Existing research on business model (BM) diversification primarily explains diversification through demand–side and supply–side relatedness. While these perspectives clarify the economic and operational conditions under which diversification may be advantageous, they tend to treat BM diversification as a direct outcome of observable structural characteristics, overlooking the social–cognitive processes through which top management teams (TMTs) recognise, evaluate, and legitimise diversification opportunities. To address this gap, we propose a theoretical framework that conceptualises BM diversification as an inherently social–cognitive process. By integrating concepts from alliance research, network embeddedness theory, and social–cognitive theories of strategy, the framework explains how TMT social–cognitive capacities shape the dominant logic through which managers interpret BM portfolio configurations and their innovation potential. Specifically, we argue that cognitive consensus and cognitive complexity shape the dominant logic through which TMTs attend to, interpret, and legitimise diversification opportunities. We conceptualise cognitive distance, BM centrality, and BM portfolio density as cognitively enacted BM portfolio characteristics that shape how TMTs identify, evaluate, and integrate diversification opportunities across new and existing BMs. By conceptualising cognition as collective, socially embedded, and recursive, we explain how the TMT's dominant logic both shapes and is shaped by the BM portfolio characteristics and innovation outcomes over time. The framework is particularly relevant for firms operating in digitally dynamic environments, where technological disruption, platform competition, and ecosystem interdependencies continuously reshape the conditions under which BM diversification occurs. The proposed framework moves beyond static and individual–level cognitive explanations of BM diversification and provides a dynamic explanation of why firms facing similar environmental and structural conditions may pursue distinct diversification trajectories and achieve divergent outcomes.

Managing competing logics is a challenging task with significant risks if not done properly. Current research presents conflicting views, suggesting that contradictions between competing logics must either be resolved or tolerated. To bridge these conflicting perspectives, this study enhances a relational paradox view to understand how competing logics can coexist without paralyzing organizations. Our study extends existing literature by demonstrating that competing logics can coexist under specific conditions, including time and innovation pressures. When these conditions are present, individuals can reach temporary agreements to move forward, without fundamentally resolving the underlying contradiction. These findings elucidate why competing logics do not paralyze organizations. This research suggests new avenues for studying practices to manage competing logics from a relational paradox perspective.

This chapter explores the role of frugal innovation (FI) - an approach to solve local problems through complexity reduction when resources are limited - during restrictive measures (e.g., social distancing; lockdowns; curfews) of the '1.5-metre society'. Based on literature and an empirical case study of restaurants in the Dutch city of The Hague, we show that FI is essential for restaurants to survive the 1.5-metre society. In some cases, it also leads to lasting changes in the 'post-1.5-metre society'. Cities play an essential role for restaurants to survive the crisis due to interaction with other urban actors and provision of public space as temporary terraces. The inner city differs from other districts regarding constraints and solutions. It suffers more from time and space constraints, has a smaller base of loyal customers and is less suited for dine-at-home solutions. However, we do not expect structural changes from entrepreneurial and policy perspectives.

In this study we investigate how consumers in The Netherlands can be persuaded to adopt sustainable practices when purchasing, using and disposing of clothes. This study investigates the attitude-behavior gap for the sustainable choices for purchase, use and disposing of clothes. For each consumption phase we ran a two-step multiple regression. The findings showed that the importance of the factors vary in the three consumption phases. For purchasing and disposal decisions, the core motivator social motivation predicts sustainable practices best, while it has no role in the usage phase. The factor ability appeared to have a significant role in the disposal phase, but not in the other phases. Finally, the trigger appears to lower the consumers' ability in the purchasing phase, while it enhances the core motivator social evaluation in the disposal phase.

This article analyses how firms use events and trade fairs for external knowledge sourcing, which barriers emerge and how event organisers strategically mediate and influence those processes. The research setting focuses on two major automotive events in Shanghai, highlighting that knowledge sourcing in these events do complement other types of knowledge accessed in permanent sites' and organisational configurations, such as in clusters and through joint-ventures. Firms use automotive events to access buzz, to monitor other firms and to explore options for new collaborations. Yet, it is also argued that a focus on existing relations, the defensive strategies deployed by lead firms and the intrinsic complexity of exhibited technologies hinder the process of knowledge sourcing that is influenced by event organisers' content, matchmaking and access policies.

The overwhelming commercial success of connected things and personal mobile devices is driving the dense and uncontrolled deployment of wireless networks using unlicensed frequency bands. This results in heavy congestion and interference, leading to considerable loss of network performance. The only sustainable solution is some form of collaboration between users. Not only does this require new technology to facilitate such collaboration, it also demands for new business models that accommodate new, collaboration facilitating roles. In this paper we propose a generic business model for sustainable spectrum sharing in unlicensed frequency band. It includes two new actors, the Spectrum Broker and the Wi-5 System Operator. The business model is tested against popular use cases, in dialogue with various European network operators. The results indicate that the model is applicable and viable.

This paper deals with the question of how upgrading of the symbolic and synthetic knowledge bases takes place and, by doing so, we contribute to the upgrading literature by linking upgrading with the concept of the differentiated knowledge bases. We discern a number of upgrading mechanisms, and based on empirical evidence from the construction industry and the automotive industry in China, we show that the main upgrading mechanisms for symbolic knowledge include learning-by-interacting in project teams and monitoring, while upgrading of synthetic knowledge takes place via technology transfer and learning-by-doing and-using. Mobility and on-the-job training and learning in Transnational Corporations are the main upgrading mechanisms contributing to the development of both knowledge bases.

This study contributes to the literature dealing with upgrading of the Chinese automotive industry by analysing the role of events in the upgrading process. By combining literature on temporary clusters with that of knowledge sourcing and upgrading, we investigate how firms use events for upgrading. To do so, we systematically analyse a number of upgrading mechanisms. Moreover we analyse how event organisers can influence these mechanisms, and identify a number of barriers that may hinder the process of upgrading during events. Our empirical study of two automotive events in Shanghai reveals that firms use events particularly for monitoring, to access global buzz, and for the development of new global pipelines. Mobility turned to be less relevant. Event organisers act as ‘temporary cluster managers’, and influence upgrading via three types of policies: content policy, matchmaking policy and access policy. Identified barriers include defensive strategies of exhibitors, a focus on trade, and the large size of the show.. These barriers hinder monitoring and access to global buzz and pipelines in particular.

The Australian Arts industry is a vibrant and dynamic sector of the economy. It encompasses both visual and performing arts. This paper is part of a wider study into marketing communications, branding and relationships in this industry. It is unique in that it reports the findings of a research study into relationships in the Australian Arts industry. The study is a qualitative study, focussing on a number of visual arts organisations in Sydney, Australia, selected to provide a varied cross-section of organisations. In carrying out this research, data from various sources was utilised. The prime source of data was personal interviews with key marketing personnel from the art galleries and performing arts organisations. Additional data was gathered through examination of annual reports, Subscription Brochures, Programmes and the website of the companies, as well as information from reports and websites from relevant Government organisations. The results presented in this paper consist of a summary of the case studies conducted, which highlight the importance and complexity of relationships in this industry especially in relation to building brand equity. Issues addressed include motivation, loyalty and image, cooperation as well as power and dependency, additionally information was obtained on evaluation of the relationships discussed. This paper, as a result of these findings, makes an interesting contribution to theory in that it shows the importance of relationships in helping these organisation increase brand equity while allowing them to remain competitive in a challenging industry.

This study contributes to the literature dealing with upgrading of the Chinese automotive industry by analysing the role of events in the upgrading process. By combining literature on temporary clusters with that of knowledge sourcing and upgrading, we investigate how firms use events for upgrading. To do so, we systematically analyse a number of upgrading mechanisms. Moreover we analyse how event organisers can influence these mechanisms, and identify a number of barriers that may hinder the process of upgrading during events. Our empirical study of two automotive events in Shanghai reveals that firms use events particularly for monitoring, to access global buzz, and for the development of new global pipelines. Mobility turned to be less relevant. Event organisers act as ‘temporary cluster managers’, and influence upgrading via three types of policies: content policy, matchmaking policy and access policy. Identified barriers include defensive strategies of exhibitors, a focus on trade, and the large size of the show. These barriers hinder monitoring and access to global buzz and pipelines in particular.

An increasingly occurring approach is partnering by setting up so-called Public Private Research Partnerships (PPRPs) for pre-competitive research. Value measurement of these PPRPs in biomedical sciences is an unexplored topic in literature, although value measurement is critical to justify the huge public investments and also asses the value of the role of PPRPs to overcome the existing R&D bottlenecks. This research is set up to find answer on the research question: ?How can a Public Private Research Partnership in the field of biomedical sciences be valued??. Based on expert-interviews and a workshop with stakeholders a list of 14 indicators is proposed, in which a division is made between Input, Process, and Performance indicators (which are divided into Output and Outcome), thereby covering the whole system. Although the proposed framework of indicators to measure value heavily depends on the availability of relevant information, it may serve as a standard approach to demonstrate the value of collaborative research undertaken

Considerable attention has been paid to the network determinants of knowledge sharing. However, most, if not all, of the studies investigating the determinants of knowledge sharing are either focused on knowledge-intensive organizations such as consultancy firms or R&D organizations, or knowledge workers in regular organizations, while lesser knowledge intensive organizations or non-knowledge workers are rarely explored. This is a gap in the literature on social networks and knowledge sharing. In this paper, the relations between network determinants and actor determinants of knowledge sharing are empirically tested by means of a network survey in a less knowledge intensive organization, specifically employees of a Dutch department store chain. The results show that individual-level variables such as departmental commitment and enjoyment in helping others are the major determinants of individuals’ knowledge sharing behavior, but none of the social network variables play a role. The results thus present an important boundary condition to social networks effects on knowledge sharing: social networks only seem to play a role in knowledge sharing for knowledge workers, not for blue-collar workers.

Opposing theories and conflicting empirical results with regard to the effect of development time on new product sales suggest the need for a contingency analysis into factors affecting this relationship. This study uses a unique combination of accounting and perceptual data from 129 product development projects to test the combined contingency effect of product innovativeness and new product price on the relationship between development time and new product sales. The results show that for radically new products with short development times, price has no effect on new product sales. When the development time is long, price has a negative effect on the sales of radical new products. The findings additionally show that price has no effect on sales for incremental new products with short development times and a negative effect for incremental new products with long development times. Together, these findings shed new light on the relationship between development time and new product sales.

ABSTRACT Open innovation as introduced by Chesbrough (2003) and further discussed in more recent years (Chesbrough et al., 2006, Christensen et al., 2005) is to a considerable extent based on innovation in high-tech sectors. Inspired by Pavitt (1984), this paper assumes that innovation patterns in general, and open innovation patterns more in particular, differ among sectors. As open innovation (Chesbrough, 2003) is based on access to and exploitation of new technology, the technology life-cycle (TLC) concept is used to build a framework for sectoral modes of open innovation. The paper extends the TLC concept to grasp the various types of manufacturing and service sectors and presents a framework in which four phases of the TLC accommodate the multiple modes of open innovation as discussed in the literature. The conclusion is that the framework can be used to systematically list differences in open innovation between sectors and to analyze them further. Key words: open innovation, sectoral patterns of innovation, technology life cycles, alliances