusion: Based on these findings, it is expected that supporting the development of RFS models and improving a sense of calm and the level of gardening activities, which affect the loyalty of firefighters, who are high-risk workers, will reduce high stress levels and job burnout, and increase interest in plants and psychological and physiological relaxation effects.

상업적으로 주로 유통되는 품종의 그룹은 Sinomartagon H

Background and objective: This study examines the effect of gardening activity level, plant preference, and key variables of police officers on resilience.Methods: A total of 105 male and female respondents with an average age of 40.6 ± 9.3 were surveyed and analyzed.Results: Respondents with older age, higher education, higher average monthly income, and longer period of service tended to show higher means of gardening activity level. Among the three factors of resilience (control, sociability, and positivity), control was higher in the graduate school group than other groups, showing statistical significance. Tulipa spp. and Narcissus spp. showed the highest preferences among the 8 cultivars of flowering plants, followed by Iris spp., Dahlia spp., Allium giantium, Eustoma grandiflourm, Zantedeschia spp. > Lilium Oriental Hybrids. And, as a result of examining the preferences for 6 plant colors, yellow and green were preferred the most, followed by white, blue, orange, and then red, showing statistical significance. The resilience of police officers showed a positive correlation with gardening activity level, multidimensional calling, job satisfaction, and plant preferences, and a negative correlation with stress level and job burnout, showing statistical significance. Regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of gardening activity level, plant cultivar and color preference, multidimensional calling measure, job burnout, stress level, and demographic variables (control variables) on resilience. The results showed that job burnout had the greatest impact on resilience. The results of this study suggest that it will be possible to increase the resilience effect for police officers with severe trauma by using mostly yellow plants when forming gardens in the streets or the workplaces of police officers, and also by using Tulipa spp. for spring.Conclusion: The resilience effect of the natural environment through the application of plants to police officers with severe occupational trauma could improve the quality of life and relieve stress.

Background and objective: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the psychological effect of the visual image of tropicalesque flower landscape and the preference for plants, and the effect of the importance of plants on loyalty.Methods: A survey was conducted with 105 participants who attended a symposium on tropicalesque flower landscaping, and the results were analyzed.Results: As a result of comparatively analyzing the psychological indices of plants in terms of the level of gardening activity (3 factors such as gardening experience, plant preference tendency, and plant-related event) between horticulture majors and workers in related fields and general people, it was found that horticulture majors and workers in related fields showed a higher level of gardening activity than general people, with gardening experience particularly showing statistical significance (p < .05). Preference for ‘Pretoria’ was the highest among four varieties of Canna × generalis. Preference for mixed planting of tropicalesque and indoor foliage plants was highest among three types of tropicalesque flower landscape. Preference for tropicalesque flower landscape was highest in the 50s among all age groups, and in the group with an average monthly income of 4.01-5 million won, showing statistical significance. Among 6 factors of perceived importance of plants, esthetics and emotional relaxation for improved quality of life showed high scores in the survey measuring perceived importance of plants. As a result of conducting a regression analysis to examine the effect of the level of gardening activity, importance of plants, preference for tropicalesque flower landscape, and demographic variables (control variables) on loyalty, flower landscape preference was the most influential variable, followed by esthetics among the 6 factors of importance.Conclusion: These results suggest that by increasing the formation of tropicalesque flower landscape, a natural landscape that can reduce negative factors such as increased stress and depression since the COVID-19 pandemic, it will be possible to reduce fatigue caused by the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and improve the quality of life for citizens.

Background and objective: This study was conducted to find out the effects of Saemangeum reclaimed landscape colors on perceived restorativeness and revisit intention.Methods: A survey was conducted on 120 general respondents, and the responses from 112 respondents were analyzed, except 8 inappropriate responses. The average age of all respondents was 48.60 ± 12.99.Results: Regarding psychological indicators for Saemangeum reclaimed landscape images, this study analyzed the demographic variables of the visitors by four factors of the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). The result showed that there were statistical significance in age, education, average monthly income, and occupation. The correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between satisfaction and preference in the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape, four factors of PRS, and loyalty showed positive correlations and had statistical significance. As for the preference in Saemangeum reclaimed landscape colors, purple was the most preferred among the eight colors. For the question about satisfaction and loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape, more than 87% of respondents responded 'Agree' and 'Strongly agree.' Moreover, a regression analysis including dummy variables was conducted to identify the influence of satisfaction, preference, PRS, and demographic variables (control variables) of visitors. The results showed that preference and fascination among the four factors of PRS had a positive effect on loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape. In contrast, the age 20 - 29 (β = -.29, p < .05) had a significant negative effect on loyalty. In other words, higher attention restoration due to preference and 'fascination' and age older than 29 resulted in higher loyalty to the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape. Meanwhile, gender, education, and occupation did not affect the preference.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study identified that the Saemangeum reclaimed landscape affects positive emotions such as 'fascination' and landscape preferences of visitors, and thus would be useful for increasing the revisit intention of visitors.

Background and objective: This study investigated the preferences and repurchase intentions (loyalty) of respondents to 8 coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) cultivars potentially useful for tropical style streetscapes.Methods: A survey was conducted on 148 general respondents, and the responses from 136 respondents were analyzed excluding 12 inappropriate copies.Results: Through demographic analysis on plant gardening experience, plant preference tendency, and plant-related event, we discovered that plant preference tendency was lowest in the 20s and highest in the 60s and above, indicating that plant preference tendency significantly increased with age. Out of 6 factors on perceived importance of plants, environmental and emotional relaxation for improved quality of life were high. As a result of examining the emotional responses felt by looking at the images of 8 coleus cultivars, there was a statistically significant difference among cultivars. Major emotional words were 'calm' and 'comfortable'. There was a positive correlation between loyalty to coleus, preference, Korean version of WHOQOL-BREF, plant gardening activity level, and the importance of plants, and a negative correlation with PSS-K (Korean Perceived Stress Scale). We conducted a multiple regression analysis including dummy variables to examine the effect of plant gardening activity level, PSS-K, and Korean version of WHOQOL-BREF on loyalty of survey respondents. The results showed that the effect was greatest in the order of plant-related event, physical health domain, age (50's), covers, environment domain, male, and age (30's).Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that coleus could mitigate the psychological stress and depression. As 'Lime Delight' with simple green color showed the highest preference among cultivars, we recommend a green cultivar from the psychological point of view rather than combination planting of multi-colored cultivars.

Background and objective This study was conducted to establish a Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map, investigate the effect of global warming on changes in PHZ, and elucidate the difference in the distribution of evergreen trees between the central and southern region within hardiness Zone 7b in Korea. Methods Mean annual extreme minimum temperature (EMT) and related temperature fluctuation data for 40 years (1981 to 2020) in each of the meteorological observation points were extracted from the Open MET Data Portal of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Using EMT data from 60 meteorological observation points, PHZs were classified according to temperature range in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Changes in PHZs for each decade related to the effects of global warming were analyzed. Temperature fluctuation before and after the day of EMT were analyzed for 4 areas of Seoul, Suwon, Suncheon, and Jinju falling under Zone 7b. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed using the IBM SPSS 22 Statistics software package. Results Plant hardiness zones in Korea ranged from 6a to 9b. Over four decades, changes to warmer PHZ occurred in 10 areas, especially in colder ones. Based on the analysis of daily temperature fluctuation, the duration of sub-zero temperatures was at least 2 days in Seoul and Suwon, while daily maximum temperatures were above zero in Suncheon and Jinju before and after EMT day. Conclusion It was found that the duration of sub-zero temperatures in a given area is an important factor affecting the distribution of evergreen trees in PHZ 7b.

Background and objective: With increasing land use intensity in urban areas, apartment buildings have been recognized as a typical type of urban residence. In this study, the impacts of different views through a window on health-related responses were investigated using psychological and physiological parameters. Methods: Photos of three different types of views taken on low (2-12 m), middle (28-35 m), and high (over 54 m) floors of dense apartment building areas were used as visual stimuli. Twenty-two healthy adults participated in the indoor experiment. Semantic differential methods and profile of mood states were used as psychological tools. Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated using blood pressures, pulse rate and heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Analytic data showed different characteristics of psychological and physiological outcomes in three different apartment views. In the analysis of psychological parameters, significantly negative responses to the views on middle floors were found in the subscales of tension-anxiety and anger-hostility, compared to low floors. Significantly positive scores in the subscale of vigor were found on low floors with abundance of vegetation and high floors with a view of the sky. A significantly increased value of HF was found on low floors (2,294.96 ± 169.79), compared to the middle(1,553.45 ± 84.66) and high (1,523.02 ± 70.49) floors. Despite the high scores in openness and vigor, high floor views showed significantly higher LF/HF values (1.83 ± 0.09), the indicator of the sympathetic nervous system, than low (1.30 ± 0.07) and middle floor views (1.34 ± 0.06), which might be related to the unconscious fear of heights. Conclusion: Views from different heights in an apartment building can affect the psychological states of residents. Green space through the window may have a positive health outcome by reducing physiological stress.

Salt stress is a major constraint of crop productivity because it reduces yield and limits the expansion of agriculture. This study investigated salt tolerance in 26 cultivars of cut lilies (Lilium hybrids) by examining the effect of salt stress on the growth and morphological characteristics of flowers and leaves and their physiological properties (chlorophyll a fluorescence). Salt stress significantly affected the growth and development of cut lilies. Canonical discriminant analysis indicates that the middle leaf width, number of flowers, first flower diameter, petal width, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were correlated with salt stress, whereas plant height, the middle leaf length, days to flowering, and sepal width were less affected by the stress. The cultivars examined were divided into three groups: Group 1 included the salt-sensitive cultivars, which failed to develop normal flowers; Group 2 included cultivars sensitive to salt stress but tolerant to osmotic stress; and Group 3 was the salt-tolerant group, which developed commercially valuable flowers. In conclusion, the cultivars contained a variable range of cut flower characteristics and growth traits that can be employed for lily breeding programs and as material for molecular mechanisms and signaling networks under salt stress.