Background and Objectives: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common healthcare-associated infections mainly caused by biofilm formation on urinary catheters. This study aimed to provide evidence-based catheter management strategies to reduce CAUTI risk through biofilm prevention. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 109 adult patients undergoing urinary catheteriza- tion between September 2017 and January 2018. Urine samples were collected after catheter insertion and before catheter removal. Bacteriuria was screened using flow cytometry and confirmed by urine culture. Removed catheters were cultured to assess biofilm formation, while isolates were tested for biofilm-forming ability using Congo Red Agar (CRA). Results: The mean catheterization duration was 5.6 ± 2.1 days, and most patients were catheterized for ≥5 days. Bacteriuria was significantly associated with catheterization (p = 0.029). Antibiotic use reduced bacteriuria incidence (p < 0.001) but did not significantly reduce biofilm formation (73.4%, p > 0.05). CRA-positive isolates showed 1.5-fold greater biofilm-forming potential. Female sex, early bacteriuria, and catheterization >5 days were associated with biofilm formation. Conclusion: Urinary catheterization promotes biofilm and increases CAUTI risk. Although antibiotics reduced bacteriuria, they showed limited efficacy against biofilms. Early bacteriuria screening, routine monitoring, biofilm prevention, and limit- ing catheter duration may help reduce CAUTI incidence.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is driven by chronic hyperglycemia that induces podocyte injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to tubular damage and renal fibrosis. Physalis angulata L. (PA) is a medicinal plant with antidiabetic, vasoprotective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the effects of the PA active fraction on DN-related renal alterations, particularly podocytopathy, glomerulosclerosis, tubular injury, and fibrosis. Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were induced with diabetes using streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and divided into control, diabetic, and PA-treated diabetic groups receiving 8.5, 34, or 136 mg/kg of the PA active fraction. Blood glucose was monitored biweekly, while 24-h urinary parameters and creatinine clearance were assessed to evaluate renal function. Renal injury and fibrosis were examined using periodic acid-Schiff and Sirius Red staining. Antioxidative, inflammatory, podocyte, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibrotic markers were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Myofibroblast activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. PA treatment did not significantly affect glycemia, microalbuminuria, or creatinine clearance, but reduced urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, decreased the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vimentin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increased nephrin and superoxide dismutase 1/2 expression, and reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta expression. Histological analysis also showed lower glomerulosclerosis and reduced interstitial fibroblast/myofibroblast expansion in PA-treated diabetic rats. Taken together, the PA active fraction showed potential renoprotective effects against DN-related histological and molecular alterations, while definitive improvement in renal function and direct TGF-β/Smad pathway inhibition remain to be demonstrated in future studies.

Pendahuluan: Kaki diabetes memerlukan penanganan serius karena berisiko terjadi amputasi. Kelainan mikrovaskular meningkatkan risiko amputasi karena mengganggu aliran darah, memperlambat penyembuhan luka, dan meningkatkan risiko infeksi. Metode: Tinjauan pustaka potensi klinis near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) untuk identifikasi penyakit arteri perifer (PAD) konkomitan dengan mikroangiopati diabetes melitus (DM). Pencarian pustaka sistematis melalui PubMed BMC Central yang terbit pada tahun 2018-April 2024. Diskusi: NIRS dapat memberikan petunjuk seperti prediksi waktu pemulihan, deoksigenasi dari darah perifer, konsumsi oksigen (VO2), saturasi oksigen jaringan (StO2), total hemoglobin (HbT), dan area oksihemoglobin di bawah kurva (O2 HbAUC). NIRS berpotensi membantu prediksi penyembuhan luka terutama pada pasien DM dengan gejala yang ditutupi oleh neuropati perifer. Simpulan: NIRS dapat digunakan untuk menilai efektivitas pengobatan dan mencegah perburukan PAD pada kaki diabetes.

Background Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases worldwide. Herbal medicine represents a promising potential source for various types of cancer treatments. The herbal plant Dillenia suffruticosa shows potential in combating cancer progression. Objectives This review aims to evaluate the anticancer effects of D. suffruticosa, including its extracts and bioactive compounds, on cellular responses, subcellular (mitochondrial) functions, and molecular aspects, as well as the associated molecular pathways. Methods Previous reports on anticancer properties of D. suffruticosa were searched and screened from online sources, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Results The majority of anticancer studies on D. suffruticosa focus on breast cancer cell lines, particularly MCF7. The most effective extracts are those derived from ethyl acetate or dichloromethane. These extracts exhibit cytotoxic effects on the MCF7 breast cancer cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner. They can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Their anticancer activities are also linked to the upregulation and downregulation of various signaling pathways, including the upregulation of SOD1, SOD2, NFκB, p53, p38, MAPK, and catalase, as well as the downregulation of Akt1. The major bioactive compounds present in these extracts, such as betulinic acid, koetjapic acid, lupeol, vitexin, tiliroside, and kaempferol, contribute to their anticancer properties. The presence of these compounds is crucial in determining the anticancer potential of the extract. Conclusion Semipolar extracts and bioactive compounds of D. suffruticosa demonstrate potential as an effective intervention against cancer cells, particularly in the case of breast cancer. These extracts inhibit cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis, and target pathways like p53/p21, JNK, PI3K/AKT, and NFκB, with effects linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Further research is needed to explore its roles in autophagy, cell differentiation, and the tumor microenvironment.

Fat accumulation is the hallmark of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Given the intimidating nature of its treatment, curcumin (CUR) emerges as a potential therapeutic agent due to its proven effectiveness in managing MASLD. This review aimed to evaluate previous reports on the hepatoprotective and fat-accumulation-reductive effects of CUR administration in preventing or treating MASLD. CUR administration can modulate serum liver enzymes and lipid profiles. The fat accumulation of MASLD is the primary cause of oxidative stress and inflammation. By reducing fat accumulation, CUR may attenuate the inflammation and oxidative stress in MASLD. In addition, CUR has been proven to restore the dysfunctional cellular energy metabolism capacity and attenuate fibrogenesis (antifibrotic agent). Their hepatoprotective effects are associated with fat accumulation in MASLD. Lipid metabolism (lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipophagy) is correlated with their hepatoprotective effects. CUR has prophylactic and therapeutic effects, particularly in early-stage MASLD, primarily when it is used as a fat reducer. It can be considered an excellent natural therapeutic drug for MASLD because it protects the liver and attenuates fat accumulation, especially in the early stage of MASLD development.

Background: Ascaridia galli and Ascaris suum are the leading causes of helminthiasis in poultry and pigs. While A. galli rarely infects humans without causing significant disease, A. suum is a zoonotic parasite capable of causing pulmonary discomfort in human beings, due to larval migration. Today, anthelmintic therapy remains essential, particularly the use of herbal medicine that has not yet been intensively explored, including the fruit of Syzygium cumini (common name: black plum fruit; local name: jamun), which is widely found throughout Indonesia. Purpose: This study evaluates the S. cumini fruit juice for its antioxidant, antilipase, and anthelmintic activities against A. galli and A. suum. Methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay, IC50 determination, and total phenolic content (TPC) analysis. LC-MS analysis was performed to determine major bioactive compounds in the fruit juice. Antilipase activity was evaluated using an agar well diffusion method, and anthelmintic effects were assessed through in vitro assays on A. galli and A. suum at concentrations of 34.06, 68.12, 102.18, and 136.24 mg/ml, compared with pyrantel pamoate (Combantrin®) at 20 mg/ml. Results: The DPPH assay of the extracts exhibited an IC50 2.06 µg/ml, stronger than the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In addition, the fruit juice also demonstrated antilipase activity, indicating its relevance in addressing lipid metabolism disorders. The anthelmintic activity was carried out which showed significant worm paralysis and mortality in both parasites especially at 102.18, and 136.24 mg/ml. Conclusion: S. cumini fruit juice demonstrated significant antioxidant, antilipase, and anthelmintic potential. These findings suggest that S. cumini fruit juice could be a promising natural alternative for helminthiasis treatment, warranting further investigation.

Background: Peronema canescens Jack, commonly known as sungkai, is a medicinal plant traditionally consumed as a herbal infusion. It has demonstrated potential anticancer properties attributed to its bioactive constituents, particularly clerodane-type diterpenoids known as peronemins. The anticancer potential of these compounds can be preliminarily explored using in silico approaches. Of particular interest are the reported the cytotoxic effects of sungkai leaves against cancer cell lines and their interactions with angiogenesis-related targets, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). VEGFR-2 is a critical tyrosine kinase receptor that regulates angiogenesisa and Its aberrant activation contributes to tumor growth and metastasis. Consequently, VEGFR-2 represents a well-established target for anticancer therapy development. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the bioactive compounds present in sungkai leaf infusion using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and to predict their interactions with VEGFR-2 through in silico molecular docking analysis. Methods: Phytochemical profiling of the leaf infusion was conducted using LC-MS. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx 0.8 integrated with AutoDock Vina to assess ligand-protein interactions between selected compounds and VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 2QU5). The resulting interactions were visualized using Discovery Studio.Results: LC-MS analysis identified ten major compounds in the leaf infusion, consisting of one alkaloid (gentiatibetine) and nine flavonoids. Molecular docking analysis revealed that genkwanin and acacetin-7-galactoside exhibited strong binding affinities toward VEGFR-2 (−9.6 and −9.2 kcal/mol, respectively), approaching that of the referencesorafenib (−11.2 kcal/mol). Both compounds interacted with key catalytic residues, suggesting their potential to inhibit VEGFR-2 by stabilizing its inactive conformation.Conclusion: This study provides the first to report that sungkai leaf infusion is rich in flavonoid compounds two of which exhibit strong anti-VEGFR-2 activity. These findings suggest the potential of sungkai leaf infusion as a natural anticancer agent and support the needfor further in vitro and in vivo validation.

Background and Objectives. Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of D-galactose (D-gal) accelerates aging and develops aging models. A low dose of long-term use and a high dose of short-term use of D-gal can induce natural aging in mice, like brain, cardiac, liver, renal, and skin aging, and erectile dysfunction. Our research aims to determine whether a high dose of short-term use of D-gal. i.p. in rats can induce natural aging and affect the following parameters: body weight (BW), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and myostatin. Methods. A daily D-gal i.p. dose of 300 mg/ml/kg for seven days was carried out to induce aging parameters in the rats. After seven days, the body and gastrocnemius circumference of the rats were weighed, and biochemical analysis for SOD, VEGF, CRP, and myostatin in the blood plasma was done. Results. The data obtained were analyzed using nonparametric statistics Friedman test and Mann-Whitney test. After the seven day-intervention, both the control (NaCl 0.9% i.p.) and the high dose of short-term use of D-gal i.p. groups showed no significant difference in the body weight and gastrocnemius circumference. However, D-gal administration could increase the blood plasma level of SOD, VEGF, CRP, and myostatin. Conclusion. We conclude that a high dose of short-term intraperitoneal D-galactose can be administrated to induce aging in rat models. The SOD, VEGF, CRP and myostatin can be used as aging parameters.

Penyakit paru fibrosis seperti penyakit paru obstruktif kronik, acute lung injury dan penyakit paru fibrosis paska Covid 19 dianggap sebagai masalah kesehatan utama di dekade terkahir. Terapi seluler dengan Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) menawarkan pendekatan terapi baru untuk penyakit paru fibrosis yang berkaitan dengan sifat anti-inflamasi, imunomodulator, regeneratif, pro-angiogenik, dan anti-fibrotik. Efek terapeutik tersebut dapat dikaitkan dengan MSC-secretome, yang terbuat dari protein larut bebas dan vesikel ekstraseluler (EV). Ulasan ini merangkum beberapa literature temuan terbaru terkait kemanjuran dan keamanan produk turunan MSC pada model pra-klinis penyakit paru-paru, menunjukkan zat aktif biologis yang terkandung di dalam MSC-secretome dan mekanismenya yang terlibat dalam regenerasi jaringan. Pandangan perspektif diberikan tentang sekretom menjadi produk obat yang berkualitas tinggi, aman dan efektif, Kata Kunci : Sekretome Mesenkimal Stem Cell, Inflamasi, Fibrosis Paru

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate the effects of Umbilical Cord Mesencymal Stem Cell Conditioning Medium (UC MSC-CM) administration on body weight recovery and the level of four molecular biomarkers, namely Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and myostatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Secretome was injected intramuscularly twice at 1.5 mL (day 7 and 14) into the right thigh of high-dose, short-term galactose-induced aging rats. The data of day 7 (before) and day 21 (after the administration) were evaluated. The body weights and the four biomarkers were measured before (day 7) and after intervention (day 21). RESULTS:This study showed that the UC MSC-CM intramuscular administrations did not influence body weight regeneration. However, it could increase SOD and VEGF levels and decrease CRP and myostatin levels. CONCLUSION:Treatment with UC MSC-CM is a promising and potential agent in treating sarcopenia.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAP) requires good evaluation to reduce amputation rate. The aim of this study is to assess non-invasive detection methods in evaluating microvascular conditions in PAP. The potential use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in identifying disorders in patients with PAP, either with or without DM, was also assessed. A systematic literature search was conducted through PUBMED until October 2023. Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that the use of NIRS in evaluating microvascular status in PAP is a non-invasive testing method that has expanded its role. Evaluation with NIRS provides metrics such as recovery time, deoxygenation, oxygen consumption (VO2), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), total haemoglobin (HbT), and oxyhemoglobin area under the curve (O2 HbAUC). NIRS also has the potential to assist multidisciplinary teams in treating high-risk patients, especially in diabetic patients whose symptoms are compensated by peripheral neuropathy. This study shows that NIRS can be used as a useful tool in evaluating microvascular status in PAP, by providing important information that can be used to optimise patient care and prevent more serious complications. It is concluded that NIRS can be used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and prevent worsening of the condition of patients with PAP in diabetic foot.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-(3) initiates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tubular and glomerular epithelial cells, resulting in excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix through its interaction with TGF-(3 receptors, which play a crucial role in TGF-(3 signaling involving two receptor types, namely TGF-(3 type I (T(3RI) and type II (T(3RII). EMT contributes to the pathogenesis of interstitial renal fibrosis, a marker of end-stage kidney disease. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds in the active fraction of P. angulata and evaluate their ability to inhibit the TGF-(3 activity and their potential as drug candidates. The active components in the active fraction of P. angulata were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bioactive compound structures were obtained from the PubChem database, while the protein targets, T(3RI and T(3RII, were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The molecular docking analyses were performed using PyRx 0.8 and Discovery Studio. SwissADME was used to evaluate ligand properties and druglikeness. Three dominant active compounds were identified, namely palmitic acid, campesterol, and stigmasterol. In silico studies demonstrated strong energy bonds existed between T(3RI and palmitic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol, and SB431542 with binding energy values of -5.7, -10, -9.4, and -10.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Similarly, they strongly bound to T(3RII with binding energy values of -5.2, -7.1, -7.5, and -6.1 kcal/mol, respectively. All compounds meet Lipinski's criteria for druglikeness. Among the identified active compounds, campesterol exhibited the highest affinity for T(3RI, while stigmasterol exhibited a strong affinity for T(3RII. These findings suggested that the three compounds have potential as drug candidates.

Peronema canescens, Jack commonly known as "sungkai," has been traditionally used as a herbal medicine for various health conditions. This study aimed to explore the bioactive compound of the P. canescens leaves hydroethanolic extract, along with assessing its antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized for phytochemical analysis of the hydroethanolic extracts, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging method. Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content was achieved via colorimetric analysis. Furthermore, the DNA protection activity was assessed using plasmid pBR322 subjected to free radical treatment. The primary bioactive compounds identified in the P. canescens hydroethanolic extracts belonged to the alkaloid and flavonoid groups. The antioxidant activity of P.canescens leaves hydroethanolic extracts showed an IC50 value of 0.02±0.00 µg/mL. Additionally, the total flavonoid and phenolic content were measured at 33,769±3,626 µg QE/mL and 638,924±6,683 µg GAE/mL, respectively. Notably, P.canescens exhibited significant potential in mitigating DNA damage. In conclusion, the P. canescens leaves hydroethanolic extracts demonstrate promising attributes as a herbal medicine, highlighting notable antioxidant and antimutagenic effects.

Xanthorrhizol, an important marker of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, has been recognized for its different pharmacological activities. A green strategy for selective xanthorrhizol extraction is required. Herein, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on glucose and organic acids (lactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were screened for the extraction of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Ultrasound-assisted extraction using glucose/lactic acid (1:3) (GluLA) gave the best yield of xanthorrhizol. The response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken Design was used to optimize the interacting variables of water content, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, and extraction to optimize the extraction. The optimum conditions of 30% water content in GluLA, 1/15 g/mL (S/L), and a 20 min extraction time yielded selective xanthorrhizol extraction (17.62 mg/g) over curcuminoids (6.64 mg/g). This study indicates the protective effect of GluLA and GluLA extracts against oxidation-induced DNA damage, which was comparable with those obtained for ethanol extract. In addition, the stability of the xanthorrhizol extract over 90 days was revealed when stored at −20 and 4 °C. The FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the hydrogen bond formation in GluLA. Our study reported, for the first time, the feasibility of using glucose/lactic acid (1:3, 30% water v/v) for the sustainable extraction of xanthorrhizol.

Kallikrein proteases (KPs) are vital enzymes involved in the formation of dermatosomes and are regulated by the body's internal inhibitors. Maintaining a balance between KPs and their inhibitors is essential for promoting a healthy scalp. The scalp specifically contains two KPs: human kallikrein (hK) 5 and hK7, which are encoded by their respective genes. In addition, the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) gene encodes the lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), which effectively inhibits both hK5 and hK7. The normal desquamation process relies on the availability and activity of hK5 and hK7, along with their regulation by LEKTI. When LEKTI levels are insufficient, it results in abnormal desquamation characterized by the overactivity of hK5 and hK7. Consequently, KPs, particularly hK5 and hK7, present promising targets for novel treatments aimed at reducing flake formation associated with dandruff. KP inhibitors are crucial components in targeting these proteases. In this review, literature on KPs, dandruff, and their inhibitors was analyzed to elucidate the roles of KPs in dandruff pathogenesis and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of KP inhibitor-based approaches for managing this condition.

Terapi seluler dengan mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) yang berkaitan dengan sifat anti-inflamasi, imunomodulator, regeneratif, pro-angiogenik, dan anti-fibrotik menawarkan pendekatan baru untuk penyakit paru fibrosis. Efek terapeutik tersebut dikaitkan dengan MSC-secretome yangterbuat dari protein larut bebas dan vesikel ekstraseluler (EV). Ulasan ini merangkum beberapa literatur terkait efikasi dan keamanan produk turunan MSC pada model pra-klinis penyakit paru, menunjukkan zat aktif biologis dalam MSC-secretome dan mekanismenya dalam regenerasi jaringan. Pandangan perspektif ini menunjukkan sekretom sebagai produk obat berkualitas, aman, dan efektif.

Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizomes and Physalis angulata herb extract on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cellsPutu Yudhistira Budhi Setiawan, Nyoman Kertia, Arief Nurrochmad, Subagus Wahyuono

Turmeric-tamarind herbal drink (jamu kunyit asam) is a well-known traditional herbal drink in Indonesia. The two main ingredients of the drink are aqueous extracts of turmeric rhizome and tamarind fruit pulp. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activities effect of combined aqueous extracts of turmeric rhizome and tamarind fruit pulp because it has not been investigated. The aqueous extracts were mixed in various combinations. The mixtures' pH, total phenolics content, and antioxidant activity (DPPH) were measured. The mixture's pH was determined mainly by the tamarind extract dose. Nevertheless, the ratio of the extracts did not influence the total phenolic compounds. At the lower dose of tamarind extract, the antioxidative interaction of both sections was synergistic, but at the higher amount, it was additive. All mixtures' antioxidant potential (DPPH-IC50) was lower than BHT (the standard control). The antioxidative interaction is synergistic if the extracts ratio is unequal.

Introduction: Pilis is a traditional Javanese transdermal herbal formula applied on the forehead to cure dizziness, hazy vision, eyestrain, and fever. So far, there are no scientific report on the bioactive compounds of the aqueous extract of pilis. This study aimed to identify the main bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract of pilis, either fresh-made or commercial pilis. Then, the bioactivities of the identified bioactive compounds were described based on the relevant literature studies. Materials and Methods: LC-MS was used to analyze the aqueous extracts of various pilis. Relevant information on their bioactivity is available from the works of the literature. Results: The identified main bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract of pilis were: undulatoside A, viscumneoside II , kaempferol, quercetin, genistein, and 7-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxyflavone. Most compounds were in glycosidic form. The fresh-made pilis was more abundant in the number of bioactive compounds than the commercial pilis. Their bioactivities include antioxidant, anti-inflammation, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial activities. Conclusion: Aqueous extracts of pilis, particularly fresh-made pilis, are promising transdermal forehead formulas rich in particular bioactive compounds with healing capacities to cure encephalitis and dizziness.