The current definition of primary particulate matter (PM) encompasses filterable PM (FPM) and condensable PM (CPM), which are evaluated using two distinct conventional measurement methods: cooling and dilution. While the cooling method exclusively considers the homogenous formation of CPM, the dilution method, closer to real-world conditions, neglects FPM characterization. To overcome this limitation, we propose a doubled-dilution system that enables the parallel characterization of both FPM and primary PM without diverting FPM from the CPM formation pathway. The doubled-dilution system has been investigated from a laboratory scale to a full-scale coal-fired power plant to facilitate simultaneous, real-time measurements of primary PM and FPM size distributions. Moreover, the formation rates of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation were compared. The evolution of the primary PM size revealed a bimodal distribution, and the filter-based mass concentration results demonstrated a pronounced preference for heterogeneous reactions (17.6 times higher than homogeneous nucleation). In particular, primary PM emissions were underestimated by up to 65.3 % when only homogeneous CPM formation was considered, underscoring the importance of including FPM during primary PM measurements. Considering these results, we advocate adopting the term “primary PM” over “CPM.”

Plants were selected for industries subject to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) fugitive emissions reduction, and the concentrations of 33 types of specific air pollutants were measured at stacks equipped with prevention facilities. The dominant HAPs emitted from the plant were identified, and air emissions were calculated based on the measurement information. In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic toxicity information was applied as weight to air emissions to identify important substances subject to management. These results were compared with air emissions information of pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTR). 30 types of specific air pollutants were detected in 77 stacks at a total of 35 plants. It was confirmed that only information on 25 types of specific air pollutants is provided for air emissions from PRTR in the same industry. In particular, in this study, information on the emissions of hydrogen cyanide and propylene oxide, which have the highest concentration and the largest amount of air emissions, are not included in the PRTR of the relevant industry, so there may be omissions regarding HAPs in terms of air emissions data. It was confirmed that there was a change in priority when the emission ranking calculated in this study reflected toxicity information. Potential carcinogenic substances are hydrazine, ethylene oxide, Be, Cd, acrylonitrile, and Ni, and non-carcinogenic substances are benzo[a]pyrene, Cd, hydrogen cyanide, and Be, Ni, hydrazine, and Pb were evaluated as important emissions in that order. It is believed that if more measurement data is supplemented in the future, it will be possible to more rationally select priority management target substances at plants emitting HAPs.

Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) has become a serious issue, and significant research has focused on managing large stationary emission sources, i.e., the primary sources of PM. Currently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 201A and ISO 23210 are predominantly employed to measure the PM emissions at large stationary sources. Method 201A is designated as a standard test method in Korea, but it is difficult to measure PM10 and PM(2.5 s)imultaneously owing to the size of the full-set cyclone. In large stationary emission sources, the use of a serial connection of PM10 and PM2.5 cyclones is unsuitable for measurements at conventional sampling ports featuring diameters of approximately 100 mm. Therefore, in this study, PM10 and PM2.5 cyclones were developed to replace the cyclones currently used in Method 201A. The developed cyclones featured a cutoff diameter, which was confirmed by numerical and experimental analyses that were close to Method 201A. Moreover, there was an increase in the stiffness of collection efficiency. The hook adaptor, which is a key accessory used in Method 201A, was found to be applicable to the newly developed cyclones. This alternative method will help reduce the measurement time by simultaneously measuring TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 and eliminates the costs of installing or refurbishing additional sampling ports at existing large stationary sources.

This study investigated the emission characteristics of particulate matter from facilities that use SRF and Bio-SRF. It also proposed improvement measures for quality standards of SRF & Bio-SRF through component analysis of SRF & Bio-SRF. PM, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations from SRF boilers were found to be 3.18 mg/m3, 1.08 mg/m3, and 0.49 mg/ m3, respectively and those from Bio-SRF boilers 4.33 mg/m3, 0.77 mg/m3, and 0.27 mg/m3, respectively. The analysis of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) showed that all items were found to have lower concentrations than the emission standards. The average concentrations of HCl from Bio-SRF and SRF were 3.09 ppm and 9.25~14.70 ppm, respectively. However, in case of Zn, which has an emission standard but is not included in the SRF quality standard, 226.1 mg/kg was analyzed from SRF and 43.3 mg/kg from Bio-SRF on average. Therefore, inclusion of Zn in the SRF quality standard needs to be considered in the future.

This study investigated the emission characteristics of particulate matter from facilities that use SRF and Bio-SRF. It also proposed improvement measures for quality standards of SRF & Bio-SRF through component analysis of SRF & Bio-SRF. PM, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations from SRF boilers were found to be 3.18 mg/m3, 1.08 mg/m3, and 0.49 mg/ m3, respectively and those from Bio-SRF boilers 4.33 mg/m3, 0.77 mg/m3, and 0.27 mg/m3, respectively. The analysis of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) showed that all items were found to have lower concentrations than the emission standards. The average concentrations of HCl from Bio-SRF and SRF were 3.09 ppm and 9.25~14.70 ppm, respectively. However, in case of Zn, which has an emission standard but is not included in the SRF quality standard, 226.1 mg/kg was analyzed from SRF and 43.3 mg/kg from Bio-SRF on average. Therefore, inclusion of Zn in the SRF quality standard needs to be considered in the future.

Recently, the earth has shown the limit of environmental capacity. It is also experiencing an environmental crisis with rising energy prices and depletion of coal. Therefore, development of renewable energy is very important solution. However, waste fuel solid are renewable fuels, but they cause environmental problems. In this study, the emission characteristics of hazardous air pollutants were analyzed through measurements at the facilities using solid fuels (SRF, BIO-SRF). Analysis method of PAHs are based on the Korea Standard Methods for Examination. The analysis of PAHs showed that the concentration much higher in Naphthalene, and Benzo(a) pyrene showed at a higher concentration incertain sources. As a result of gas phase and particle phase PAHs, most of Benzo(a) pyrene appeared to be particulate. Through the results of this study will provide basic data for atmospheric environmental management.

In this study, we developed emission factors from solid-fuel fired combustors. In order to increase the reliability of emission factors, we conducted a joint research with the Institute of Health and Environment. As a result, PM average concentration was 8.19 mg/m(3). SO2 and NOx were respectively 8.46 ppm, 50.64 ppm. Hazardous air pollutants such as Cr, Pb and Hg were detected in trace amounts continuously for 2 years in some solid-fuel fired combustors. The emission factors for the three kinds of PM, SOx, NOx were developed based on the measurement data. For the PM emission factors, that of SRF was 15.93 g/kg and that of Bio-SRF was 14.18 g/kg. Compared with those of US. EPA, emission factors of this study showed the results of low values. SOx emission factors were 4.42 g/kg for SRF and 1.39 g/kg for Bio-SRF. NOx emission factors were 13.21 g/kg and 4.43 g/kg, respectively. Through the results of this study, we would support atmospheric administration policies such as the emission factor notification revision.

Recently, studies on reducing mercury have been actively conducted worldwide, which include the current status of mercury emissions and mercury control technology. Among the control technology, Sorbent Trap measurement method has been aggressively developed due to its reliability, easiness in measurement and analysis.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the new international measurement method; Sorbent Trap. For this, the study compared the Sorbent trap method (US EPA Method 30B) and the Korean Standard Method for Examination of Air (ES 01408.1) to evaluate their reliability, and developed mercury emission factors.As the result, the relative standard deviations (% RSD) of the two methods were 3.5 similar to 13.4% at Coal-fired Power Plants (CPP), 4.0 similar to 18.4% at Cement Kilns (CK), and 3.0 similar to 11.3% at Medical Waste Incinerators (MWI). The emissions factors were developed as 14.50 kg/ton at CPP, 45.10 kg/ton at CK, and 1,290.2 kg/ton at MWI.

In this study, field measurement was carried out for reasonable improvement of asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities' PM emissions estimation method. Through those, this study calculated PM emission factor and tried to estimate PM emissions from asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities suitable for domestic characteristics.As a result, the efficiency of the PM control device was measured as 99.9%. Using this, uncontrolled PM emission factor was calculated. PM emission factor was calculated 10.97 kg/ton at 23 asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities of 22 workplaces. The PM current emission factor of the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is 14.4 kg/ton, the factor calculated from this study is about 24% lower than the EPA standard.

The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is capable of providing high quality atmospheric chemistry profiles through the utilization of high-resolution meteorology and emissions data. However, it cannot simulate air quality accurately if input data are not appropriate and reliable. One of the most important inputs required by CMAQ is the air pollutants emissions, which determines air pollutants concentrations during the simulation. For the CMAQ simulation of Korean peninsula, we, in general, use the Korean National Emission Inventory data which are estimated by Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). However, since they are not provided by model-ready emission data, we should convert CAPSS emissions into model-ready data. The SMOKE is the emission model we used in this study to generate CMAQ-ready emissions. Because processing the emissions data is very monotonous and tedious work, we have developed CAPSS2SMOKE program to convert CAPSS emissions into SMOKE-ready data with ease and effective. CAPSS2SMOKE program consists of many codes and routines such as source classification code, to ratio code, map projection conversion routine, spatial allocation routine, and so on. To verify the CAPSS2SMOKE program, we have run SMOKE using the CAPSS 2009 emissions and found that the SMOKE results inherits CAPSS emissions quite well.

The purpose of this study was to develop a CO2 emission factor for refuse plastic fuel (RPF) combustion facilities, and calculate the CO2 emissions from these facilities. The CO2 reduction from using these facilities was analyzed by comparing CO2 emission to facilities using fossil fuels. The average CO2 emission factor from RPF combustion facilities was 59.7 Mg CO2/TJ. In addition, fossil fuel and RPF use were compared using net calorific value (NCV). Domestic RPF consumption in 2011 was 240,000 Mg/yr, which was compared to fossil fuels using NCV. B-C oil use, which has the same NCV, was equal to RPF use. In contrast, bituminous and anthracite were estimated at 369,231 Mg/yr and 355,556 Mg/yr, respectively. In addition, the reduction in CO2 emissions due to the alternative fuel was analyzed. CO2 emissions were reduced by more than 350 Mg CO2/yr compared to bituminous and anthracite. We confirmed that using RPF, an alternative fuel, can reduce CO2 emissions.

EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to investigate the influence of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on ozone simulation. Meteorological fields used to drive the model were from the fifth generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). Emission files were prepared from the Sparse Matrix Operating Kernel for Emissions (SMOKE) model. Realtime Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) model with assimilated satellite observations were used as the LBCs for the CMAQ. CMAQ simulations with RAQMS LBCs and predefined LBCs were compared with INTEX Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS) ozonesonde data and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite measurements. CMAQ forced with RAQMS LBCs could reasonably reproduce the vertical profiles of ozone mixing ratio. It was revealed that the influence of LBCs on ozone simulations is significant in the upper troposphere, moderate in the middle troposphere, and small in the lower troposphere. CMAQ model outputs provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the quality of the current air quality model and would help mission designers to better design future mission.

Recently, yearly production of SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) as an alternative fuel has been rapidly increasing because of the limited waste disposal, rise in oil prices and reduction of greenhouse gas emission. However, SRF using facilities are excluded from the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation because SRF using facilities are not yet included among the SCC (Source Classification Code). The purpose of this research was to estimate the emission and emission factor of SRF using facilities' PM and NOx, in order to investigate whether or not they are included in the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation.The emission factors of SRF using facilities' PM and NOx are calculated as 0.216 kg/ton, and 3.970 kg/ton, and the emission was estimated based on the yearly total SRF usage of 2011. The results above was 18.7% for PM and 12.8% for NOx emissions from combustion facility (SCC2) in manufacturing industry combustion (SCC1) of CAPSS. If CAPSS estimate the emission by adding SCC on unlisted SRF in case of Boiler (SCC3) fuel, both PM and NOx's emissions would increase by 15.8% and 11.3% compare to the emissions for the existing combustion facility. As a result, emissions caused by SRF should be considered when calculating the National Air Pollutant Emission Estimation. In addition, further researches to develop emission factor and improve subdivided SCC should be done in the future, for the accurate and reliable estimation of National Emission.

Mercury is one of the most hazardous air pollutants. Recently, mercury has been a concern in domestic and overseas because it has lethal toxicity, long distance transport, persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment. Stationary combustion sources such as coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, and cement kilns are the major sources of mercury emissions. The objectives of this study were to measure the concentration for mercury from coal-fired power plants and to calculate emission factor to estimate its emission. The results showed that the mercury concentrations in the flue gas were 1.63 similar to 3.03 mg/Sm-3 in anthracite-fired power plants (average 2.32 mg/Sm3) and 1.95 similar to 3.33 mg/Sm3 in bituminous-fired power plants (average 2.6 mg/Sm3). Mercury emission factor was estimated as 25.74 mg/ton for anthracite-fired power plants and 12.48 mg/ton for bituminous-fired power plants. Because actual measurements are limited in quantity, it is desirable to refine our estimates by extending the actual measurements.

Korea has experienced dramatic development and has become highly industrialized and urbanized during the past 40 years, which has resulted in rapid economic growth. Due to the industrialization and urbanization, however, air pollutant emission sources have increased substantially. Rapid increases in emission sources have caused Korea to suffer from serious air pollution. An air pollutant emissions inventory is one set of essential data to help policymakers understand the current status of air pollution levels, to establish air pollution control policies and to analyze the impacts of implementation of policies, as well as for air quality studies. To accurately and realistically estimate administrative district level air pollutant emissions of Korea, we developed a Korean Emissions Inventory System named the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). In CAPSS, emissions sources are classified into four levels. Emission factors for each classification category are collected from various domestic and international research reports, and the CAPSS utilizes various national, regional and local level statistical data, compiled by approximately 150 Korean organizations. In this paper, we introduced for the first time, a Korean national emissions inventory system and release Korea’s official 2007 air pollutant emissions for five regulated air pollutants.

In Korea, PM (Particulate Matter) emissions caused by coal-fired power plants are measured by a system, so called Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS), which uses foreign emission factors. However, the system fails to reflect the characteristics of domestic power plants. In this regard, this study aims to develop local, accurate domestic emission factors. The study measured the amount of TSP (Total Suspended Particulates), PM10 and PM2.5 by collecting samples from the latter parts of pollution control devices which were installed at 3 bituminous-fired power plants and 3 anthracite-fired power plants.The results showed that the average concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 measured at bituminous-fired power plants were 4.63 mg/Sm-3, 2.96 mg/Sm-3 and 3.07 mg/Sm-3 respectively, much higher than those from anthracite-fired power plants (2.96 mg/Sm-3, 2.47 mg/Sm-3 and 1.37 mg/Sm-3, respectively). In addition, bituminous-fired power plants showed higher ratios of PM10/TSP and PM2.5/TSP with 0.66 and 0.92, respectively, compared to 0.82 and 0.46, the ratios of PM10/TSP and PM2.5/TSP measured in anthracite-fired power plants. Emission factors based-on concentration measurements were also higher for bituminous-fired power plants, and PM with smaller particles tended to have bigger difference in emission factors between the two fuels.This study calculated the amount of PM emissions by using the estimated emission factors. When it comes to the PM emissions, it was less than that of CAPSS while similar to that of CleanSYS in its amount. It is expected that the emission factors developed by this study will be used in Korea replacing foreign emission factors currently used in Korea by ensuring the objectivity and reliability as domestic emission factors.

Generally, air pollutant emission at workplace is estimated by two methods: indirect methods using emission factors and direct methods based on CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System). CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) is a representative indirect method and the national air pollutant database of Korea. However, characteristics of some workplaces may create a gap between CAPSS and CEMS data. For improving of emission data accuracy, emission data of CEMS (named CleanSYS) equipped at 138 target workplaces were compared with those of CAPSS. As a result, SOx and PK emission levels obtained by CAPSS were lower than those of CleanSYS. SOx and PM10 emission ratios were 61.5% and 71.2% lower respectively, showing the biggest gaps. On the other hand, NOx emission of CAPSS was higher by 10.4%. SOx showed the biggest difference in 'Energy industry combustion' and NOx did in 'Production Process' within the SCC category. PK presented a large gap in 'Manufacturing industry combustion.' The differences in SOx between the two systems occurred because some large-size facilities lack pollution controllers or efficient pollution controllers. Based on this study, CAPSS emission database of Korea will improve accuracy through adopting CEMS emission system, which enables more efficient national atmospheric policies and workplace management.