The article presents a hyperspectral reflectance system. The spectral range of the system varies from 480 to 900 nm with a spectral resolution of approximately 5 nm and a spatial resolution of at least 0.1 mm. The developed system is able to measure the reflectivity of objects, resulting in a two-dimensional image with full spectral information in each pixel ("hypercube"). The article describes the procedure for image calibration and correction with respect to system artifacts caused by optics and lighting conditions across the entire spectrum. The operation of the hyperspectral imaging system was demonstrated on the samples of the Siberian 12 wheat leaves, healthy and affected by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer). The proposed use of the hyperspectral reflectance system is to conduct research in early detection and localization of agricultural plants lesions.

Важной технологией для неразрушающего мониторинга пигментного состава растений, который тесно связан с их физиологическим состоянием или заражением патогенами, является дистанционное зондирование при помощи гиперспектральных камер. В работе представлен опыт применения мобильной гиперспектральной камеры Specim IQ для исследований заболевания проростков четырех сортов пшеницы обыкновенной корневой гнилью (возбудитель – гриб Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem.), а также для анализа мякоти клубней картофеля 82 линий и сортов. Для проростков были получены спектральные характеристики и по данным определены наиболее информативные спектральные признаки (индексы) для обнаружения корневой гнили. У проростков контрольных вариантов в видимой части спектра наблюдается возрастание отражательной способности с небольшим пиком в зеленой области (около 550 нм), затем идет понижение из-за поглощения света пигментами растений с экстремумом при длине волны около 680 нм. Анализ гистограмм значений вегетационных индексов показал, что индексы TVI и MCARI наиболее информативны для обнаружения патогена на проростках пшеницы по данным гиперспектральной съемки. Для образцов картофеля были выявлены участки спектра, соответствующие локальным максимумам и минимумам отражения. Показано, что спектры сортов картофеля имеют наибольшие различия в области длин волн 900–1000, 400–450 нм, что в первом случае может быть связано с уровнем содержания воды, а во втором – с формированием в клубнях меланина. По характеристикам спектра исследованные образцы разделились на три группы, каждая из которых содержит повышенные либо пониженные уровни интенсивности для указанных участков спектра. Кроме того, для ряда сортов были установлены минимумы в спектрах отражения, соответствующих хлорофиллу a. Результаты демонстрируют возможности камеры Specim IQ для проведения исследований гиперспектрального анализа растительных объектов.

The paper considers issues of increasing the efficiency of application of measuring expert systems (MES) that solve the problem of reducing power losses of motor and tractor internal combustion engines (ICE) in production conditions due to changes in their technical condition. MES carry out operational control of the energy parameters of the machine and tractor fleet for taking timely repair and maintenance actions. A methodological approach is proposed for creating an automation system for the development of MES, which increases the efficiency of the formation of MES due to the existing expertise in this subject area. The methodological basis of research is a dynamic method for diagnosing ICE. This method uses a test dynamic effect on ICE, which is the most practical for assessing the state of tractor ICE in production conditions, as well as computer modeling of the ICE work processes in order to find informative diagnostic indicators characterizing energy parameters. On the basis of the proposed target function, the software was determined in the form of the model describing a variety of system elements, their features and states, as well as links between them. Information provision was organized, carrying out the functions of collecting, processing and providing information upon request. A method for constructing a logical scheme of the development algorithm MES was formed, which formalizes the process of solving interrelated problems in the synthesis of various structures of hardware and software based on a set of mathematical models. On the example of modeling an ICE unit – a working machine, the effect of varying the input parameters of the model was estimated: torque effects and resistance moments on the diagnostic parameters of the technical state – angular velocities and accelerations. The use of computer modeling of ICE working processes using this methodological approach made it possible to create a digital technology and a measuring system for automated energy monitoring of the tractor fleet of an agricultural enterprise. The computer structural diagrams of ICE and MES models can be used in diagnostic complexes. This will make it possible to increase the accuracy and reliability of determining the state of the internal combustion engine and the mechanisms and working machines aggregated with it, as well as improve the quality of the work they perform.

Remote sensing using hyperspectral cameras is an important technology for non-destructive monitoring of plant pigment composition, which is closely related to their physiological state or infection with pathogens. The paper presents the experience of using Specim IQ, a mobile hyperspectral camera, to study common root rot (the pathogen is the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem.) affecting the seedlings of four wheat varieties and to analyze the pulp of potato tubers of 82 lines and varieties. Spectral characteristics were obtained for seedlings and the most informative spectral features (indices) for root rot detection were determined based on the data obtained. Seedlings of control variants in the visible part of the spectrum show an increase in reflectance with a small peak in the green area (about 550 nm), then a decrease due to light absorption by plant pigments with an extremum at a wavelength of about 680 nm. Analysis of histograms of vegetation index values demonstrated that the TVI and MCARI indices are the most informative for detecting the pathogen on wheat seedlings according to hyperspectral survey data. For potato samples, regions of the spectrum were found that correspond to local maxima and minima of reflection. It was shown that the spectra of potato varieties have the greatest differences within wavelength ranges of 900-1000 nm and 400-450 nm, which in the former case may be associated with the level of water content, and in the latter, with the formation of melanin in the tubers. It was shown that according to the characteristics of the spectrum, the samples studied are divided into three groups, each characterized by increased or reduced intensity levels for the specified parts of the spectrum. In addition, minima in the reflection spectra corresponding to chlorophyll a were found for a number of varieties. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the Specim IQ camera for conducting hyperspectral analyses of plant objects.

A new efficient method for diagnostics of power units by their dynamic behavior has been presented. This method applies to the mobile machinery operation. Technical condition diagnostics for power stations of mobile equipment does not exceed 5 minutes. Advantages proposed by this method include its simplicity and operational flexibility. It is found through experimental researches that the new method is not inferior to the method of bench tests with respect to accuracy.

In this paper we show a solution for self frequency spectrum constriction of two terminal circuits based on microstrip lines. The designed method is based on using nonuniform transmission lines and is approved by agreement between theoretical calculation and electromagnetic (EM) software simulations. A maximum frequency deviation between calculated results and EM simulation corresponds to 1.7 MHz only at gigahertz ranges and allows one to create a high frequency filter design with more than 40 dB wide stopband signal amplitude suppression.

The theoretical and experimental investigations of transient process of crankshaft's speed during an engine's acceleration phase are presented. The analysis of dynamic characteristics of the engine by its velocity characteristic's correlation function are conducted. The zones where the transient process is quasi-stationary are determined, that allows to determine the engine's characteristics by statistical way.

An ultra-wide stopband hairpin bandpass filter with integrated nonuniform transmission lines was designed and fabricated for highly sensitive measurements at cryogenic temperatures down to millikelvin and a frequency range of 10 Hz-10 GHz. The scattering matrices of the filter were characterized at T = 4.2 K. The filter provides a stopband from 10 Hz to 2.2 GHz and from 2.3 GHz to 10 GHz with more than 50 dB and 40 dB of amplitude suppression, respectively. The center frequency of the passband is f0 = 2.25 GHz with a bandwidth Δf = 80 MHz. The maximum insertion loss in the passband is 4 dB. The filter has a 50 Ω input and output impedance, SubMiniature version A connector termination, and significantly reduced form factor. The wide stopband frequency range and narrow passband in conjunction with small dimensions make the filter suitable to use it as a part of a high sensitive readout for superconducting quantum circuits, such as superconducting quantum bits and cryogenic parametric amplifiers.