Different raw materials are routinely used in aquaculture feeds to satisfy the dietary nutrients required by aquaculture species. There are several components that should be taken into account in the evaluation of a particular ingredient in feed formulation, such as digestibility, palatability and nutrient utilization and interference. The aim of this review was to produce a global overview about the alternative to fish meal and fish oil for gilthead sea bream diets in aquaculture. Particular attention was given to the effect on gut health. Moreover, the information collected in this review might be used as a tool in fine-tuning of new diets for gilthead seabream. The parameters reported in works are not often standardized, and in some works, not all parameters are present; therefore, it is difficult to compare different trials. For this reason, we think that the collection of these data may help researchers to standardize in the future of the parameters necessary to evaluate alternative protein and lipid stuffs for gilthead seabream.

This study describes, for the first time, larval growth stages of red scorpionfish, Scorpaena scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) from 0 until 63 days post hatching (DPH) in order to provide information about organogenesis. Moreover, it could constitute a first step toward the determination of the functional capabilities of the larvae and, consequentially, their rearing needs. Based on the main morpho-histological characteristics, four main stages have been established: lecitotrophic (0-1 DPH), lecitoexotrophic (2-4 DPH), exotrophic I (5-19 DPH) and exotrophic II (20-63 DPH). Scorpaena scrofa larvae use exclusively the endogenous reserves as energy source until first day. At the same time, the other organs appear as clusters of undifferentiated cells or anlage. During stage II, the yolk sac it is reabsorbed, and mouth and anus open outwards. At this stage, the energy needs is satisfied by endogenous reserves and exogenous nutrition. Therefore, even the structures that, directly and indirectly, support the exogenous feeding (hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, gall bladder) increase their specialization. The energy that is provided from food, is used for an intense organogenesis and for a strong specialization of organs that characterize the third stage of larval development. From stage IV onwards, most organs and structures essentially appear in their final morphology and increase exclusively in size.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders.

Plastic pollution is an emerging threat with severe implications on animals’ and environmental health. Nevertheless, interactions of plastic particles with both microbial structure and metabolism are a new research challenge that needs to be elucidated yet. To improve knowledge on the effects played by microplastics on free-living and fish gut-associated microbial community in aquatic environments, a 90-day study was performed in three replicated mesocosms (control-CTRL, native polyvinyl chloride-MPV and weathered polyvinyl chloride-MPI), where sea bass specimens were hosted. In CTRL mesocosm, fish was fed with no-plastic-added food, whilst in MPV and MPI food was supplemented with native or exposed to polluted waters polyvinylchloride pellets, respectively. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen, total and culturable bacteria, extracellular enzymatic activities, and microbial community substrate utilization profiles were analyzed. POC values were lower in MPI than MPV and CRTL mesocosms. Microplastics did not affect severely bacterial metabolism, although enzymatic activities decreased and microbes utilized a lower number of carbon substrates in MPI than MPV and CTRL. No shifts in the bacterial community composition of fish gut microflora were observed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting analysis.

Armoracia rusticana (AR) was tested for antimicrobial and antioxidants power. The compound demonstrated to inhibit fish pathogens such as Vibrio anguillarum, V. harvey, V. alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subspecie piscicida, Tenacibaculum marinum and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica,. The total phenolic content and the reducing power resulted higher in the water extract of AR, respect to the hydroalcoolic. In vitro test demonstrated that AR significantly protect cells against death, induced by oxidative stress.

Fishmeal and fish oil have been for a long time the dominant raw materials for aquaculture feeds but these are limited and finite resources. Plant oils extracted from oilseeds are the main candidates as sustainable substitutes for fish oil in fish feeds and many studies have demonstrated the feasibility of their use. Plant oils are rich in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids but lack in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids that belong to omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and whose food consumption has been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. In the light of these considerations, it is clear that the most important problem of the replacement of dietary fish oil with plant oils is a reduction of the nutritional value of the flesh of farmed fish. This review attempts to provide an overview of the effects of the major plant lipid sources alternative to fish oil tested in studies carried out on farmed fish species.

The fast increase in marine aquaculture productions has generated some problems related to optimization of fish feed. Moreover, the search for alternative raw materials to supplement or replace fishmeal and fish oil has made the introduction of additives into the diet necessary. Diet additives have recently attracted attention and investments of the aquaculture industry and, consequently, researches aimed at evaluating the costs/benefits ratio and the effects on organisms and environments are increasing. In general, additives are nutritive or nonnutritive ingredients that are added to the diet alone or in combination with each other and that are present in small quantities. Their functions are different: preserve the physical and chemical features of the diet, enhance animal health and welfare, improve the quality of final product and maintain the quality of aquatic environment. This chapter provides an overview of the use of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants in fish feeds. In addition to these natural substances, also enzymes are proposed as new alternative aquafeed additives. The effects on fish growth, welfare, reproduction and health status of the above-reported additives are discussed.

Shellfish aquaculture represents a worldwide valuable segment of the aquaculture market, spreading along the Mediterranean coasts, and is sensitive to the still unforeseen, poorly-known effects of climate change. Threats due to temperature rise can threaten the deployment and development of this sector, up until now recognised as the best candidate to mitigate the effects of fishery overexploitation. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature increase on the model species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, measuring outcomes from valve fragility (thickness) and condition index. Evidence of a reduction in the thickness of valves and the modulation condition of the mussels along with temperature increase have been gathered from simulations of a natural temperature gradient changing along latitude (the Italian Peninsula) and temperature risen (mesocosm trial). The obtained results offer a baseline to help the next generation of managers and stakeholders when assessing the reliability and feasibility of shellfish culture in a changing sea that can generate undetected and underestimated impacts on

Fisheries products found in the landing places or markets usually represent a fraction of what has been originally taken out from the sea by fishermen. A more or less variable amount of the gross (or overall or initial) catch, in fact, is returned either dead or alive to the sea for multiple reasons. This phenomenon, generally known as 'the discard problem', has raised more and more global concern especially in the last decades since introducing more selectivity gears and acquiring more reliable catch data (also about the survival rate of the discarded specimens) are considered basic requirements in the current management plans for recovering and rebuilding fish stocks. To this concern, the current Common Fisheries Policy aims to reduce the discard rate in the European waters through the introduction of a landing obligation (better 'discard ban') according to which all the specimens of the 'target' stock caught must be landed. This chapter focuses on the characterization of the catch returned to the sea 'potential' available to be landed after the introduction of landing obligation, and the possible use as a potential food source in aquaculture (the direct use for human consumption is in fact prohibited).

Aquaculture currently accounts for approximately 50% of fish consumed by humans. The future development of aquaculture will be greatly constrained by the increasing costs of fishmeal and fish oil. To remedy this situation, scientific research and feed manufacturers have made a significant progress by looking for alternative protein sources for use in fish diets in order to develop feeds that provide adequate nutrition for animals' growth, while reducing to minimum the use of traditional sources of protein. This chapter aims at critically reviewing recent studies, carried out worldwide, about the effects of the inclusion of new protein sources as insect, poultry by-products, meat and bone meals and other protein sources alternative to fishmeal in aquafeeds. In particular, the impacts of these protein sources in terms of growth, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality traits and sensorial perception in the most important farmed marine and freshwater fish species are evaluated.

Shellfish aquaculture represents a worldwide valuable segment of the aquaculture market, spreading along the Mediterranean coasts, and is sensitive to the still unforeseen, poorly-known effects of climate change. Threats due to temperature rise can threaten the deployment and development of this sector, up until now recognised as the best candidate to mitigate the effects of fishery overexploitation. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature increase on the model species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, measuring outcomes from valve fragility (thickness) and condition index. Evidence of a reduction in the thickness of valves and the modulation condition of the mussels along with temperature increase have been gathered from simulations of a natural temperature gradient changing along latitude (the Italian Peninsula) and temperature risen (mesocosm trial). The obtained results offer a baseline to help the next generation of managers and stakeholders when assessing the reliability and feasibility of shellfish culture in a changing sea that can generate undetected and underestimated impacts on the sector.

Our study describes new methods for larval rearing of the red scorpionfish Scorpaena scrofa from hatching to 63 days post hatching (DPH). Eight adult wild specimens, including three females (Total Length = 40.63 +/- 1.10 cm) and five males (Total Length = 42.46 +/- 4.57 cm) were captured in 2013 to constitute the broodstock. On 2015, from June 16 to July 31, twenty-two spawning events were obtained. The fertilization percentage and the hatching rate were 65.71 +/- 37.18% and 76 +/- 3% respectively. From 0 to 63 DPH larvae grew from 2.18 +/- 0.07 to 14.02 +/- 1.21 mm.

The increasing rise in sea surface temperature caused by human activities currently represents the major threat to biodiversity and natural food webs. In this study we used the Lessepsian mussel Brachidontes pharaonis, one of the most recent invaders of the Mediterranean Sea, as a model to investigate the effect of a novel prey and a chronic increase in temperatures on functional parameters of local consumers, compared to the native mytilid species Mytilaster minimus. In particular we focused on the whelk Stramonita haemastoma, a widespread Mediterranean intertidal predator that actively preys on bivalves, barnacles and limpets, by studying the direct effects of such multiple stressors on feeding and growth rate, projected into a future climate change scenario (RCP8.5) relative to 2046-2065 with higher hypothesized temperatures of 2 degrees C. Gastropods showed a significantly higher feeding rate (ADFR) on M. minimus at high (6.45 +/- 0.43) vs low temperatures (5.15 +/- 0.33) compared to B. pharaonis (2.84 +/- 0.37 vs 2.48 +/- 0.27). Ingestion rate (ADIR), however, recorded higher values for B. pharaonis at high (1.71 +/- 0.22) and low (1.49 +/- 0.16) temperatures, compared to M. minimus (0.17 +/- 0.01 vs 0.14 +/- 0.01). Prey significantly influenced growth rate, condition index and the length-weight relationship (LWR) of whelks, while only ADFR seemed to be influenced by higher temperatures. In conclusion the extra amount of energy from the novel prey, together with temperature side effects, successfully influenced growth rates and reproductive events, positively affecting the global fitness of whelks. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study evaluated the effects of diets containing Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal in partial substitution of fishmeal (FM) on growth performances, marketable, physical and chemical traits of wild-caught blackspot sea bream, a valuable finfish species potentially candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture. One hundred thirty fish were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates each. Fish were fed three diets presenting increasing levels of TM in FM substitution for 131 days: TM0, TM25 and TM50 with 0%, 25% and 50% of fishmeal replacement, respectively. Daily intake ratio, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate were not affected by different diets, like slaughter traits and carcass yield. No significant differences were detected for some fillet quality parameters, such as water holding capacity and texture characteristics (hardness, cohesiveness, resilience, gumminess and adhesiveness), whilst pH value was found lower in TM50 than in TM0 and TM25 specimens. Different diets did not affect the colour of the skin dorsal region, unlike the skin ventral region where significant variations in colour were observed, as lower lightness and hue while higher redness in TM50 group than in the other two groups. Regarding colour of fillet epaxial region, yellowness and chroma were higher when TM was added in the diets; instead hue resulted higher in fish fed diet containing FM as exclusive source of protein. In the fillet hypaxial region, the colour presented yellowness and chroma values lower in TM0 and TM25 groups than in TM50 group; whilst this last showed the lowest value for hue. Fillet proximate composition was not affected by the diet, unlike the fatty acids profile. Σn3FA, especially EPA, was higher in fish fed TM0 diet. On the contrary Σn6, especially linoleic acid, significantly increased with TM inclusion in the diets. The Σn3/Σn6 FA ratio was linearly (TM0 > TM25 > TM50) reduced by TM inclusion in the diet and TM50 specimens had the highest (i.e. the worst) values for Atherogenicity and Thrombogenicity Indexes. Since no detrimental effects on growth performance were found, the use of Tenebrio molitor meal as alternative protein source in blackspot sea bream diet seems to be encouraging, but the effects on fillet quality should be considered.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass ( Linnaeus, 1758) and blackspot sea bream ( Brünnich, 1768) Gabriella Caruso, Maria Gabriella Denaro, Rosalba Caruso, Ferdinando Mancari, Lucrezia Genovese, Giulia Maricchiolo

Microbiological controls of coastal seawaters are a common practice to verify their safety for human recreational and productive uses. The aim of the present study is to describe the microbiological conditions of the Castellammare Gulf (Trapani, Sicily), an area traditionally used for aquaculture purposes. Particularly, the results obtained from three surveys (1993-1995, 2000-2001 and 2007) are compared in order to depict how the hygienic-sanitary conditions of this marine ecosystem have evolved over time. Attention has been given to the abundance and distribution of the bacterial indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella spp.) as well as halophilic vibrios, using the culture methods conventionally indicated by current legislation in force for the sanitary control of waters designed for aquaculture productions. The obtained results shows that the sanitary conditions of seawater samples met the criteria recommended by current legislations for shellfish farming approved areas. The low concentrations of faecal pollution indicators and of halophilic vibrios confirm the general suitability of the Gulf of Castellammare for seafood production. Nevertheless, the detection of low percentages of potentially pathogenic species of halophilic vibrios stresses the importance of extending microbiological controls also to these emerging pathogens.

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 48, Issue 2 p. 725-728 Short Communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii preserves the integrity of intestinal mucosa in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata subjected to a bacterial challenge with Vibrio anguillarum Giulia Maricchiolo, Corresponding Author Giulia Maricchiolo [email protected] Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalyCorrespondence: G Maricchiolo, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, Messina 98122, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLetteria Caccamo, Letteria Caccamo Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMonique Mancuso, Monique Mancuso Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorGiovanni Marco Cusimano, Giovanni Marco Cusimano Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Gai, Francesco Gai Institute of Science of Food Production, CNR, UOS Torino, Grugliasco, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMaria Genovese, Maria Genovese Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorAbdallah Ghonimy, Abdallah Ghonimy National Institute of Oceanography and Fishery (NIOF), Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorLucrezia Genovese, Lucrezia Genovese Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this author Giulia Maricchiolo, Corresponding Author Giulia Maricchiolo [email protected] Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalyCorrespondence: G Maricchiolo, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), CNR, Spianata S. Raineri, 86, Messina 98122, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLetteria Caccamo, Letteria Caccamo Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMonique Mancuso, Monique Mancuso Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorGiovanni Marco Cusimano, Giovanni Marco Cusimano Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorFrancesco Gai, Francesco Gai Institute of Science of Food Production, CNR, UOS Torino, Grugliasco, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMaria Genovese, Maria Genovese Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorAbdallah Ghonimy, Abdallah Ghonimy National Institute of Oceanography and Fishery (NIOF), Cairo, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorLucrezia Genovese, Lucrezia Genovese Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, U.O.S. Messina, Messina, ItalySearch for more papers by this author First published: 31 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12862Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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