Sensitive clay subjected to cyclic loading may experience gradual loss of its shear strength, which may lead to a significant reduction in its bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and perhaps catastrophic failure. This may be caused by the cyclic loading, which acts as a disturbing agent and a major cause for increasing pore-water pressure, leading to leaching of salt content and the failure of the card house structure of the sensitive clay. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on sensitive clays subjected to cyclic loadings under un-drained and drained conditions. Tests were conducted to examine the effects of cyclic loading, deviator stress, load frequency, preconsolidation pressure, overconsolidation ratio, confining pressure, sensitivity, liquidity index, and degree of saturation on the shear strength of sensitive clay. Depending on the combined effect of governing parameters, the shear strength of the clay may significantly be reduced, and the clay may reach a liquefiable state. This study introduces the concept of a safe zone to examine existing foundation conditions or provide guidelines for the design of new foundations on sensitive clay. (C) 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Ayub Khan imposed martial law in October, 1958 and took power into his own hands as the head of state. He depended on the Western Block, especially the USA, in his early period. He provided a Peshawar airbase for the USA to use for U2 spy aircraft over the Soviet Union’s military centers. Pakistan and the USA signed an agreement of mutual cooperation in April, 1959. It was more important than the SEATO and CENTO pacts, because the USA regarded, as vital to its national interest and to world peace, the preservation of independence and integrity of Pakistan. 2

Sensitive clay subjected to cyclic loading may experience gradual loss of its shear strength, which may lead to liquefaction. Foundations built on this clay would suffer extensive settlement and significant loss of bearing capacity or perhaps catastrophic failure. This paper presents an experimental investigation on sensitive (Champlain) clay obtained from the city of Rigaud, Quebec (Canada). Consolidation tests, static and cyclic undrained and drained triaxial tests were performed on representative samples of this clay. The objective of this investigation was to examine the influence of the physical and mechanical parameters, which govern the shear strength of sensitive clay subjected to cyclic loading. Based on the results of the present investigation and those available in the literature, it can be reported herein that the undrained response is the most critical for these foundations; furthermore, the preconsolidation pressure is considered as an important parameter in establishing the shear strength of sensitive clay. A design procedure is developed to determine the safe zone for the undrained and drained responses, within which a combination of the cyclic deviator stress and the number of cycles for a given soil/loading/site conditions can achieve a quasielastic resilient state without reaching failure. The proposed design procedure is applicable to all regions around the world, where sensitive clays can be found. Furthermore, this procedure can be adopted to examine the conditions of existing foundations built on sensitive clay at any time during its lifespan.

Data on about 3999 records from 1990 to 2003 collected at artificial insemination center Mirpur city were utilized for this study and analyzed using Harvey's Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program to study the environmental sources of variation on some performance traits of Desi /Iocal, F1 (Holstein Friesian and Jersey X Desi), Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Sahiwal dairy cows of different genotype. The least squares means for number of services per conception, age at first service and gestation period were 1.07±0.18, 990.37±239.24 days and 280.84±0.35 days, respectively. The coefficient of variation for these traits was 24.31, 21.97 and 1.71 percent respectively. The least squares means for daily milk yield was 8.72±0.18 liters with 32.42 % coefficient of variation. The analysis of variance for age at first service revealed that year and genotype showed significant differences (P< 0.05), however, the season of birth had non-significant effect on age at first service. Moreover, data revealed that the year of service and genotype have significant (P<0.01) influence on number of services per conception during the study period, however, the season of service and parity showed nonsignificant difference. There was no significant difference due to age at service of the cows. The difference was non- significant in the number of services per conception due to increase in the age of cow. It was further observed that the gestation period in the present data set was significantly (P<0.05) different due to year / season of birth, genotype, parity and sex of the calf born. The variability in daily milk yield was significant (P<0.05) due to year of calving and genotype of animal, whereas, there was non significant difference in daily milk yield due to increase in the age of animal. The conception rate was variable in different year, season, genotype and parities. The mean conception rate during different season was 55.71 percent. It was the highest (79.63 %) during summer and lowest on autumn (43.40 %). Conception rate was 62.55, 61.55, 58.33, 58.14 and 59.07 percent, respectively in Desi, F1, Holstein Friesian, Jersey and Sahiwal cows. The calving rate was 70.55 percent of the pregnant cows. It varies in different seasons of the year ranging from 53.804 percent in summer to 91.73 percent in spring. The calving rate was higher in Holstein-Friesian (74.36 %) and lowest (60.00 %) in Sahiwal. It was 69.29 percent and 69.45 percent in Desi and F1 (crossbred), respectively.

Pedigree and performance of 878 Nili-Ravi buffaloes progeny of 38 sires maintained for 47 years were recorded at Livestock Production Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan.The phenotypic correlations of age at first calving with lifetime milk yield, productive life, herd life and coefficient of reproductive ability were negative and significant.However, the phenotypic correlation (0.03) between age at first calving and longevity was non-significant.The genetic correlations of age at first calving with lifetime milk production, productive life, herd life, longevity and the coefficient of reproductive ability were -0.52, -0.41, -0.44, -0.11 and -0.60, respectively.These negative and significant genetic correlations indicated that reduction in age at first calving in buffaloes would help to improve lifetime milk yield, longevity and reproductive ability as a correlated response.

A pot experiment was carried out for four and a half years on a typic Haplocalcids to investigate the prediction of effect of irrigation water varying in EC, SAR and RSC on chemical (ECe and SAR), physical (bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity) and yields of crops under wheat-sorghum rotation. Twenty undisturbed (structured) soil columns were collected in metallic cylinders (76-cm long and 30-cm diameter). The same number of packed columns in similar cylinders was also prepared. Wheat cv. Fasislabad-85 and sorghum cv. JS-88 were grown in these soil columns in their respective seasons during 1992-95. The columns were irrigated with five levels, each of EC, SAR and RSC @ 0.65, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.35 dS m -1 ; 3.95, 9.65, 18.0, 26.35 and 32.04 and 0.65, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.35 mmolc L -1 , respectively. Grain yield of wheat increased up to ECiw 4.0 dS m -1 , SARiw 9.65 and RSC 4.0 mmolc L -1 at coded "0" levels of SARiw and RSC; ECiw and RSC; ECiw and SARiw, respectively for the undisturbed and disturbed soils. The SARiw up to 18.0 did not affect the yield up to coded "-1" levels of ECiw and RSC under both the conditions. Sorghum dry matter yield decreased linearly with ECiw and SARiw at given coded levels of SARiw and RSC; ECiw and RSC under undisturbed and disturbed soils. Contrary to ECiw and SARiw, sorghum yield increased with RSC up to 2.0 mmolc L -1 at given coded levels of ECiw and SARiw for both the conditions. Higher wheat and sorghum yields were predicted from the disturbed than that from the undisturbed soils with the same levels of ECiw, SARiw and/or RSC. Soil ECe and SAR increased with an increase in ECiw, SARiw and RSC (except ECe, which decreased with an increase in RSC of waters). However, the rate of increase in ECe and SAR was more with high ECiw and SARiw, particularly at higher coded levels of SARiw and RSC; ECiw and RSC. It was noted that whole of the soil profile attained ECe < 4.0 dS m -1 and SAR > 13.3, which are the upper limits for saline-sodic and sodic soils in undisturbed and disturbed soils with ECiw and SARiw at coded "0" levels of SARiw and RSC; ECiw and RSC. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) increased from 0.19 to 0.46; 0.20 to 0.56 cm h -1 with ECiw from 0.64 to 7.35 dS m -1 , while decreased from 0.41 to 0.30 and 0.42 to 0.30 cm h -1 ; 0.37 to 0.29 and 0.42 to 0.32 cm h -1 with SARiw and RSC, respectively for undisturbed and disturbed soils. The decrease in bulk density was 7.87 and 6.39%, respectively with ECiw 7.35 dS m -1 over ECiw 0.64 dS m -1 at coded "0" levels of SARiw and RSC. The increase in bulk density was more (14.75%) in the undisturbed than disturbed columns (10.32%) with SARiw 32.04 over SARiw 3.95. Similar trend in bulk density with RSC was noted in our studies.

The operation of deepwater drilling risers is highly dependent on the current loading experienced by the riser through the entire water depth. Riser analysis allows the effects of ocean currents on installation and operability to be assessed and provides guidance for detailed planning of well execution.