Unilateral AO external fixator was used as primary and definitive procedure for treatment of open fractures of both bones of leg. There were 37 patients, and according to Gustilo and Anderson classification there were 20 patients in Type II and 9 in type III A and 8 in type III B. Type I and Type II C were excluded from the study. Males were 30 and females were 7. Maximum cases were in the age group 31-40 years (12 patients). The most common level of injury was at middle 1/3 of tibia. There were associated injuries in seven patients. In all the cases initial debridement and unilateral external fixation was applied. In 31 cases primary closure was done after ensuring the viability of the soft tissues and skin. Secondary closure was done in six cases. Flap cover was given in three cases and skin grafting in three cases. Release incision was done in two cases. The patients were followed for union of fracture; function of the limb and for complications. Fractures in 36 patients united by 10 to 24 weeks with an average of 16 weeks. The complications encountered were, non-union in one, loss of reduction in three, Pin track infection in 8, osteomyelitis in one patient.

This paper deals with evaluation of the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam with fixed dimensions and material. The necessary boundary conditions are applied and the natural frequencies are evaluated by 3 methods viz a) analytically, by using relevant formulae, b) by using the concepts of FEM and MATLAB software, and c) by experimental analysis. There will be a discrepancy in the above values of the natural frequencies. The experimental value is taken as a benchmark and the deviation of the value by analytical and FEM methods are minimized or the dynamic characteristics of the beam structure are improved by employing the principles of Structural Dynamic Modification (SDM). Model updating is one of the techniques of SDM used to converge the values of the natural frequencies closer to the experimental value.

The present work highlights the variations of the Eigen values or otherwise the natural frequencies of cantilever beam and simply supported beam structures with respect to the beam cross sections and end conditions. NATURAL FREQUENCIES play an important role in the smooth operation of the element or structure. Natural frequencies have their importance in the field of dynamics and hence the study is called as Dynamic analysis.

Copy number variants (CNVs) of a 600 kb region on 16p11.2 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and changes in brain volume. The authors hypothesize that abnormal brain development associated with this CNV can be attributed to changes in transcriptional regulation. The authors determined the effects of 16p11.2 dosage on gene expression by transcription profiling of lymphoblast cell lines derived from 6 microdeletion carriers, 15 microduplication carriers and 15 controls. Gene dosage had a significant influence on the transcript abundance of a majority (20/34) of genes within the CNV region. In addition, a limited number of genes were dysregulated in trans. Genes most strongly correlated with patient head circumference included SULT1A, KCTD13, and TMEM242. Given the modest effect of 16p11.2 copy number on global transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, larger studies utilizing neuronal cell types may be needed in order to elucidate the signaling pathways that influence brain development in this genetic disorder.

Manual Material Handling (MMH) duringmaintenance activities poses strain to employees and at times it results in injuries. This type of work entails lifting, bending and twisting which can cause great strain to the human body if done improperly. A paradigm shift has taken place in Ergonomics from the narrow to a wide approach dealing with physiological, psychological, technological and organizational aspects of human work environment. This paper analyses the MMH hazards during the replacement of jaw bits in Electrically Operated Tong (EOT) crane in Hot Rolling Mill. Ergonomics risk factors were estimated using Rapid Entire Body Assessment risk assessment (REBA) tool. Based on the analysis, suitable engineering improvement called Lift - Assist Device was developed to reduce extreme range of motion while lifting, moving and inserting and found to be satisfactory.

Applying the principles of electro-pneumatics (EP) in food and beverage industries with the integration of timer and counter in a motion sequence control. Double acting cylinders are utilized in this study that will properly simulate the effect of different electro-pneumatics control systems. Forward motion sequence control directed the entire EP circuits and piston rod’s operation speed are controlled. The sensing information of all linear actuators is carried out by limit switches or electrical rollers that sense whether an extension or retraction has occurred. This information is passed to different relays such as counter relay, relay with switch-off delay and relay with switch-on delay.

The present paper illustrates the various developments in the field of structural dynamic modification (SDM). SDM techniques can be defined as the methods by which the dynamic behavior of a structure is improved by predicting the modified behavior brought about by adding modifications like those of lumped masses, rigid links, dampers, beams etc or by variations in the configuration parameters of the structures itself. The theory of SDM started in the late 70s. But intensive research has taken place only after a decade and subsequently light has been put on this subject in recent years. The contribution of many researchers to this field has taken the subject to a new era of investigation. The modification in any structure to improve its natural frequencies has received a lot of attention in many areas as structure response is heavily influenced by its natural frequencies. FEM is a basic tool that is used for analysis of such structures, which simplifies the laborious calculations

Infantile spasms (ISS) are an epilepsy disorder frequently associated with severe developmental outcome and have diverse genetic etiologies. We ascertained 11 subjects with ISS and novel copy number variants (CNVs) and combined these with a new cohort with deletion 1p36 and ISS, and additional published patients with ISS and other chromosomal abnormalities. Using bioinformatics tools, we analyzed the gene content of these CNVs for enrichment in pathways of pathogenesis. Several important findings emerged. First, the gene content was enriched for the gene regulatory network involved in ventral forebrain development. Second, genes in pathways of synaptic function were overrepresented, significantly those involved in synaptic vesicle transport. Evidence also suggested roles for GABAergic synapses and the postsynaptic density. Third, we confirm the association of ISS with duplication of 14q12 and maternally inherited duplication of 15q11q13, and report the association with duplication of 21q21. We also present a patient with ISS and deletion 7q11.3 not involving MAGI2. Finally, we provide evidence that ISS in deletion 1p36 may be associated with deletion of KLHL17 and expand the epilepsy phenotype in that syndrome to include early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Several of the identified pathways share functional links, and abnormalities of forebrain synaptic growth and function may form a common biologic mechanism underlying both ISS and autism. This study demonstrates a novel approach to the study of gene content in subjects with ISS and copy number variation, and contributes further evidence to support specific pathways of pathogenesis.

References 1. Hallmayer, J, Cleveland, S, Torres, A et al. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with utism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76.. Epub 4 July 2011. 2. Barak, T, Kwan, KY, Louvi, A et al. Recessive LAMC3 mutations cause malformations of occipital cortical development. Nat Genet 2011: 43 ( 6): 590– 594. Epub 15 May 2011. 3. Zweier, C, de Jong, EK, Orrico, A et al. CNTNAP2 and NRXN1 are mutated in autosomal-recessive Pitt Hopkins-like mental retardation and determine the level of a common synaptic protein in Drosophila. Am J Hum Genet 2009: 85 ( 5): 655– 666. Exome sequencing in sporadic autism spectrum disorders identifies severe de novo mutations O'Roak et al. (2011) Nature Genetics 43(6):585–589. Epub 15 May 2011

Recessive LAMC3 mutations cause malformations of occipital cortical development Barak et al. (2011) Nature Genetics 43(6): 590–594. Epub 15 May 2011

A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two‐hit model for severe developmental delayGirirajan et al. (2010)Nature Genetics 42(3):203–209

Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early‐onset obesity Bochukova et al. (2010) Nature 463(7281):666–670

Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early‐onset obesity Bochukova et al. (2010) Nature 463(7281):666–670

Submicroscopic recurrent 16p11.2 rearrangements are associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. The common 16p11.2 region includes 24 known genes, of which 22 are expressed in the developing human fetal nervous system. As yet, the mechanisms leading to neurodevelopmental abnormalities and the broader phenotypes associated with deletion or duplication of 16p11.2 have not been clarified. Here we report a child with spastic quadriparesis, refractory infantile seizures, severe global developmental delay, hypotonia, and microcephaly, and a de novo 598 kb 16p11.2 microduplication. Family history is negative for any of these features in parents and immediate family members. Sequencing analyses showed no mutations in DOC2A, QPRT, and SEZ6L2, genes within the duplicated 16p11.2 region that have been implicated in neuronal function and/or seizure related phenotypes. The child's clinical course is consistent with a rare seizure disorder called malignant migrating partial seizure disorder of infancy, raising the possibility that duplication or disruption of genes in the 16p11.2 interval may contribute to this severe disorder.

Mutations in the SHANK2 synaptic scaffolding gene in autism spectrum disorder and mental retardation Berkel et al. (2010) Nature Genetics 42(6):489–491

Recent outbreaks of enterovirus in Southeast Asia emphasize difficulties in diagnosis of this infection. To address this issue, we report 5 (4.7%) children infected with enterovirus 75 among 106 children with acute encephalitis syndrome during 2005–2007 in southern India. Throat swab specimens may be useful for diagnosis of enterovirus 75 infection.

We previously showed that mutations in LIS1 and DCX account for ∼85% of patients with the classic form of lissencephaly (LIS). Some rare forms of LIS are associated with a disproportionately small cerebellum, referred to as lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH). Tubulin alpha1A (TUBA1A), encoding a critical structural subunit of microtubules, has recently been implicated in LIS. Here, we screen the largest cohort of unexplained LIS patients examined to date to determine: (i) the frequency of TUBA1A mutations in patients with lissencephaly, (ii) the spectrum of phenotypes associated with TUBA1A mutations and (iii) the functional consequences of different TUBA1A mutations on microtubule function. We identified novel and recurrent TUBA1A mutations in ∼1% of children with classic LIS and in ∼30% of children with LCH, making this the first major gene associated with the rare LCH phenotype. We also unexpectedly found a TUBA1A mutation in one child with agenesis of the corpus callosum and cerebellar hypoplasia without LIS. Thus, our data demonstrate a wider spectrum of phenotypes than previously reported and allow us to propose new recommendations for clinical testing. We also provide cellular and structural data suggesting that LIS-associated mutations of TUBA1A operate via diverse mechanisms that include disruption of binding sites for microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs).