Brucellosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. In livestock, it frequently causes chronic disease with reproductive failures that contribute to production losses, and in humans, it causes an often-chronic febrile illness that is frequently underdiagnosed in many low- and middle-income countries, including India. India has one of the largest ruminant populations in the world, and brucellosis is endemic in the country in both humans and animals. In November 2017, the International Livestock Research Institute invited experts from government, national research institutes, universities, and different international organizations to a one-day meeting to set priorities towards a "One Health" control strategy for brucellosis in India. Using a risk prioritization exercise followed by discussions, the meeting agreed on the following priorities: collaboration (transboundary and transdisciplinary); collection of more epidemiological evidence in humans, cattle, and in small ruminants (which have been neglected in past research); Economic impact studies, including cost effectiveness of control programmes; livestock vaccination, including national facilities for securing vaccines for the cattle population; management of infected animals (with the ban on bovine slaughter, alternatives such as sanctuaries must be explored); laboratory capacities and diagnostics (quality must be assured and better rapid tests developed); and increased awareness, making farmers, health workers, and the general public more aware of risks of brucellosis and zoonoses in general. Overall, the meeting participants agreed that brucellosis control will be challenging in India, but with collaboration to address the priority areas listed here, it could be possible.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the immune response against Brucella abortus S19 reduced dose vaccine administered through conjunctival route in comparison with B. abortus S19 standard dose administered through subcutaneous (S/C) route.All, 38 Brucella seronegative cattles were grouped as Group 1 with 24 animals (>8 months), Group 2 with 8 female calves (4-8 months), Group 3 with 6 animals (>8 months).On day 0, Group 1, 2 and 3 animals were administered with reduced dose (5-8×10 9 CFU/dose) vaccine through conjunctival route, standard dose (40-80×10 9 CFU/dose) vaccine through S/C route and normal saline through conjunctival route respectively.Blood and serum samples were collected on 0, 21, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 Day of post vaccination (DPV).On 120 th day, Group1 animals received booster conjunctival vaccine dose (5-8×10 9 CFU/dose).The humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) response induced by conjunctival and S/C route vaccine was determined by Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant assay (C-ELISA) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assay respectively.The vaccinal antibodies on 21, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 DPV were 33.3, 41.6, 17.3, 22.7, 77.2 and 70.1% respectively in conjunctival group and 100, 100, 87.5, 50, 33.3 and 30.2 % respectively in S/C route vaccine group.Stimulation index (>8.89)for IFN-γ response on 21, 60, 90, 120 150 and 180 DPV were

Link error and malicious packet dropping are two sources for packet losses in multi-hop wireless circumstantial network Packet dropping is common attacks occur in wireless circumstantial Network. This threat happens once the information is transmitted from one supply to destination. The attack is also classified into 2 sorts one is malicious packet dropping. And another one is link error. We tend to are particularly inquisitive about the insider-attack case, whereby malicious nodes that are part of the route exploit their data of the communication context to by selection drop alittle amount of packets important to the network performance. To improve the detection accuracy, we tend to propose to take advantage of the correlations between lost packets. This can be overcome by the planned theme by implementing Homomorphic Linear critic (HLA). itu0027s the general public auditing theme to find the malicious node in WANET. HLA act like associate degree auditor to find the packet losing schemes within the network. the most advantage of this theme can firmly transmit the information in WANET. The packet dropping rate is reminiscent of the channel error rate, standard algorithms that ar supported detective work the packet loss rate cannot win satisfactory detection accuracy.

Tamil Nadu is located in the South-Eastern part of Indian peninsula, between 8.087° and 13.09°N and 76.50° and 80.27°E. Bluetongue (BT) was first reported in this region in sheep during 1982 with regular occurrence thereafter. In 1989-1990, 1997-1998 and 2005-2006, there was wide spread occurrence of BT resulting in huge mortality of sheep. The present study had the goal of isolating the BTV from outbreaks in sheep occurred in Tamil Naadu between 2003-2011 and comparing the VP2 gene sequences of the BTV isolates involved in such outbreaks. Serotypes 1, 2, 16, and 23 of the Bluetongue virus (BTV) have been isolated from sheep during BT outbreaks. BTV-16 has also been isolated in goats and cattle in the region; BTV-2 isolated in Tamil Nadu has homology with BTV-2 isolated in Africa; whereas the BTV-23 isolated in this area has homology with BTV-23 from South East Asia, indicating that both Eastern and Western topotypes of BTV are circulating in ruminant population in Tamil Nadu.

My paper presents a self-configured secure protocol for wireless ad hoc networks which uses an hybrid symmetric/asymmetric scheme. My proposal is a complete self-configured secure protocol that is able to create the network within the region and share secure services. The protocol consists of several functions to create network and to share the among the users in the network. The management of network will be done in a secure way that provides the trust between users. In these days Ad hoc networks plays main role in the sharing of data with limited resources. The network will be created spontaneously for the completion of particular task that includes data sharing in a secure environment. The protocol will provide the secure environment for the users in the network. After completion of the task, all users will be disconnected from the network.

Herpes zoster (shingles) is caused by reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus which is present due to an earlier varicella infection (chicken-pox). Herpes Zoster is a less common and endemic disease than varicella, although factors causing reactivation are still not well known, but it occurs in older and/or immunocompromised individuals. Involvement of C3, T5, L1, L2 and first division of trigeminal nerve are the most frequently encountered whereas the involvement of second and third division of trigeminal nerve is rarely seen. During the prodromal stage, the only presenting symptom may be odontalgia, which may prove to be a diagnostic challenge for the dentist, since many diseases can cause orofacial pain, and the diagnosis must be properly established before final treatment. Here we present a case of herpes zoster involving the second division of trigeminal nerve masquerading as odontalgia. The difficulties in diagnosis and management are discussed.

Introduction: The oral cavity is the site of many diseases. Not only dental, even medical professionals encounter a wide spectrum of oral mucosal lesions in their day-to-day clinical practice. An adequate diagnosis is essential as these lesions may vary in nature from simple to life threatening ones. As nuclear changes are the most important criteria for diagnosing precancerous and cancerous lesions and since no single structural change is diagnostic by itself, a combination of several abnormalities is always necessary. There are several studies in the literature that have used cell diameter (CD) and nuclear diameter (ND) parameters in morphometric analysis of cells. Application of quantitative techniques to smears obtained from oral premalignant lesions like oral submucous fibrosis could possibly improve the diagnostic value of oral exfoliative cytology. The cytological study of oral mucosal cells is simple, rapid and nonaggressive and relatively painless. It is thus well-accepted by patients and suitable for screening large population, for early analysis of suspect lesions. Materials and methods: Oral exfoliative smears were collected from 50 clinically confirmed cases of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and 50 control group. All cytological smears were fixed with commercially available spray fixative for 15 minutes and all the smears are stained with Papanicolaou′s (PAP) stain and with computer assistance, CD and ND was assessed. Results: The results showed decrease in CD in OSMF patients when compare to normal patients and increase in ND in OSMF patients when compare to normal patients. Interpretation and conclusion: The reduction in CD and increase in ND could be early indications toward a malignant change- Application of quantitative techniques to smears obtained from the buccal mucosa of the study groups could possibly improve the diagnostic value of oral exfoliative cytology.

Introduction: Oral cavity reflects the general health status of an individual. Diagnosing and treating oral manifestations of systemic disease pose a greater challenge to oral physician. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is one such disease that demonstrates a complex set of oral findings due to disease itself and also due to treatment like hemodialysis- Diabetes, the most common cause of CRF also affects oral health. An attempt is made in this study to evaluate and compare oral health status of diabetic and nondiabetic CRF patients who were on maintenance hemodialysis Materials and methods: Study was done on 106 CRF patients who were on hemodialysis. Patients were divided into diabetic (55 patients) and nondiabetic (51 patients) group based on their blood sugar level Patients of both groups were examined for predialytic salivary pH, decayed, missing, filled teeth. periodontal condition and mucosal lesions. Results: Salivary pH in diabetic group was less when compared to nondiabetic group (p < 0.001). Diabetic group had higher caries prevalence (p < 0.001) and periodontal disease compared to nondiabetics. Conclusion: Study revealed decrease in salivary pH and increased prevalence of caries and periodontal disease in diabetic group. Differences in oral manifestations were also noticed between diabetic and nondiabetic uremic patients.

Introduction: Orofacial pain is a common complaint affecting the lives of millions of people around the world. It is a public health problem and it is important to judge the extent of research undertaken in the diagnosis and management of orofacial pain and its underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative overview of research on orofacial pain in Indian scenario by using bibliometric techniques on recent scientific publications on orofacial pain indexed in PubMed, IndMed and PakMediNet. Materials and methods: Data was collected from online databases viz- PubMed, IndMed and PakMediNet The data set included papers published during 2006 to 2010. Results: A total of 122 articles which were based on Indian scenario were published from 2006 to 2010 in PubMed, IndMed and PakMed Net. A total of 78.7% were published in Pubmed, out of which 54.2% were research based articles. Conclusion: Descriptive study of research done in India on orofacial pain from 2006 to 2010 based on PubMed, IndMed and PakMediNet database is presented. Taking into account the manpower available. research productivity in India in the field of orofacial pain is in its zygotic stages. The reason for this may be attributed due to the lack of standardization. The result of this study could be used by various professional societies, individual scientists, scholarly institutions and funding organizations to frame essential policies regarding the improvement of the research on orofacial pain in India and further studies could be done for assessment of quality of research.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of panoramic radiography in measuring the linear dimensions. Materials and methods: Various vertical, horizontal, oblique and angular parameters were denoted by metal markers and were measured on 30 dry mandibles with the use of calipers. The same mandibles were then positioned on panoramic machine, EC Proline and radiographic images of them were made. Measurements of the same distances were made on panoramic images and then compared with the measurements on the dry mandible. All the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The measurements made on dry mandibles as well as on the panoramic images of the same revealed that they were statistically significant. The results of the measurements showed that the calculated magnification indices were lower than the manufacturer’s magnification index for the vertical, horizontal, oblique and angular measurements so long as the distance measured is on only one side of the mandible, whereas the calculated magnification Indices for the vertical, horizontal, oblique distances which traversed the midline of the mandible, were greatly enlarged than the manufacturer’s magnification index. Conclusion: It was concluded that it is possible to use panoramic radiography for linear measurements of vertical, horizontal or oblique variables provided it is on only one side of the mandible.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder of the skeletal dysplasia type, first described by Richard WS Ellis and Simon van Creveld in 1940. The syndrome manifests with several skeletal anomalies, oral mucosal and dental anomalies, congenital cardiac defects, nail dysplasia and polydactyly of one or both limbs. It is caused by mutation of EVC1 and EVC2 genes located in a head-to-head configuration on chromosome 4p16, which has been identified as the causative. The EVC phenotype is variable and affects multiple organs. The presence of oral mucosal and dental alterations, like the presence of numerous frenulum, oligodontia, bellshaped anterior teeth, hypoplastic erupted teeth with high-caries index, will confirm the diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and hence its importance to dentists.

OBJECTIVES The main objective of the study was a) to differentiate cellulitis and abscess in buccal space region, b) to study the ultrasonographic anatomy of cheek region and c) to investigate the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of inflammatory swellings of cheek region. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study consisted of 25 patients with unilateral buccal space inflammatory swellings of odontogenic origin. The contra lateral side was used as control. Toshiba ultrasonographic device with a linear array transducer (5-8 MHz) was used. The areas of interest were scanned under both transverse and longitudinal sections and were interpreted by a single observer. The clinical diagnosis of cellulitis or abscess was confirmed by the absence or presence of pus respectively both sonographically and by aspiration. Also various anatomical structures present in buccal space were studied. RESULTS Clinically 23 (92%) were diagnosed as buccal space abscess and 2 (8%) were cellulitis. Ultrasonographically and therapeutically 24 (96%) were buccal space abscess and 1 (4%) was cellulits. The sensitivity of clinical criteria over ultrasonographic diagnosis was 96% with a specificity of 100%. Also the cheek thickness in males and females varied from 8.2 to 17.1 mm with a mean of 11.6 mm+/-2.1 (SD) and 8.2 mm to 14.2 mm with a mean of 11+/-1.8 (SD). The subcutaneous tissue appeared moderately echogenic, buccinator--highly echogenic, deep adipose tissue--less echogenic and parotid duct was appreciated as a thin hyperechogenic band crossing the buccinator muscle. Buccal space, masticator space and parotid space were appreciated. CONCLUSION This study supports the ultrasonographic method of imaging of orofacial inflammatory swellings with high sensitivity and specificity. This imaging modality can also help in aspiration of pus in different spaces. We have described the ultrasonographic anatomy of the above mentioned spaces which can help a beginner in this field.

Traditional collaboration systems are typically bundled with a set of tools with pre-specified static workflow and usage patterns. They are found to be inflexible and incompetent for today's heterogeneous and ever-changing collaboration contexts and computing environments. Today's collaboration systems must be aware of the dynamic changes of collaboration contexts in a timely manner and be adaptive to these changes appropriately. In this paper, we illustrate how business logic and computing environment context awareness are provided through a set of shared ontologies with well-defined semantics in a project called as EkSarva. The awareness of collaboration contexts and its changes then enables the collaboration system to adapt to these changes and be more flexible. A dynamic workflow process is also facilitated by the context-awareness.

Introduction: Recognition of psychiatric manifestations of Wilson's disease (WD) has diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Objective: To describe the clinical features and psychopathology of patients with WD who had initial or predominant psychiatric manifestations.Patient and methods: Records of 15 patients with WD (M:F: 11:4), from a large cohort of 350 patients, with predominant psychiatric manifestations at onset were reviewed. Their initial diagnosis, demographic profile, family history, pre-morbid personality, clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome were recorded.Results: Their mean age at diagnosis was 19.8 +/- 5.8 years. Six patients were born to consanguineous parentage and two patients each had family history of WD and past history of psychiatric illness. Diagnosis of WD was suspected by detection of KF rings (all), observing sensitivity to neuroleptics (n = 2), history ofjaundice (n = 2) and family history suggestive of WD (n - 9). Psychiatric manifestations could be classified as affective disorder spectrum (n = 11) and schizophreniform-illness (n = 3). While the psychiatric symptoms improved in five patients with de-coppering therapy, seven patients needed symptomatic treatment as well. Three of the four patients who responded to decoppering therapy were sensitive to neuroleptics. Long-term follow up of 10 patients revealed variable recovery.Conclusions: Young patient with psychiatric manifestations with clues like history of jaundice, family history of neuropsychiatric manifestations and sensitivity to neuroleptics should be evaluated for WD to avoid delay in diagnosis and associated morbidity.Significant outcomes: The study reemphasizes the importance of behavioral manifestations in Wilson disease in terms of diagnosis and mangement difficulties.Limitations: Retrospective nature of the study. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Traditional distributed collaboration frameworks based on assumption of static collaboration and usage patterns cannot fulfil many new requirements imposed by today's collaboration with heterogeneous and ever-changing environments and computing contexts. In this paper, we describe a collaboration framework, called as EkSarva, which enables adaptability by providing context-awareness through a set of ontologies with well-defined semantics and embedding workflow into collaboration processes

Networked based distributed collaboration has become pervasive and makes today’s enterprises much more productive than ever before. The automation of the collaborative processes can be driven and managed by workflow rules. In addition, during recent years, ubiquitous computing and universal network connectivity have imposed another imperative requirement on collaboration systems. That is, remote participants with heterogeneous and dynamic connection and process capabilities should be able to join seamlessly in the collaboration at any time. Intelligent, context-aware, and workflow-centric collaboration is an essential prerequisite to fulfill that requirement. In this paper, we describe a generic framework, dubbed as EkSarva, which is capable of embedding workflow rules and context-awareness intelligence into collaborative sessions leading to increased opportunities for process automation

Current reactive and standalone network security products are not capable of withstanding the onslaught of diversified network threats. As a result, a new security paradigm, where integrated security devices or systems collaborate closely to achieve enhanced protection and provide multi-layer defenses is emerging. In this paper, we present the design of a collaborative architecture for multiple intrusion detection systems to work together to detect real-time network intrusions. The detection is made more efficient and effective by using collaborative intelligent agents, relevant knowledge base and combination of multiple detection sensors. The architecture is composed of three parts: Collaborative Alert Aggregation, Knowledge-based Alert Evaluation and Alert Correlation. The architecture is aimed at reducing the alert overload by correlating results from multiple sensors to generate condensed views, reducing false positives by integrating network and host system information into the evaluation process and correlating events based on logical relations to generate global and synthesized alert report. The architecture is designed as a layer above intrusion detection for post-detection alert analysis and security actions. The first two parts of the architecture have been implemented and the implementation results are presented in this paper.

This paper emphasizes the need for systems to be adaptable due to the manner in which groups collaborate over the lifetime of a project. It is observed that humans tend to adopt patterns of behavior when collaborating and these patterns tend to morph over a project's lifecycle. We identify the factors that cause such change along with the challenges that such evolving patterns pose on existing collaborative information systems. We propose a method to assess the adaptability of systems in ensuring that they can accommodate this change. Adaptability assessment is an essential criterion in the evaluation of a collaborative system.

Ubiquitous computing and universal network connectivity have given rise to expectations of building a digital society, where many aspects of business and social activities may be accomplished by remote participants. Majority of the CSCW tools have been developed with plethora of tools providing various functionalities. These tools, however, have failed to reduce the complexities involved in using and managing them. A new generation of CSCW systems is required to harness innovative technologies to enact smooth collaboration among the constituents of the digital society.

Ubiquitous computing and universal network connectivity have given rise to expectations of building a Digital Society, where many aspects of business and social activities may be accomplished by remote participants. Intelligent, context-aware, and workflow-centric collaboration is an essential prerequisite to fulfill that expectation. EkSarva is a framework, which enables realization of such collaborations in diverse domains. This is accomplished by identifying the key concepts and their inter-relationships (dubbed the PPP/SST paradigm), which form the foundation of this framework. The key concepts include: (a) Project, (b) Person, (c) Place, (d) Signal, (e) Situation, and (f) Transcript. This paper describes how these concepts collectively can give rise to an intelligent collaboration environment.