The demand for adaptable structures is steadily increasing in contemporary architectural practice. Deployable structures, characterized by their flexibility and versatility, offer innovative solutions across demanding engineering and architectural contexts. Among the various types of deployable structures, two main categories emerge: lattice deployable structures and continuous surface deployable structures. This paper explores the creation of hybrid deployable vaulted structures by incorporating kinetic elements from both deployable structure categories. A combination of rigid thick origami surfaces and retractable structural frames composed of four-bar and scissor-hinged linkages is examined, while both direct and inverse design methodologies are explored. To facilitate the parameterization and kinematic study of the proposed structures, an algorithm is developed within the Rhino Grasshopper visual programming environment, which is then utilized for form-finding and design optimization of the generated deployable vaults. The present study aims to contribute to the evolution of lightweight, kinetic elements for versatile architectural applications. The proposed hybrid deployable structures are designed to adjust to evolving spatial and functional requirements while maintaining structural integrity.

The research on tensegrity structure for architectural applications, has been intricately tied to the advancement of both lightweight conventional and temporary structures. The morphological exploration of tensegrity structures is expected to significantly contribute to their application in the fields of building design and construction. This paper is focused on novel configurations of double layer tensegrity networks the two layers of which are minimal surfaces. These minimal surface tensegrity structures that can be defined as zero mean curvature tensegrity networks, constitute a novel category that presents significant advantages in their practical application. The investigation of the geometric properties of these networks/structures has resulted in a set of algorithms that address distinct configurations of tensegrity structures the two layers of which are of helical, catenoid or enneper shape. These algorithms were applied and tested in the process of designing and constructing tensegrity structures with the aforementioned characteristics. For the implementation of the algorithms, a method that permits the construction of double layer tensegrity structures from the assembly of collapsible tensegrity units was employed. Case studies of space enclosure or space covering zero mean curvature tensegrity networks that utilize all developed algorithms and processes, and the way spatial constraints and constructability challenges were addressed, are presented and discussed in the paper. The realization of these structures has substantiated the validity of the algorithms, and the challenges encountered provide valuable insights for refining both the design algorithms and the methods employed in construction and assembly.

In this paper, a novel concept of a lightweight deployable vault structure, consisting of a curved folded plate surface, paired with a retractable frame mechanism is proposed. The retractable frame, in its deployed and constrained configuration, will function as a structural and load-bearing system, whereas the rigid origami folded plate structure will serve as a covering surface. A miura-ori first-level derivative crease pattern, such as the Arc Pattern, will be used for this purpose. The retractable frame consists of scissor bars of different lengths combined with four-bar linkages with specific sliding joints. This frame acts as a motion actuator, as well as a supporting and locking mechanism for the folded plate surface. For the study of the form and kinematic behavior of the proposed vault structure, a parametric model has been developed in the Rhino Grasshopper programming environment and small-scale physical models have been constructed.

While the exploration of new configurations of tensegrity structures is expected to contribute to the potential application of the tensegrity concept in building design, their real world implementation poses significant challenges. In this paper, double layer tensegrity networks the two layers of which are minimal surfaces, are considered. Algorithms that address minimal surfaces were developed and were applied and tested during the design and construction of two minimal surface tensegrity structures of ‘helical’ and ‘enneper’ geometry. These two structures were displayed as installations in the context of international exhibitions. For the real world implementation of the algorithms, a method that permits the construction of double layer tensegrity structures from the assembly of collapsible tensegrity units was employed. Spatial constraints, structural considerations, and constructability challenges had also to be addressed. The materialization of these structures has proven the validity of the algorithms, while the challenges encountered, can be used to improve both the design algorithms and the construction and assembly method.

Origami folding structures can find significant applications in the general area of building design, as they can be lightweight and deployable. An inherent property of folded surfaces, which is related to the degrees of freedom of each origami crease pattern, is form flexibility. Therefore, when building-scale applications are considered, in many instances, the folded surfaces, in order to become stiff and load-bearing, need to be constrained. A study of different types of deployable structures has led to the observation that in planar scissor linkages, hinges and pivots follow the same deployment path in space, as sets of vertices in certain origami structures. Due to the similarities in their kinematic behavior, selected origami patterns and scissor linkages can function as effective kinematic pairs, leading to structures able to transform in a controlled manner through a wide range of possible spatial configurations. A few examples of combining these two types of structures already exist [1–3]. In this paper a systematic approach for coupling origami crease patterns characterized by biaxial and rotational symmetry, with translational, polar and angulated scissor linkages, towards the development of novel forms of deployable structures, has been attempted. For the design and evaluation of the kinematic performance of the developed new structures, existing geometric modeling and calculation methods, parametric and simulation processes, as well as testing with physical models have been used. It is anticipated that research in this direction will lead to promising novel hybrid types of deployable structures.

NOTE: The first page of text has been automatically extracted and included below in lieu of an abstract Session #2306 Innovative Instruction of Computer Graphics Katherine A. Liapi The University of Texas at Austin Abstract For over 20 years fundamental and applied research from various disciplines has been effectively integrated into Computer Graphics resulting in developments that undoubtedly have had an important impact on the way Architectural Engineering is taught. Courses on Computer Graphics that have replaced the instruction of Descriptive Geometry in most Architectural Engineering curricula, are mainly focused on methods for the communication of knowledge and information about the design of a building and its representation. This paper presents a personal effort to address Computer Graphics in the Architectural Engineering Curriculum not only as a representational and visualization tool but also as a means of extending spatial understanding and as a method of informing the design process. Towards this effort a body of knowledge mainly from Descriptive Geometry has been integrated into the instruction of Computer Graphics courses. Concepts such as parametric form development, topological surfaces, as well as advanced visualization procedures, including kinematic simulations, have also been added to the body of knowledge covered by these courses. Introduction One of the most important contributions of information technology to the architectural profession can be found in the 3D representations of structures. The use of digital media for architectural representation, and the introduction of Computer Graphics courses in particular, have had a significant impact on Architectural Engineering education. In most Architectural Engineering curricula courses on Mathematics and Geometry, which traditionally constituted a significant part of the architectural education, have been gradually replaced by courses on Computer Graphics. The low performance in geometric conceptualization and visualization of recent architectural engineering graduates may have been a consequence of the latter. Geometry is not only the source of architectural form but also the principal area of knowledge that brings to stage the new digital architectural representation media. This implies that without an understanding of the geometric and mathematical base of computer graphical procedures the development of skills in any CAD software as well as the ability to cope with significant developments in the area of computer graphics and to adapt to changing technology will be limited. Indeed in most recent developments in architectural research digital media and graphics are used as a generative tool for the derivation and

The paper describes an urban storm water management model underdevelopment designed specifically for architects, allowing the visualization ofstorm water management scenarios in urban blocks, as well as the quantitativecomparison of their impact to the microclimate. It seeks to answer the question ofhow computational technologies can help architects integrate storm watermanagement into the design process and engage with water sensitive designprinciples through the development of an ``architect-friendly'' model. The modelis expected to function as a simulation tool that will support design decisions onstorm water management retrofitting measures in urban blocks, by allowing theevaluation of an urban water improvement project at its initial design stage, aswell as the generation and comparison of alternate water integration designsolutions. Selected urban blocks in Greece will be used as case studies to test andevaluate the urban water model during the model development stage.

Minimal surface tensegrity networks constitute a new typology of double layer tensegrity structures that can be formed from the assembly of tensegrity units of square base. Algorithmic processes that permit the exploration of three different types of minimal surfaces, namely of helical, catenoid and enneper, already developed by the authors, were considered for the form exploration of the IASS 2019 tensegrity pavilion structure. A tensegrity enneper network, which is a tensegrity structure the two layers of which are minimal surfaces of enneper geometry, was chosen as the preferred configuration for further exploration. Subsequently a morphological investigation of various configurations of double layer-tensegrity networks of enneper shape was conducted with the utilization of the developed algorithm. The same algorithm is to be used during the construction process to determine all member dimensions and assembly values such as overlapping cable lengths. To facilitate the packaging, transportation and the on-site assembly of the structure, collapsible tensegrity units will be used.

This paper investigates the integration of CFD in computational and parametric design and its potential in driving the optimization of the natural ventilation performance of buildings, using as a case study the courtyard spaces of the typical multistorey buildings in the historic center of Athens, Greece. The study employs a multi -scalar simulation approach and shape optimization techniques to assess the potential of using CFD to drive the design of retrofitted membranes that enhance the natural ventilation of the unused courtyards. By parametrically modeling a membrane component on a representative courtyard case and using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization along with a Fast Fluid Dynamics (FFD) CFD solver that allows for fast iterative CFD simulations, the study aims to produce localized retrofitting interventions to increase the air quality of the courtyards and the ventilation performance of the buildings.

Minimal surfaces, defined as surfaces of the smallest area spanned by a given boundary present advantages for architectural applications in terms of their structural and material performance. Therefore, the investigation of their properties including their geometric ones deserve special attention. In this regard, methods for tessellating minimal surfaces need to be studied. In this paper, patterns that consist of four squares with partly overlapping sides have been considered. A constrain in this study was the square tiles maintained their planarity. Three different types of surfaces have been considered, namely the helicoid, catenoid and Enneper's surface. Design algorithms that generate tiling patterns in all three minimal surface types have been developed and are presented in the paper. The geometric investigation of the application of the developed methods to double layer structures has also been examined and discussed in the paper. Finally, the accuracy of the developed algorithms has been tested through the construction of a physical model.

Methods for Tessellating a flat surface with regular or semi-regular patterns of polygons have already been addressed in literature and can be easily parameterized. For the tessellation of curved surfaces using patterns of one or more regular polygons there is not a uniquely defined approach to the problem within the context of architectural research and applications. This paper is focused on the tessellation of curved surfaces with square tiles, where the tessellation pattern consists of four squares with partly overlapping sides. In this study double curvature surfaces were considered first, and subsequently surfaces of more complex geometry such as minimal surfaces. Specifically, a method for the square tessellation of two types of doubly curved surfaces, the spherical and the ellipsoidal, is discussed and presented in the paper. In addition, the square tessellation of two types of minimal surfaces, the catenoid and the helicoid, have also been examined and presented. For each one of the surfaces that have been considered, an algorithm that generates the distribution of the planar square surfaces on the surface and renders possible the parametric description of the problem, was developed and presented in the paper. A discussion on boundary conditions for each developed method is also included. The Grasshopper visual programming language has been used for the parametric description and display of the results in a graphic environment. The research discussed in this paper can find application in several real world problems including surface paneling, or space packing of polyhedral structural units on a curved surface.

Tensegrity, as a typology of designing structural forms, can be applied in the construction industry. As a structural system, it can produce a number of forms. Nonetheless, the particularly complex geometric forms that can be generated through the use of this typology constitute a significant hurdle to engineers, architects, and designers who need to produce two-or three-dimensional models. A sequential mathematical process was developed so that, in a systematic way, a user can apply this method as a step-by-step flowchart to design a structural form. This series of steps can ideally be applied in an algorithm or a computer program that can ultimately produce virtual three-dimensional models of these structures to enable the user to make decisions and adjust the geometric forms to the needs of a project. The objective of this study was, initially, to produce these mathematical relations and, ultimately, to formulate a series of variations in the methodology of design. Sequential processes will make it feasible to produce the specific forms of a spherical dome, cylindrical vault, or flat plate according to the project's priorities. Variations of the sequence will be applicable according to the methodology of the design to be followed. The selected processes assist the initial generation and parametric modification of the numerical data that lead to unobtrusive regeneration of alternative solutions with the possibility of fine adjustments on each iteration. Validation of the process was performed through a series of tests on all three formations, and an example is briefly presented in this paper. (c) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.

This paper forms part of a broader inquiry regarding possible theoretical models for interpreting and understanding digital architectural design. Such models include hermeneutics, activity theory and design protocols. Starting by highlighting the limits of computational methods in an architectural context, it will be attempted to explore certain implications of the introduction of digital media in the design process. Certain elements from the field of hermeneutics will be introduced in order to understand the impact computational logic has on architectural culture especially in a pedagogical setting. It is argued that such an understanding is crucial in order to design effective strategies for architectural design education in the Information Age.

In almost all the studied historical settlements place and water in its most general, both symbolic and practical definition, appear to be interwoven and interdependent. There are many references regarding the construction methods, shape and usage of water management structures in historical settlements. However, little research has been conducted comparing the findings of water structures to one another. In this paper a categorisation of significant existing water management structures in historical settlements is attempted on the basis of their main function and role in the water exploitation process. Collection, transportation and storage, as well as combinations of the above, have been identified as the main categories of water management structures in historical settlements. Examples of structures belonging to each category that come from various cultural backgrounds and geographical areas are discussed and a further categorisation of structures belonging to the same category, based on ground/structure relationship, is also attempted and presented in the paper.

This paper presents and discusses a process of transferring the main features of a piece of music such as structure, notes etc., to a primarily spatial construction in architecture. The main objective of this effort was to convert the linearity of time during the hearing of a musical piece into a continuous pathway and an architectural stroll on a given site. To this end, the musical piece is used as a source of data, which, with the use of developed algorithms, are converted into spatial data. A purely instrumental piece, “Air,” from the suite for strings in D major by Bach, provided the source data used in the design of Park D, a section of a Cultural Park in the suburbs of Athens, Greece. The developed algorithms presented in the paper include: a) an algorithm for generating the shape of the path and the space defining elements along the path, and b) an algorithm that generates the geometry of four harmonographic structures.

Advanced parametric processes enable the exploration of a wide range of design intentions and the generation of alternative project configurations. A novel parametric approach that integrates climatic and site data into a dynamic model of a large building project, to support architectural decisions in early design stages, is presented. Bioclimatic considerations that involve solar radiation analysis and computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based wind flow simulations have been integrated into the parametric model, in order to explore the interaction of the geometry of the proposed buildings with the solar exposure and the prevailing winds in the area throughout the year. A new student housing complex on the campus of the University of Patras, Greece, was used as a test-bed for experimentation with the developed design algorithms that link local climatic data with the site topography and the basic geometric features of the buildings on the site. The parametric process and the design algorithms were particularly useful in the early design stage, during which various arrangements of the buildings on the site were studied, in order to optimize their environmental performance.

A new housing complex on the Campus of the University of Patras, Greece, is expected to serve as a test-bed for experimentation with a parametric design process that integrates significant climatic data. To optimize the environmental performance of the proposed housing complex a parametric design algorithm has been developed. The algorithm links the weather data in the area with the site topography and the basic geometric features of the buildings on the site. To explore the interaction of the building features with the prevailing winds in the area and the solar exposure throughout the year various software applications, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, have been utilized. The inclusion of wind data in the algorithm renders it particularly effective. The developed parametric process has been useful during the early design phase when studies on various patterns for arranging the buildings on the site were conducted. The parametric process has facilitated the configuration of the typical building block as well.

Tensegrity structures composed of masts and cables bear similarities and carry metaphoric associations to nautical equipment and structures. Such metaphors have suggested the use of the tensegrity concept in the design of the lightweight structures for the Hellenic Maritime Museum. Two different types of lightweight structures have been studied. At an early design stage scaled models of existing tensegrity configurations were considered, and subsequently several new tensegrity configurations have been developed and studied. Morphological variations of tensegrity structures that occur from the assembly of new units have also been studied. A canopy structure composed of prismatic tensegrity units of irregular geometry with an attached membrane and a large space enclosing tensegrity structure have been developed. The paper presents and discusses the configuration of the two tensegrity structures for the maritime museum and the challenges encountered in their geometric & structural design.

Tensegrity grids composed of tensegrity units that form double layer cable nets of single or double curvature can find applications in architecture as surface structures. In this paper a parametric process for the geometric configuration and representation of double layer tensegrity structures of helical shape is discussed. Departing from the geometric construction process, an algorithm that facilitates the parametric description of helical tensegrity structures has been developed. The algorithm reflects the interdependence of all parameters involved in the design of helical tensegrity structures and has been integrated into a software application that enables the automatic generation of virtual models of helical configurations in a graphic environment.