People typically cry in the presence of their romantic partners, yet the social functions of this behavior within couples remain unknown. Drawing on the social glue model of tears and prior research on manipulative crying, we identified five distinct types of crying in romantic relationships and created the Crying in Romantic Relationships Questionnaire (CRRQ) to measure them. The CRRQ was developed and validated across three studies in Polish and UK samples (N = 849). In the Preliminary Study, individuals described real-life situations in which people might cry in the presence of their partners. Based on their answers, we created an initial item pool. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of the pool, revealing that the CRRQ comprises five factors, each representing a different type of crying: relationship discomfort, relationship comfort, other-oriented concern, emotion regulation, and manipulation. The results also supported the scale’s reliability and validity. Study 2 provided further evidence for the five-dimensional structure of the CRRQ and its good psychometric properties. Overall, the results indicate that the CRRQ is a reliable and valid measure of five distinct types of crying in romantic relationships.

Across three studies (N = 849), conducted in Poland and the UK, we developed and validated the Crying in Romantic Relationships Questionnaire (CRRQ), a measure of crying frequency in the presence of one’s romantic partner. In the Preliminary Study, individuals described real-life situations in which people might cry in the presence of their partners. Based on their answers, we created an initial item pool. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of the pool, revealing that the CRRQ comprises five factors, each focused on a distinct crying context (relationship discomfort, relationship comfort, other-oriented concern, emotion regulation, and manipulation). The results also supported the reliability and validity of the scale. Study 2 provided additional evidence for the 5-dimensional structure of the CRRQ and its good psychometric properties. Overall, our results indicate that the CRRQ can serve as a reliable and valid tool for measuring five distinct types of crying in romantic relationships.

BACKGROUND:The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) is a widely used measure of negative emotional states in adults and adolescents. A youth version (DASS-Y) was recently developed and validated to address the developmental needs of younger populations. While the DASS-Y has shown promising psychometric properties in several languages, no Polish adaptation has been conducted to date. This study aimed to validate the Polish version of the DASS-Y and assess its psychometric performance in a sample of children and adolescents. METHODS:A total of 344 children and adolescents aged 9-17 years were recruited using a school-based convenience sampling strategy between January 6 and February 16, 2025. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Polish version of the DASS-Y, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale. RESULTS:CFA supported the original three-factor structure of the DASS-Y with satisfactory model fit indices. The subscales demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega values exceeding 0.85. The DASS-Y subscales correlated significantly with the CDI and SAM scales in expected directions, supporting convergent and discriminant validity. Metric invariance across genders was established, though scalar invariance was not fully supported, indicating potential differences in item intercepts between boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS:The Polish version of the DASS-Y is a reliable and valid tool for assessing depression, anxiety, and stress in Polish children and adolescents. While the instrument functions similarly across genders in terms of structure, caution is advised when comparing mean scores between boys and girls due to partial scalar invariance. Future research should explore the DASS-Y's applicability in clinical settings and its sensitivity to changes over time.

The study explored links between psychopathy facets (Disinhibition, Meanness, Boldness) and (a) hostile attributions in relational and physical harm situations (using vignettes and visual scenes), (b) hostile interpretations such as anger recognition in morphed faces, and (c) general preference for anger measured via eye-tracking. Data were collected in two waves from the same sample of homicide offenders (N = 65 in the first wave; 48 of these participated in the second wave). Psychopathy facets were assessed using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM). Higher disinhibition and meanness were linked to more hostile attributions in ambiguous relational harm scenarios. Also, they predicted greater intentionality attributed to both male and female authority figures, while increased blame was assigned only to female authority figures in physically harmful scenes. Contrary to expectations, higher levels of disinhibition, meanness, and boldness were associated with reduced recognition of anger in ambiguous facial expressions. Meanness was also related to delayed initial fixations on angry faces compared to other emotions and longer gaze durations on male fearful faces compared to female fearful faces. This study advances understanding of the cognitive and emotional aspects of hostility.

Two preregistered studies (N = 679) tested the links between women’s gender identity and their amusement with sexist jokes targeting men. We hypothesized that the interaction between the strength (i.e., level of in-group identification) and contents (traditional/progressive) of women’s gender identity would be associated with their amusement with jokes targeting men and that this relationship would be mediated by sexism toward men. Although Study 1 provided no support for this hypothesis, we found positive associations between women’s traditional identity contents and their amusement with benevolent and hostile jokes about men, explained by the higher endorsement of benevolent (but not hostile) sexism toward men. Study 2 replicated this effect, suggesting that women’s enjoyment of jokes targeting men might stem from their beliefs that justify the existing power (im)balance between sexes and not their hostility toward men.

Given the ubiquitous nature of love, numerous theories have been proposed to explain its existence. One such theory refers to love as a commitment device, suggesting that romantic love evolved to foster commitment between partners and enhance their reproductive success. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis using a large-scale sample of 86,310 individual responses collected across 90 countries. If romantic love is universally perceived as a force that fosters commitment between long-term partners, we expected that individuals likely to suffer greater losses from the termination of their relationships—including people of lower socioeconomic status, those with many children, and women—would place a higher value on romantic love compared to people with higher status, those with fewer children, and men. These predictions were supported. Additionally, we observed that individuals from countries with a higher (vs. lower) Human Development Index placed a greater level of importance on romantic love, suggesting that modernization might influence how romantic love is evaluated. On average, participants worldwide were unwilling to commit to a long-term romantic relationship without love, highlighting romantic love’s universal importance.

Given the ubiquitous nature of love, numerous theories have been proposed to explain its existence. One such theory refers to love as a commitment device, suggesting that romantic love evolved to foster commitment between partners and enhance their reproductive success. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis using a large-scale sample of 86,310 individual responses collected across 90 countries. If romantic love is universally perceived as a force that fosters commitment between long-term partners, we expected that individuals likely to suffer greater losses from the termination of their relationships-including people of lower socioeconomic status, those with many children, and women-would place a higher value on romantic love compared to people with higher status, those with fewer children, and men. These predictions were supported. Additionally, we observed that individuals from countries with a higher (vs. lower) Human Development Index placed a greater level of importance on romantic love, suggesting that modernization might influence how romantic love is evaluated. On average, participants worldwide were unwilling to commit to a long-term romantic relationship without love, highlighting romantic love's universal importance.

Objective: Vaccines are an effective means to reduce the spread of diseases, but they are sometimes met with hesitancy that needs to be understood.Methods: In this study, we analysed data from a large, cross-country survey conducted between June and August 2021 in 43 countries (N = 15,740) to investigate the roles of trust in government and science in shaping vaccine attitudes and willingness to be vaccinated. Results: We found that, despite significant variability between countries, both forms of institutional trust were associated with a higher willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Further, we found that conspiratorial thinking and anti-expert sentiments predicted reduced trust in government and science, respectively, and that trust mediated the relationship between these beliefs and ultimate vaccine attitudes. Although most countries displayed similar relationships between conspiratorial thinking and anti-expert sentiments, trust, and vaccine attitudes, we identified three countries (Brazil, Honduras, and Russia) with significantly differing effects of these variables. Conclusions: We discuss and propose various additional local factors that future research should consider to understand how trust and attitudes towards governmental and scientific institutions may shape individuals’ ultimate vaccine attitudes and decisions.

In this on-line study of adult women (N = 145), we performed a series of moderation analyses, including women's self-reported gender in-group identification as moderator, their traditional/progressive identity contents as predictors, ambivalent sexism targeted at men and attitudes toward male and female conforming and non-conforming gender roles as outcome variables. We found that both traditional and progressive identity contents were significant predictors of benevolent sexism but did not predict hostile sexism toward men. Moreover, traditional identity contents predicted more negative evaluations of both male and female gender non-conforming roles, while progressive identity contents predicted more positive evaluations of both male and female gender non-conforming roles. The results have also indicated that the less a woman identifies with her gender in-group while having highly traditional identity contents, the lower she evaluates gender non-conforming roles of other women. The present study adds to the existing research on the links between women's gender identity and perceptions of the opposite sex, as well as their evaluations of various gender roles of men and women.

The timing of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) suggests that hormonal fluctuations are a key component in its pathogenesis. Unfortunately, women with PMS cannot be distinguished from asymptomatic women regarding biological markers. Research suggests that increased susceptibility to hormonal changes among women with PMS may be explained by the theory of cognitive vulnerability to affective disorders. The study group comprised 127 women (aged 19–35). The participants were divided into four groups: asymptomatic, nondepressed with PMS, depressed without PMS, and both depressed and with PMS. PMS was diagnosed by prospective daily reports, and depression by SCID-IV. All participants completed the Cognitive triad inventory (CTI), Metacognitive belief questionnaire (MCQ-30), and the self-referent information processing task (SRET) randomly either in the follicular or luteal phase. Findings indicated that only the asymptomatic women differed in cognitive processing from the depressed women. Those with PMS, despite demonstrating a slightly greater intensity of distorted cognitive processing, did not differ significantly from the asymptomatic participants; however, they differed from those with depression regarding in the cognitive triad. The phase of the cycle was not a significant factor in differentiating distorted cognitive processing. Depressed women have more distorted cognitive processes than non-depressed women. Women with PMS appear to be a group that lies between asymptomatic women and those who suffer from depression. Moreover, among women with depression, those with PMS have even more severe distorted cognitive processing than those without PMS.

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.

The diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) poses a challenge for clinicians due to the overdiagnosis of retrospective methods and overlapping symptoms with depression. The present study utilized an Item Response Theory analysis to examine the predictive utility of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST) in women with and without depression. Two hundred and fifteen women aged 20–35 completed the PSST, a daily symptom calendar, SCID-I, and CES-D for two consecutive menstrual cycles. PSST items: fatigue, depressed mood, feeling overwhelmed, anxiety/tension, and decreased interest in everyday activities were the best predictors of PMS. Unlike the daily symptom ratings, the PSST over-diagnosed PMS/PMDD in the depressed group but not in the group of women without PMS/PMDD. While diagnosing premenstrual disorders, clinicians should be aware that a retrospective diagnosis with PSST can be more sensitive to mood disorders and cycle phases than a prospective diagnosis with a daily symptoms calendar.

BACKGROUND:To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID-19 severity, individualism-collectivism, and perceived stress.METHODS:We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020.RESULTS:Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID-19 situation.CONCLUSIONS:The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well-being of these groups.

****************** ***************************** ****************** ************************ ***** This is old, not peer-reviewed version of the manuscript. For published version, please visit: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12234 *********************************************** ****************** ************** *********** **** To limit the rapid spread of COVID-19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life became especially relevant to predicting population well-being during isolation. This pre-registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, individualism-collectivism and perceived stress. We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 54,245 online participants from 27 countries. The data was collected worldwide between March 30 and April 6, 2020. Our results provide evidence that higher levels of stress are associated with younger age, being a woman, being single, staying with more children, and living in collectivistic cultures. We discuss our findings by emphasizing the need for the public health to focus on both physical and psychological well-being of these groups, as they may be especially susceptible to experiencing elevated levels of stress.

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyze the link between the five moral codes proposed in the Moral Foundations Theory and moral judgment of disparagement humor. We presented racist, sexist, homophobic, religion-disparaging and neutral jokes to a group of 108 participants, asking them whether they found laughing at a particular joke moral or immoral. Additionally, participants rated the level of amusement and disgust evoked by each joke. We also measured participants’ moral foundations profiles (Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity). The results confirmed that Care and Fairness were significantly linked to moral judgment of racist, sexist and homophobic jokes, whereas Loyalty, Authority and Sanctity were associated with moral judgment of religion-disparaging jokes. Moreover, these relationships were mediated by emotional responses of amusement and disgust (except for racist jokes, for which we observed no mediating role of amusement).

W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd wybranych badań nad agresją werbalną i agresywnymi formami humoru obserwowanymi w środowiskach wychowawczych i edukacyjnych. Badania te uwzględniają akty agresji słownej dokonywane w klasie szkolnej i na uniwersytecie, zarówno przez uczniów, jak i nauczycieli. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono rzadko wykorzystywanemu w psychologii interpersonalnemu modelowi agresywności werbalnej (Infante, Wigley, 1986), a także typologii stylów humoru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem agresywnego poczucia humoru (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, Weir, 2003). Artykuł ma także na celu wykazanie, że zjawiska humoru dyskredytującego, wrogiego oraz agresywnego stylu poczucia humoru stanowią uzupełnienie szerokiego repertuaru zachowań uznawanych za werbalnie agresywne i powinny być uwzględniane w badaniach nad agresją o charakterze werbalnym, zwłaszcza w kontekście takich zjawisk jak bullying. W zakończeniu podjęto próbę określenia praktycznych implikacji wynikających z zaprezentowanego przeglądu, jak również wskazania możliwych kierunków dalszych badań w tym zakresie.