Heavy metals (HMs), particularly lead, accumulate in organisms due to environmental pollution, posing significant health risks. Plant-based treatments are emerging as potential mitigators for heavy metal toxicity. Thus, this study evaluate the hepatorenal protective effects of Withania coagulans (W. coagulans) methanolic leaf extract against lead-induced toxicity in mice. Eighteen mice were divided into three groups, each containing 6 mice: a control group, an exposed group (60 mg/kg BW lead acetate), and a treatment group (pretreated with 160 mg/kg BW W. coagulans leaf extract followed by lead acetate exposure). After four weeks, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis of hepatorenal markers, and tissues were examined histologically. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc testwere performed for statistical analysis. The administration of lead acetate in the exposed group significantly elevated hepatic biomarkers (ALP, ALT, AST), confirming lead-induced liver toxicity. The protective group, treated with W. coagulans methanolic leaf extract, showed a significant decrease in these markers (P < 0.05), indicating a protective effect. Although improvements were also observed in renal markers in the protective group but none of the measured renal biomarkers differed significantly between the exposed and treatment groups. Histological examination revealed liver and kidney degeneration in the exposed group, while the protective group showed restored tissue architecture. W. coagulans methanolic leaf extract significantly reduced lead-induced hepatic toxicity in mice. While renal protection was less pronounced, the extract demonstrated potential as a hepatoprotective agent. Further investigations are recommended to explore its mechanisms of action and to investigate its potential clinical applications.

Dengue fever affects multiple body systems, including the heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, eyes, and central nervous system. This study aimed to evaluate possible alterations in thyroid function among patients with dengue fever. Blood samples were collected from 50 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients (13 with severe dengue fever and 37 with dengue fever), and 40 age and sex-matched healthy individuals. T3, T4, and TSH levels were measured by using commercially available ELISA kits, and the data obtained were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA in the IBM-SPSS software. The intergroup comparison analysis, as revealed by One-Way ANOVA, indicated that the serum T3 level increased significantly (p = 0.008) in both dengue groups compared to controls. Similarly, the level of the T4 was significantly elevated in the dengue groups compared to controls (p < 0.001). However, there was a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in TSH serum levels in dengue groups compared to controls. Our findings indicate that dengue infection is associated with disruption in thyroid hormone regulation, which may contribute to metabolic complications.

Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Inflammation and metabolic disruption are involved in its pathology. This study aimed to assess maternal serum inflammatory and lipid markers as predictors of PTB using various machine learning models. Women who were pregnant and attending antenatal clinics were recruited for this study. A group of 186 females who had their births before 37 weeks was marked PTB. One hundred forty women who delivered at term and met the same eligibility criteria were selected from the same source population during the study period. T-tests were used to evaluate variations in baseline and clinical parameters. Pearson correlations were visualized via a heatmap. We built models for random forests (RF), logistic regression (LR), XGBoost, and support vector machine (SVM) using a 70/30 train/test split and 5-fold cross-validation. Models performance was measured using accuracy and AUC. CRP (r ≈ 0.45), IL-6 (r ≈ 0.40), C3 (r ≈ 0.31), BMI, and lipids correlated positively with PTB, whereas HDL correlated inversely (r ≈ − 0.13). Multivariable logistic regression identified age, BMI, IL-6, C3, and CRP as independent predictors. All ML models showed good discrimination (test AUC ≥ 0.819); LR performed best (accuracy 78.57

BackgroundHigh body mass index (BMI)-related hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is increasingly prevalent worldwide. Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed the changes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and age-standardized rate (ASR) of mortality (ASMR) due to high BMI from 1990 to 2021.MethodsHHD data on high BMI were obtained from GBD 2021 at global, regional, and country levels. Age-standardized DALYs (ASDR) and deaths (ASMR) were calculated, with trends analyzed based on gender, age, and region. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to project the burden through 2035, while the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to assess future trends.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global DALYs increased from 5.67 million to 12.55 million (a 1.81% rise in ASR), and deaths rose from 240,000 to 594,000. Men showed an 8.28% increase in DALYs, while women’s burden remained stable with a slight ASR decline. The highest burden was observed in those aged 80 and older, with DALYs increasing from 1243.80 to 1604.32. Projections suggest gradual decreases in DALYs and ASMR by 2035, although high BMI-related HHD remains a major public health concern.ConclusionHigh BMI intensifies HHD prevalence, particularly among men and older adults. Despite projected minor decreases by 2035, rising obesity underscores the ongoing need for public health interventions.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disturbances in motor function and movement regulation that result in delayed development and lasting physical disabilities. In addition to neurological deficits, evidence suggests that CP may be associated with metabolic and cardiovascular changes. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate lipid, cardiac, and inflammatory biomarkers in children with cerebral palsy to assess their potential risk of cardiovascular dysfunction. Blood samples were collected from 40 children with cerebral palsy and 20 healthy controls of the age group 1–12 years. Serum markers of cardiac health, including LDH-L (Lactate Dehydrogenase–Liver), CK-MB (Creatine Kinase–Myocardial Band), CRP (C-reactive protein), HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol), LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol), and VLDL-C (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol), were analyzed using a clinical chemistry analyzer. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels were quantified using an ELISA method. Among the children with CP, mixed CP was the most common form (57

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In South Asia, demographic shifts, dietary changes, and healthcare disparities are influencing CRC trends. This study evaluated temporal patterns, projected future burden, and examined links between CRC indicators and key risk factors from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts to 2035. METHODS: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2023 study were used to analyze age-standardized rates (ASRs) of DALYs, mortality, incidence, and prevalence at global, regional, and country levels. Trends were stratified by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Forecasts to 2035 were generated using the ARIMA model. Risk factor contributions to DALYs and deaths were assessed across dietary, metabolic, and behavioral domains. RESULTS: Globally, CRC DALYs declined from 364.57 to 287.69 per 100,000 between 1990 and 2023, while prevalence increased (111.15 to 133.78). In South Asia, all metrices increased, DALYs (115.40-144.21), mortality (4.31-5.55), incidence (4.71-7.02) and prevalence (14.74-25.00) rose. Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka showed the largest increases, with males consistently more affected. Forecasts indicate further increases in all metrices by 2035. Among risk factors of CRC, smoking showed declining trends but metabolic and dietary factors, particularly high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and unhealthy diets, showed increasing burden trend in South Asia. CONCLUSIONS: CRC burden in South Asia is increasing, driven by modifiable risks, aging populations, and socio-economic disparities. Despite modest mortality improvement, rising incidence and prevalence may strain healthcare systems. Prevention, early screening, and interventions targeting metabolic risks are critical to reducing future burden.

Cerebral palsy (CP) frequently results in developmental delays and long-term physical impairment. This study aims to evaluate serum biochemical and extracellular biomarkers, specifically matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), in children with CP as an initial step to investigate their potential involvement in the condition’s etiopathogenesis. Forty children diagnosed with CP and 20 healthy age-matched study participants were included. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured proforma. Serum samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, and electrolytes) and MMP levels. Study revealed significant differences between CP patients and the healthy group. CP patients exhibited lower levels of total protein, albumin, magnesium, and phosphorus but higher levels of creatinine, uric acid, chloride, and total bilirubin. Elevated liver enzyme levels, although observed, showed variable statistical significance. However, the serum level of MMP-9 was markedly elevated in CP patients, highlighting its potential role in blood-brain barrier disruption and tissue damage. The MMP-2 level in CP patients was mildly high, which was statistically non-significant. The demographic analysis indicated higher CP prevalence in rural areas, with parental consanguinity being a notable factor. Mixed CP was the most common subtype observed (57

INTRODUCTION:Long COVID-19 is marked by persistent symptoms beyond the acute phase, necessitating a deeper understanding of mortality risk factors for effective management. Plasma proteins hold promise as prognostic markers, offering insights into disease progression and aiding in mortality risk assessment. METHOD:A total of 240 patients and 89 healthy controls were enrolled for this study. Two months post-COVID follow-up, patients were categorized as survivors (n = 212) and non-survivors (n = 28). Plasma samples underwent 2-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE) for protein separation, followed by LC-MS/MS for protein identification, and validation was performed using ELISA. Proteomic data analysis was conducted using Mascot version 2.3.02 and Samespots software 4.5.1. Statistical analyses were carried out using GraphPad Prism and IBM SPSS. RESULTS:LC-MS/MS identified fibrinogen (Spot 14; 52.15 kDa/5.32 pI; protein score 2293) and haptoglobin (Spot 08; 45.86 kDa/6.56 pI; protein score 453) as prospective predictive biomarkers. ELISA results confirmed increased plasma levels of fibrinogen and haptoglobin in severe cases (P < 0.001 for both) and non-survivors (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0086, respectively). ROC analysis showed haptoglobin had moderate predictive power for mortality (AUC = 0.68; P = 0.0025), surpassing fibrinogen (AUC = 0.62; P = 0.0374). CONCLUSION:Plasma fibrinogen and haptoglobin are promising biomarkers for assessing disease severity and mortality risk in long COVID. These findings highlight their potential for prognostic applications, warranting further research into their mechanistic roles in COVID-19 and broader clinical implications.

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a complex role in cancer, significantly influencing cancer prognosis. However, its true impact remains unclear, necessitating a comprehensive and unified analysis. This study investigates the prognostic value of SIRT1 expression across different cancers worldwide. Relevant studies were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. Only human studies exploring the prognostic role of SIRT1 in various cancers were included in the study. Data on patient demographics, SIRT1 expression levels, and overall survival (OS) rates were extracted, followed by subsequent analyses, including meta-regression for heterogeneity and Egger’s regression for publication bias. A total of 15 studies (pooled hazard ratio = 1.483 ± 0.2974 [95% CI: 0.900 – 2.065]), predominantly from Asia (n = 10), were selected for the meta-analysis. The analysis demonstrated a robust and consistent association between elevated SIRT1 expression and poorer OS across diverse variables (P < 0.001), with minimal heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0001). Subgroup analyses confirmed significant effects of SIRT1 on OS rates based on regions (Asia: P < 0.001; non-Asia: P < 0.001), study size (small: P = 0.001, medium: P = 0.002, and large cohorts: P = 0.021), and specific cancer types (ovarian: P = 0.041, lung: P = 0.025, and gastric cancer: P = 0.025). However, no significant impact was observed in breast (P = 0.136) and colorectal cancers (P = 0.221). Overall, SIRT1 demonstrates consistent prognostic significance across various cancers and populations. However, the assessment of its long-term prognostic effects remains elusive, highlighting the need for further mechanistic research to guide targeted interventions and precision medicine in cancer therapy.

Purpose:Male infertility is an increasingly recognized global public health issue. Despite its impact, comprehensive assessments of long-term trends and regional disparities remain limited. Our study focuses on evaluating global and regional trends, particularly in South Asia, in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and prevalence of male infertility, and forecasting future patterns. Methods:Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 were analyzed for the period 1990-2021 to assess trends in DALYs and prevalence. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to quantify changes over time. The Autoregression, Integrated, and Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to forecast future prevalence and DALYs trends in South Asia. Results:Globally, DALYs due to male infertility increased by 17.79% (EAPC 0.51%), and prevalence rose by 16.90% (EAPC 0.50%). South Asia showed a higher burden, with DALYs increasing by 45.66% (EAPC 1.40%) and prevalence by 47.19% (EAPC 1.50%). India showed the greatest rise, with DALYs and prevalence increasing by 55.87% and 58.82%, respectively. The most affected was the 25-29 years age group. A positive association was observed between male infertility burden and sociodemographic index (SDI) values across South Asia. Forecasts predict a continued rise in prevalence, while DALYs may slightly decline by 2030. Conclusion:Male infertility is increasing worldwide, with South Asia experiencing the most pronounced burden. While rising trends suggest improved detection, healthcare inequalities persist. Targeted interventions are essential to mitigate the growing impact of male infertility in the region.

IntroductionIndividuals experiencing severe symptoms of COVID-19 are at the greatest risk of developing post-COVID lung fibrosis, which significantly impacts long-term health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the predictive potential of serum biomarkers, specifically decorin and biglycan, in assessing the severity and mortality risk among COVID-19 patients.MethodsFor this study, healthy controls and COVID-19 patients (n = 240) among them 186 with moderate and 54 with severe symptoms from Ittefaq Hospital and Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan were recruited satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were followed up for 2 months. Serum level of decorin and biglycan was evaluated by ELISA. One-way ANOVA and Independent sample “t”-test were applied at significance level p < 0.05 by using GraphPad Prism.ResultsDecorin levels significantly decreased from controls (43.36 ± 1.14 ng/mL) to moderate (40.24 ± 0.64 ng/mL) and severe COVID-19 patients (35.49 ± 1.00 ng/mL) (p = 0.0059). Biglycan levels increased from controls (66.15 ± 2.22 pg/mL) to moderate (70.02 ± 1.57 pg/mL) and severe patients (75.88 ± 1.97 pg/mL) (p = 0.0042). In follow-up, survivors had higher decorin (39.6 ± 0.59 ng/mL) than non-survivors (35.84 ± 1.61 ng/mL) (p = 0.0319). Biglycan levels were similar between survivors (70.98 ± 1.41 pg/mL) and non-survivors (73.99 ± 3.24 pg/mL) (p = 0.459). Higher decorin levels correlate with survival in COVID-19 patients.ConclusionSerum decorin and biglycan levels are valuable biomarkers for predicting severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Lower decorin and higher biglycan levels correlate with increased disease severity, emphasizing their potential to identify patients at risk for lung fibrosis and guide clinical management.

Pregnancy is a period during which one or more embryo develops into offspring inside the human's female womb in nine months. During three trimesters of pregnancy many physiological changes such as mood swings, back pain, hair loss, excess melanin production, and fluctuation in hematology and serology happen. Blood samples of pregnant ladies and control were taken and subjected to hematological and renal functioning tests in order to check either these parameters can be the biomarkers of pregnancy or not. Sampling was done in certain hospitals and laboratories in Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan from February 2021 to June 2022. Blood samples of 160 pregnant women and160 control women were collected in EDTA coated vials and subjected to investigation of Complete Blood Count. On the other hand, blood samples of 51 pregnant women and 51 control were collected in serum Vials, serum was extracted and renal functioning were analyzed. A statistically significant difference was found by t-test on hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBC). Investigation of renal functioning of pregnant ladies in comparison to control revealed a distinctive difference with the highest variation in the blood urea (p=0.0002) and serum creatinine (p=0.0003) contents. This study indicates that certain hematological as well as renal functioning tests can serve as biomarkers of pregnancy. Further study will evaluate these parameters for a bigger sample size to give a more accurate and precise information.

OBJECTIVES:Preterm birth (PTB) affects 10% of pregnancies worldwide, causing significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Biglycan and decorin, essential proteoglycans in fetal membranes, are linked to spontaneous PTB pathophysiology. This study investigates their potential as biomarkers for spontaneous PTB. METHODS:This study included 500 pregnant women from various hospitals. Blood samples were collected, and participants were followed up until delivery. Pregnant women were categorized into groups based on gestational age at birth: moderate PTB, very PTB (vPTB), and term birth (control group). Serum levels of biglycan and decorin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve evaluation using SPSS. RESULTS:Serum levels of biglycan were higher in the vPTB group in the second (82.49 ± 2.86 pg/mL, P = 0.0012) and third trimesters (81.17 ± 2.01 pg/mL, P = 0.0097). In both trimesters, decorin levels were lower in the vPTB group (second: 36.32 ± 0.90 ng/mL, P = 0.0013; third: 34.25 ± 1.86 ng/mL, P = 0.0023). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed fair discriminatory power for decorin in the third trimester (area under the curve = 0.70, P = 0.0021). Multinomial logistic regression further confirmed that both biomarkers (biglycan: OR 1.034, P = 0.001; decorin: OR 0.914, P = 0.001) were significant predictors of PTB. CONCLUSIONS:Reduced amount of decorin and increased concentration of biglycan during pregnancy were associated with enhanced risk of spontaneous PTB. These results support the potential of early gestation serum glycoprotein complex as a predictive model for spontaneous PTB.

Photocopy machines emit several harmful pollutants that include zone, VOCs, Ultraviolet, particulate matter and fumes of heavy metals. The operators are exposed to all these toxic toner components. The objective of the current investigation was to assess the effects of these emitted pollutants on reproductive and renal profile of photocopiers. For this study, photocopy operators (n=40) being occupationally exposed to photocopier emissions and non-exposed healthy controls (n=25) were recruited fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Serum level of testosterone and renal biomarkers of all the participants were evaluated. Independent sample “t”-test was applied at significance level P<0.05 by using GraphPad Prism. Significant decrease in testosterone levels in the photocopier group (5.19 ± 0.19) compared to the control group (8.04 ± 0.22, P < 0.001) was observed. The renal profile revealed notable increases in serum uric acid and creatinine levels in the photocopier group, with uric acid at 4.76 ± 0.18 versus 3.91 ± 0.10 in the control group (P < 0.001) and creatinine at 0.93 ± 0.04 compared to0.78 ± 0.03 in the control group (P < 0.02). Additionally, serum albumin levels were significantly lower in the exposed group (3.63 ± 0.10) compared to the control group (4.47 ± 0.11, P < 0.001). The potential acute or chronic kidney disorders and reproductive damage associated with exposure in the photocopier workers

Preterm birth is the most important obstetric complication, linked with serious health outcomes, huge financial loss and emotional stress to families. The study group included 200 females with second and third trimester of pregnancy. Out of total, 70 females delivered preterm. The samples containing proteins of interests were resolved by 2D-PAGE and after tryptic digestion LC-MS/MS analysis was done. The proteins were identified by Mascot software search engine. SameSpots software was employed to determine the raw volume of proteins. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA. The presence of potential predictive biomarkers, Haptoglobin alpha chain and transthyretin in 2DE gels of both 2nd and 3rd trimester samples was confirmed. The results of our study showed slight increase in Haptoglobin alpha chain levels in very preterm and extremely preterm groups of 2nd trimester samples. While, in case of 3rd trimester samples the Haptoglobin levels showed significant increase in experimental groups. Considerable decreased expression of transthyretin level in extremely preterm group as compared to very preterm group and control subjects of 2nd trimester pregnancy was detected. While, in case of 3rd trimester samples a gradual significant decrease was observed in experimental groups. The significantly reduced level of transthyretin and increased level of Haptoglobin alpha chain as compared to healthy term pregnancy, will serve as major risk predictor of reduced gestational age.

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne infection, is typically caused by the Dengue virus, leading to various illnesses, including dengue fever and severe dengue fever. This study aims to investigate the outcome of dengue fever severity as renal dysfunction in patients. For this case-control study, blood samples of the patients (N=66), including 31 D-W (Dengue without warning signs), 20 D+W (Dengue with warning signs), and 15 SDF (Severe dengue fever), as well as controls (N=45) of same age groups, were obtained. The renal parameters were determined and statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and chi-square/Fisher exact test. The intergroup comparison showed that phosphorous, calcium, and sodium presented a marked decrease (P < 0.001) in dengue patient groups compared to controls. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in chloride was indicated in dengue patient groups. Moreover, a prominent potassium reduction (P = 0.036) was observed in the dengue subjects group compared to controls. Among the renal parameters, creatinine presented a significant elevation (P < 0.002) while uric acid was significantly (P = 0.004) dropped in dengue patients groups as compared to controls. This study's results suggest that dengue infection's severity may be associated with aberrant electrolyte imbalance and renal impairment. This study indicates that dengue affects normal kidney functions and harms the patients' health. Keywords: electrolytes; renal profile; dengue fever; severe dengue fever

Objective. Reduced calciferol (vitamin D) levels in pregnant women have been associated with an increased risk to infant health. Progesterone sustains pregnancy and reduces the risk of premature birth through its metabolites affecting myometrial contractility. Sex hormone-binding globulin protein (SHBG) is a biomarker of premature birth. The present study aimed to find out if early pregnancy levels of vitamin D, SHBG, and progesterone metabolites may predict preterm birth risk. Methods. Five hundred pregnant women aged 18-43 years during their 2nd and 3rd trimesters from multiple civilian regional medical centers in Lahore participated in the study. Blood samples taken from participants were used to determine vitamin D, SHBG, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and 16α-hydroxyprogesterone (16α-OHP) levels using specific ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA using the latest GraphPad Prism software. Results. A significant decrease in vitamin D, DOC, and SHBG levels (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.05, respectively) in the preterm birth cohorts in the 2nd and 3rd trimester was found compared to the corresponding control groups. Furthermore, 16α-OHP levels in the preterm birth cohorts in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were significantly increased (p<0.001 and p=0.0062, respectively) compared to their control cohorts. Conclusion. The results of our study confirm that calciferol deficiency in pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of premature birth and indicate that SHBG and progesterone metabolites may be useful biomarkers for the early identification and prediction of preterm birth.

Male infertility is a significant global issue affecting 60-80 million people, with 40%-50% of cases linked to male issues. Exposure to radiation, drugs, sickness, the environment, and oxidative stress may result in testicular degeneration. Carbohydrate-based polymers (CBPs) restore testis differentiation and downregulate apoptosis genes. CBP has biodegradability, low cost, and wide availability, but is at risk of contamination and variations. CBP shows promise in wound healing, but more research is required before implementation in healthcare. Herein, we discuss the recent advances in engineering applications of CBP employed as scaffolds, drug delivery systems, immunomodulation, and stem cell therapy for testicular regeneration. Moreover, we emphasize the promising challenges warranted for future perspectives.

This study aimed to identify plasma protein biomarkers for nutritional status as potential prognosticators of mortality in long-COVID-19, addressing the gap in understanding the disease's long-term cardiovascular risks and the role of immunity and nutrition in its progression.In this study, initially, 329 individuals were recruited, meeting the inclusion criteria, comprising 89 healthy controls, 186 patients with mild infection, and 54 with severe disease. Two months post-COVID, follow-up was conducted, categorizing patients into survivors (n=212) and non-survivors (n=28). 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE) of plasma samples for protein separation was performed; after that, proteins were identified through LC-MS/MS. Mascot version 2.3.02 was followed by analysis using Samespots software 4.5.1 to calculate protein volume and area coverage. GraphPad Prism 5.0 was used for statistical analysis.LC-MS/MS confirmed Transthyretin (TTR) and serotransferrin (TF) as potential predictive biomarkers as the study found significant downregulation of TF and TTR in COVID-19 patients in comparison to healthy subjects, with a further decrease observed in severe cases compared to mild cases. Non-survivors also showed a significantly lower level.The study uncovered serum nutritional biomarkers capable of accurately predicting COVID-19 prognosis and long-COVID mortality due to cardiovascular complications, facilitating tailored nutritional care and guidance for individuals combating SARS-CoV-2. These findings underscore the significance of developing tailored nutritional protocols to enhance dietary practices, complemented by using probiotics and prebiotics, to manage COVID-19 and other infections.