The inverse relationship between the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is well established. Yet, some El Niño events that occur in the early months of the year (boreal spring) transform into a neutral phase before the start of summer, whereas others begin in the boreal summer and persist in a positive phase throughout the summer monsoon season. This study investigates the distinct influences of an exhausted spring El Niño (springtime) and emerging summer El Niño (summertime) on the regional variability of ISMR. The two ENSO categories were formulated based on the time of occurrence of positive SST anomalies over the Niño-3.4 region in the Pacific. The ISMR’s dynamical and thermodynamical responses to such events were investigated using standard metrics such as the Walker and Hadley circulations, vertically integrated moisture flux convergence (VIMFC), wind shear, and upper atmospheric circulation. The monsoon circulation features are remarkably different in response to the exhausted spring El Niño and emerging summer El Niño phases, which distinctly dictate regional rainfall variability. The dynamic and thermodynamic responses reveal that exhausted spring El Niño events favor excess monsoon rainfall over eastern peninsular India and deficit rainfall over the core monsoon regions of central India. In contrast, emerging summer El Niño events negatively impact the seasonal rainfall over the country, except for a few regions along the west coast and northeast India.

Data-driven discoveries require identifying relevant data relationships from a sea of complex, unstructured, and heterogeneous scientific data. We propose a hybrid methodology that extracts metadata and leverages scientific domain knowledge to synthesize a new dataset from the original to construct knowledge graphs. We demonstrate our approach's effectiveness through a case study on the natural hazard engineering dataset on ``LEAP Liquefaction'' hosted on DesignSafe. Traditional lexical search on DesignSafe is limited in uncovering hidden relationships within the data. Our knowledge graph enables complex queries and fosters new scientific insights by accurately identifying relevant entities and establishing their relationships within the dataset. This innovative implementation can transform the landscape of data-driven discoveries across various scientific domains.

The rapid urbanisation and expansion of the built environment in large cities are attracting increasing attention among the global scientific community to understand the relationship between urban expansion and heat island effect (UHI). This study investigates the relationship between urban expansion and the UHI effect employing an integrated approach, including topographic analysis and land surface temperature analysis based on remote sensing and ground-based urban temperature analysis over 30 years of data. Results suggest that: 1) long-term UHI intensity trends in Doha city are statistically significant for seasonal and annual night time temperature; 2) based on the remote sensing data analysis significant urban expansion in Doha city was observed over the past 30 years; 3) day and night time temperature in Doha city was comparatively higher than other localities; 4) the spatiotemporal variations in the UHI are consistent with the urban expansion. Improvement in energy efficiency practices, urban green space optimisation, green rooftop and the use of reflective materials will mitigate the UHI effects. These results are suggested to help future urban planning and development, which will help to achieve sustainable development goals.

We thank Dr. Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar and Dr. Amit Agrawal for their interest in our recently published article in the Journal. 1 Salam A, Kamran S, Bibi R, et al. Meteorological factors and seasonal stroke rates: a four-year comprehensive study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.032 Google Scholar The authors do not raise any concerns about the scientific facts and the information given in our study that assessed the impact of meteorological variables in extremely hot and arid climate on stroke rate. Re: Meteorological Factors and Seasonal Stroke RatesJournal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesVol. 29Issue 12PreviewThe present study1 further adds to our understating regarding complex role of possible seasonal variations (eg temperature) and their role as risk factors in causation of diseases (eg stroke) in humans. Authors conclude that hot in summer months the risk of ischemic stroke was higher than hemorrhagic stroke.1 Many studies in the past have generated variable evidence regarding the role of weather temperature as a risk factor for stroke (increased risk to lower risk on no risk).1-6 Increasing temperatures can lead to heat related stress thus interfering with sleep and with daily activities of life and resulting negative in health outcomes. Full-Text PDF

Introduction: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that acute cardiovascular events including stroke are not distributed randomly over time but instead depend on months/season of the year. We report the impact of meteorological variables in extremely hot and arid climate on stroke. Methods: Acute stroke patients admitted from January 2014 to December 2017 were included. The data included demographics, clinical risk factors, temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. We calculated stroke rates/100,000/month. Results: There were 3654 cases of stroke (ischemic stroke [IS]: 2956 [80.9%]; and intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH]: 698 [19.1%]) with no difference in hematocrit, creatinine, and blood urea between hot and cold seasons (p>.05). We observed a positive significant correlation of IS with the mean temperature (AOR: 1.023; 95% CI: 1.009-1.036; P=.001) and mean solar radiation (AOR: 1.268; 95% CI: 1.021-1.575; P=.032) showing a 2.3% and 26.8% higher risk relative to ICH respectively, a negative correlation between IS with relative humidity (AOR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.984-0.997; P=.002), and atmospheric pressure (AOR: 0.977; 95% CI: 0.966-0.989; P<.001) was observed, 1% increase in the relative humidity correlate with 2.4% and 1% lower risk of IS incidence relative to ICH respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated a distinct seasonal pattern in the incidence of stroke with an increase in IS rates relative to ICH during the summer months with higher solar radiations that cannot be explained by physiological measures suggestive of dehydration or hemconcentration.

A field experiment was conducted in 2016 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during kharif season. Bioefficacy of new BAS 835 UBH post emergence herbicide mixture in soybean [Glycine max (L.)]. A study evaluates the effect in soybean of early BAS 835 UBH post emergence mixture herbicide, against weeds. The dry weight, species wise and total density of weeds viz., Echinochloa colonum, Cynodon dactylon, Alternanthera sessilis, Cyperus rotundus, Euphorbia geniculata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Phyllanthus niruri, Eragrostis pilosa and Commelina benghalensis were maximum in untreated check whereas minimum at 20 and 40 DAS under hand weeding twice. Early post emergence application of alone herbicide imazathapyr 10% SL @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 followed by imazamox 12% SL @ 42 g a.i.ha-1 reduced significantly the density and dry weight of all broad leaf, sedges, grassy weeds. Among the mixture herbicide applied, BAS 835UBH (imazethapyr 23 g/l + imazamox 23 g/l + bentazone 460 g/l) @ 800 g a.i.ha-1 gave significantly effective control the density and dry weight of weeds against other mixture herbicide treatment

Recognizing the problem of urban transport, a number of cities are coming up with mass transit proposals. Amongst the domain of high capacity public transport systems available, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) with dedicated bus lanes is one of the viable options. BRTS will create a high-quality public transport to enhance the mobility pattern and demonstrate that protection of environmental conditions, energy savings, reduction in road accidents, etc. This study examines applicability of BRTS for a medium-sized city like Visakhapatnam. The ridership improvement upon introduction of BRTSis collected through a stated preference survey. The modal shift improvement from personalized vehicles is predicted. The present study analyzes the travel behavior of the people in the selected study area. The results identified a qualitative difference in the choice of people in preferring the mode based on their income levels, travel cost, and purpose of the trip. The end results will be applicable in determining the fare structure and enhancing the existing system.

The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is examined for the region around Qatar in the context of surface winds. The wind fields around this peninsula can be complicated owing to its small size, to a complex pattern of land and sea breezes influenced by the prevailing shamal winds, and to its dry and arid nature. Modeled winds are verified with data from 19 land stations and two offshore buoys. A comparison with these data shows that nonlocal planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes generally perform better than local schemes over land stations during the daytime, when convective conditions prevail; at nighttime, over land and over water, both schemes yield similar results. Among other parameters, modifications to standard USGS land-use descriptors were necessary to reduce model errors. The RMSE values are comparable to those reported elsewhere. Simulated winds, when used with a wave model, result in wave heights comparable to buoy measurements. Furthermore, WRF results, confirmed by data, show that at times sea breezes develop from both coasts, leading to convergence in the middle of the country; at other times, the large-scale wind impedes the formation of sea breezes on one or both coasts. Simulations also indicate greater land/sea-breeze activity in the summer than in the winter. Differences in the diurnal evolution of surface winds over land and water are found to be related to differences in the boundary layer stability. Overall, the results indicate that the WRF Model as configured here yields reliable simulations and can be used for various practical applications.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidhyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Utera or paira cropping (relay cropping) is age old double cropping system under the rainfed conditions in which succeeding utera crop is directly broadcasted in the standing rice crop after the flowering stage (Sharma et al., 2004). Fieldpea are a valuable source of protein for both man and animals. The majority of pea proteins are storage proteins, or globulins, and the amino acid profile of these proteins determines their nutritional value. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design having the combination of twelve treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of two seed treatment and six foliar nutrients spray. Seed treatment, S2: Seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB + fungicide + Sodium molybdate @ 0.5 g kg-1 seed recorded higher growth character, yield attributes and seed yield than with S1: Seed treatment with Rhizobium + PSB + fungicide under rainfed rice - utera condition. As regards to foliar nutrients F5: 0.5% NPK (19:19:19) spray at branching and 15 days after 1st spray was found superior among other foliar nutrient sprays in respect of growth characters, yield attributes and yield under rain fed rice - utera system.

The present works discuss the comparison between the analytical and experimental performance curve of the high pressure boiler feed pump - a multistage centrifugal pump. The hydraulic loss model stated by J.F. Gulich is widely used for the analytical performance prediction of the single stage centrifugal pumps. In the present work, this methodology is implemented for the analytical performance prediction of the 10-stage industrial centrifugal pump. The given pump is installed as HPBFP (High Pressure Boiler Feed Pump) to carry water from the deaerator to boiler. The H-Q (Head versus Discharge) analytical performance characteristics curve of the pump is compared with the experimental performance characteristics curve. The deviation between the analytical and experimental curve is between 2-13% for the discussed range of discharge. This deviation is due to the assumption of the single dimensional geometry of the different components of the centrifugal pump.

Real-time access to level II radar data became available in May 2005 at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Central Operations (NCO). Using these real-time data in operational data assimilation requires the data be processed reliably and efficiently through rigorous data quality controls. To this end, advanced radar data quality control techniques developed at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) are combined into a comprehensive radar data processing system at NCEP. Techniques designed to create a high-resolution reflectivity mosaic developed at the NSSL are also adopted and installed within the NCEP radar data processing system to generate hourly 3D reflectivity mosaics and 2D-derived products. The processed radar radial velocity and 3D reflectivity mosaics are ingested into NCEP's data assimilation systems to improve operational numerical weather predictions. The 3D reflectivity mosaics and 2D-derived products are also used for verification of high-resolution numerical weather prediction. The NCEP radar data processing system is described.

This chapter assesses the scientific literature on projected changes in major climate phenomena and more specifically their relevance for future change in regional climates, contingent on global mean temperatures continue to rise.

The Working Group I contribution to the IPCC.s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) considers new evidence of climate change based on many independent scientific analyses from observations of the climate system, paleoclimate archives, theoretical studies of climate processes and simulations using climate models. It builds upon the Working Group I contribution to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), and incorporates subsequent new findings of research. As a component of the fifth assessment cycle, the IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) is an important basis for information on changing weather and climate extremes. This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) follows the structure of the Working Group I report. The narrative is supported by a series of overarching highlighted conclusions which, taken together, provide a concise summary. Main sections are introduced with a brief paragraph in italics which outlines the methodological basis of the assessment. The degree of certainty in key findings in this assessment is based on the author teams. evaluations of underlying scientific understanding and is expressed as a qualitative level of confidence (from very low to very high) and, when possible, probabilistically with a quantified likelihood (from exceptionally unlikely to virtually certain). Confidence in the validity of a finding is based on the type, amount, quality, and consistency of evidence (e.g., data, mechanistic understanding, theory, models, expert judgment) and the degree of agreement. Probabilistic estimates of quantified measures of uncertainty in a finding are based on statistical analysis of observations or model results, or both, and expert judgment. Where appropriate, findings are also formulated as statements of fact without using uncertainty qualifiers. (See Chapter 1 and Box TS.1 for more details about the specific language the IPCC uses to communicate uncertainty). The basis for substantive paragraphs in this Summary for Policymakers can be found in the chapter sections of the underlying report and in the Technical Summary. These references are given in curly brackets.

A high resolution regional climate modeling system, known as PRECIS (Providing REgional Climate for Impact Studies), developed by Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, UK, is applied for Indian subcontinent to assess the impact of climate change on the summer monsoon onset characteristics. The present day simulation (1961–1990) with PRECIS is evaluated for the characteristics of onset over Kerala, southernmost part of India, where the monsoon sets in over Indian landmass. The meteorological parameters like precipitation, outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), and low level winds are analysed to study the monsoon onset over Kerala. The model is able to capture the sudden and sharp increase of rainfall associated with the onset. The rapid built-up of convective activity over the southeastern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal is well represented by the model. PRECIS simulations, under scenarios of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and sulphate aerosols, are analysed to study the likely changes in the onset characteristics in future, towards the end of present century (2071–2100). The analysis does not indicate significant difference in the mean onset dates in A2 and B2 scenarios. However, the variability of onset date is likely to be more towards the end of the 21st century especially in A2 scenario.

The impact of global warming on the characteristics of mean and extremes of rainfall over India is investigated using a high resolution regional climate model PRECIS developed by Hadley Centre, UK. Five simulations of PRECIS made using the lateral boundary conditions from a suite of Perturbed Physics Ensembles (PPE) generated using Hadley Center Coupled Model (HadCM3) for Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions (QUMP) project corresponding to IPCC A1B emission scenario have been analyzed here for this purpose. The projected changes depict seasonally dependent fine scale structure in response to the topographic forcing and changes in circulation, especially along the west coast and North East (NE) region of India towards the end of the 21st century i.e. 2080s (2071–2098). Analysis of the extreme precipitation indices indicates an increase in the intensity of rainfall on wet days towards 2080s under A1B scenario. Changes in extreme precipitation events and dry spells suggest not only shifts, but also a substantial increase in the spread of the precipitation distribution, with an increased probability of the occurrence of events conducive to both floods and droughts. The projected changes in various precipitation extremes show a large regional variability. Total rainfall on very heavy rainy days (R95p) is projected to increase by around 40–50% over the central parts of the country. The number of rainy days >10mm (R10) may increase by 10–20% over west coast, east central India and northeastern parts while over northwest and rain shadow region they may increase by 40–50%. The consecutive dry days (CDDs) may decrease by 10–20% over Indo-Gangetic plain, however over west coast there may not be any significant change. The CDDs are projected to rise by 10–20% over west central and peninsular India. The precipitation per wet day (SDII) may be more intense by 10–40% over the entire land mass, however there may not be any significant change over south peninsular India.

The Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region is characterized by a variety of climatic conditions from tropical to alpine. It has been documented that the rates of warming in the HKH region are significantly higher than the global average and that the warming is occurring at much higher rates in the high-altitude regions than in the low-altitude regions. Mountainous environments are considered sensitive indicators of climate change. Hence this study examined the potential impact of global warming on the HKH region by applying Hadley Centre's high-resolution regional climate model PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies) to 3 subregions: the western, central, and eastern Himalaya. The physical mechanisms that drive warming are different for the 3 regions, and the western Himalaya has 2 major rainy seasons, whereas the central and eastern Himalaya have only one. This study therefore focused on the common rainy season (June-September), during which all 3 regions receive the highest proportion of their annual rainfall. The 3 PRECIS simulations that correspond to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's A1B emissions scenario were carried out for a continuous period from 1961 to 2098. They were validated with high-resolution (0.25 degrees latitude x 0.25 degrees longitude) data provided by the Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of the Water Resources (APHRODITE) project and by the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. The model was reasonably effective in simulating the monsoon climate over the HKH region. The climate projections were examined over the short (2011-2040), medium (2041-2070), and long term (2071-2098). The model projections indicate that significant warming will occur throughout the HKH region toward the end of the 21st century. Summer monsoon precipitation is expected to be 20-40% higher in 2071-2098 than it was in the baseline period (1961-1990). The 3 Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Predictions simulations show large differences in projections in the western Himalaya.