Sealed building wind pressure coefficients and discharge coefficients of openings are generally used to predict building ventilation airflow rates. For the flow through large openings, however, it is well known that this method underestimates the flow rate. The ultimate goal of this work is to establish an improved prediction method based on energy balance inside a selected stream tube passing through/around the building. In this paper, wind tunnel tests and CFD analyses are conducted by using a simple-shaped detached house with a purpose to study the accuracy of the CFD simulation. Here three cases are studied varying the opening size. Finally, measured and simulated ground pressure distribution and airflow pattern are compared.

Triticum timophevii ssp. timopheevii 4x, ssp. araraticum, 4x, and T. zhukovskyi, 6x were crossed with tetraploid Hordeum bulbosum and with two artificial populations of the same species with ca. 2n = 29 and ca. 2n = 35. The seed set varied from 0% to 5.5% in different combinations. The plant development was poor; only in combinations with ssp. timopheevii were plants obtained, which, however, all were dihaploids, with n = 14. The meiotic pairing was low in the dihaploids. 0.26 to 0.64 chiasmata/cell. This indicates that the A and G genomes are homoeologous to each other, but the action of a Ph-like gene is maintained. One population of Triticum timopheevii ssp. timopheevii was also crossed with Secale cereale cv. 'Chodan', the seed set was ranging from 0-94% in individual plants.

Different species of Triticum (sensu stricto) were crossed with T. ovatum, T. triunciale, T. crassurn. and T. tauschii (belonging to the previously recognized genus Aegilops). Hybrid plants were obtained in 7 interspecific combinations. The seed set was rather good in most attempts when a species from Triticum sp. (sensu stricto) was used as male parent, but low when used as female. All the hybrids were sterile; pollen stainability was about 1 % and no seeds were set. The chromosome pairing was low with few bivalents, mainly as rods. Multivalents were rare. The chiasma frequency ranged from 7.64 chiasmataiceil (T. triunciale x T. aestivum ssp. aestivum) to 0.76 chiasmata/cell in T. aestivum ssp. aestivurn x T. ovatum. T. triunciule x T. aestivum ssp. spelta was backcrossed to bread wheat. Most plants in the first three backcross generations were strongly hyperploid. The plants were male sterile, probably due to cytoplasmic interactions.

The purpose of the paper is to examine the relation between urban morphology (three-dimensional structure) and windiness. We regard a city as a porous obstacle, which is open at the top. We consider the interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and a city to be both a function of the overall shape (silhouette or skyline) and the internal resistance to the flow caused by the friction when the wind flows over the urban surfaces. We regard the street pattern as an interconnected flow network with the crossings as nodes. Flow, along the streets is generated by pressure differences.We here use a highly idealized city model consisting of a circular block divided into two or four equally large sectors. Two types of cases are studied, the first with only one street through the city model with different angles between the street and the oncoming wind. The second case also contains a perpendicularly crossing street (through the center). Both wind tunnel experiments and numerical flow computations (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) are used and compared. The general agreement between the two is good and the CFD method offers new possibilities for quantifying the urban wind environment. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of remoxipride (controlled release) versus haloperidol in patients with negative symptoms. The study comprised a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. Two hundred and five patients were randomised to either remoxipride or haloperidol. Patients eligible for this study were aged 18-65 years, met the DSM-III-R diagnosis for chronic schizophrenia and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) criteria for predominant negative symptoms. There was a statistically significant reduction in the PANSS scores of at least 20% from baseline to last rating for 39 remoxipride (49.4%) and 45 haloperidol (47.6%) treated patients. There were no statistical differences found between the two treatment groups with respect to improvement of negative symptoms and adverse events. The PANSS data suggest that both remoxipride and haloperidol improve the cluster of negative symptoms concerned with social functioning. In addition, the design of the study provides a methodology that is appropriate to the study of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum was crossed to Dasypyrum villosum. The primary hybrid was crossed to T. aestivum cv. 'Chinese Spring', and the resulting triple hybrid was backcrossed twice to the Swedish variety 'Kadett' and 'Chinese Spring'. The seed set was higher when 'Kadett' served as the recurrent parent (3% in the triple hybrid and 15% in BC1), than it was with 'Chinese Spring' (0.8 and 1%, respectively). The plants of BC1 and BC2 had brittle rachis, and spike morphology varied from short and club-like to long and sparse. The pollen grain stainability in BC1 and BC2 plants ranged from 0 to 65% and 14 to 91%, respectively. There was little correlation between pollen grain stainability and seed set. From the triple hybrid to BC2, the chiasma frequency per microsporocyte increased from 12.4 to 35.4. The BC2F2 and F-3 plants are evaluated for agronomic traits.

Further observations of the vortex pair in front of U-section prisms have been conducted by using smoke visualization technique. A number of models with different dimensions were systematically investigated. In this paper, the flow patterns are described and the physical mechanism is explained. A unified critical condition concerning the occurrence of the vortex pair is also determined. The influence of end plates is discussed in detail and the effect of Reynolds Number and turbulence is qualitatively considered. Also given in this paper is the scale and the number of vortex pairs related to dimensions. Velocity fluctuations in the vortex flow were detected using a hot-film anemometer.

Crossing experiments between (2 x) and 14 taxa of sensu lato (seven diploids, five tetraploids and two hexoploids) were performed. Adult hybrids were obtained in all but three of the combinations with diploid species. A haploid plant was obtained from the combination . Cytogenetic data on the meiotic pairing in the intergeneric hybrids revealed that, in general, very little pairing occurred between the V genome of and the different genomes in . There may be comparatively large differences in pairing behaviour in hybrids including different parental accessions, which shows that the as well as the genotypes may influence the pairing. The combination (4 x) was also produced and from the meiotic pairing in the hybrid it is evident that is an autoploid.

Crossing experiments between Dasypyrum villosum (2x) and 14 taxa of Triticum sensu lato (seven diploids, five tetraploids and two hexoploids) were performed. Adult hybrids were obtained in all but three of the combinations with diploid species. A haploid plant was obtained from the combination T. aestivum x D. villosum. Cytogenetic data on the meiotic pairing in the intergeneric hybrids revealed that, in general, very little pairing occurred between the V genome of Dasypyrum and the different genomes in Triticum. There may be comparatively large differences in pairing behaviour in hybrids including different parental accessions, which shows that the Triticum as well as the Dasypyrum genotypes may influence the pairing. The combination T. aestivum x D. hordeaceum (4 x) was also produced and from the meiotic pairing in the hybrid it is evident that D. hordeaceum is an autoploid.

Elymus caninus (L.) L, 2n = 4x = 28, SSHH was crossed with Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell, 2n = 6x = AABBDD. The seed set was ca 1%. The surviving hybrids had a low seedset when backcrossed to wheat. The chromosome pairing in the F1 hybrid was very low with 0.06-0.14 chiasmata/cell. Also the BC1 had low pairing with 29.83 chiasmata/cell, 11.83 rings and 5.58 rod bivalents.

A crossing programme for trispecific hybridization including cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as the third parent was carried out. The primary hybrids comprised 11 interspecific combinations, each of which had either H. jubatum or H. lechleri as one of the parents. The second parent represented species closely or distantly related to H. jubatum and H. lechleri. In trispecific crosses with diploid barley, the seed set was 5.7%. Crosses with tetraploid barley were highly unsuccessful (0.2% seed set). Three lines of diploid barley were used in the crosses, i.e. ‘Gull’, ‘Golden Promise’ and ‘Vada’. Generally, cv ‘Gull’ had high crossability in crosses with related species in the primary hybrid. It is suggested that ‘Gull’ has a genetic factor for crossability not present in cv ‘Vada’ and cv ‘Golden Promise’. One accession of H. brachyantherum used in the primary hybrid had a very high crossability (seed set 54.7%) in combination with cv ‘Vada’ but no viable offspring was produced. In all, two trispecific hybrids were raised, viz. (H. lechleri x H. brevisubulatum) x ‘Gull’ (2n=7–30) and (H. jubatum x H. lechleri) x ‘Gull’ (2n=20–22). The first combination invariably had a full complement of seven barley chromosomes plus an additional chromosome no. 7, but a varying number of chromosomes (19–22) of the wild-species hybrid. The second combination had a full set of barley chromosomes. The meiotic pairing was low in both combinations.

A crossing programme for trispecific hybridization including cultivated barley ( L.) as the third parent was carried out. The primary hybrids comprised 11 interspecific combinations, each of which had either or as one of the parents. The second parent represented species closely or distantly related to and . In trispecific crosses with diploid barley, the seed set was 5.7%. Crosses with tetraploid barley were highly unsuccessful (0.2% seed set). Three lines of diploid barley were used in the crosses, i.e. ‘Gull’, ‘Golden Promise’ and ‘Vada’. Generally, cv ‘Gull’ had high crossability in crosses with related species in the primary hybrid. It is suggested that ‘Gull’ has a genetic factor for crossability not present in cv ‘Vada’ and cv ‘Golden Promise’. One accession of used in the primary hybrid had a very high crossability (seed set 54.7%) in combination with cv ‘Vada’ but no viable offspring was produced. In all, two trispecific hybrids were raised, viz. ( x x ‘Gull’ (2n=7–30) and ( x x ‘Gull’ (2n=20–22). The first combination invariably had a full complement of seven barley chromosomes plus an additional chromosome no. 7, but a varying number of chromosomes (19–22) of the wild-species hybrid. The second combination had a full set of barley chromosomes. The meiotic pairing was low in both combinations.

One hundred and fifty-three populations representing 24 wild Hordeum species have been screened for resistance to powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. All species except one are resistant to the four Scandinavian isolates tested. Histological studies have been performed during different stages of infection. In all stages, significant differences exist between all different sources of resistance. It can be concluded that a combination of mechanisms are involved in resistance reactions of wild barley species. However, the most important reactions seem to be induced by the host plants after penetration of epidermis cells. How far the development of the fungus progresses vanes with the material, but in most cases the formation of well-shaped primary haustoria and/or secondary hyphae was inhibited. In a majority of the material, resistance appears to be dominant to susceptibility.

Cross-ventilation is difficult to predict and control because wind exhibits a large degree of variation in both speed and direction. Consequently, the design of a well functioning cross-ventilation system presently demands thorough and often expensive wind tunnel and CFD investigations. If one can lower the cost needed for these investigations much will be gained. This paper considers the possibility to classify types of flows based on straightforward static pressure measurements. The wind tunnel at the University of Gävle was provided with a pressure plate with 400 pressure taps organized in a square grid. Models of a house with two openings located opposite to each other were placed on the pressure plate and subjected to steady wind flow conditions. Three distinct types of flows were identified by systematically changing the opening size and recording the related static pressure distribution. The occurrence of the different regimes can be explained by jet flow theory. The most important parameter was the internal length of the house divided by a characteristic length of the opening which is the parameter associated with the development of jet flow.