Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was employed to determine the differences between forage mixtures of winter cereals and Italian ryegrass and to evaluate fermentation characteristics of mixed silages. Forages were harvested on five phases (Cuts 1-5), with 1 week interval (n = 100). The yield of the last harvest (Cut 5) was ensiled and analyzed on four different days (D0, D7, D14, and D90) (n = 80). Principal component analysis based on the NIR data revealed differences according to the days of harvest, differences between winter cereals and Italian ryegrass forages, and differences in the fermentation stages of silages. The partial least square regression models for crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ash gave excellent determination coefficient in cross-validation (R2 CV  > 0.9), while models for ether extract (EE) and total sugar content were weaker (R2 CV  = 0.87 and 0.74, respectively). The values of root mean square error of cross-validation were 0.59, 0.76, 0.22, 0.31, and 2.36 %DM, for CP, CF, EE, ash, and total sugar, respectively. NIR proved to be an efficient tool in evaluating type and growth differences of the winter cereals and Italian ryegrass forage mixtures and the quality changes that occur during ensiling.

Chickens raised for their meat (Gallus gallus domesticus) tend to have a critical phase of life right after hatching due to the management of modern production systems. Early nutrition strategies such as in ovo intervention can be an alternative means to support growth and gut health by compensating for the energy deficit after pipping out of the egg. In the current study, 1200 Ross 308 eggs were used to examine the effects of a complex carbohydrate solution of disaccharides and glucose applied in ovo on hatchability, the hatching time of different-sized eggs, and the development, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers of both sexes. The eggs were divided into three treatment groups: intact (NT), in ovo saline (ioS), and in ovo carbohydrate mixture (ioCH). The incubation protocol was performed according to the recommendations of Aviagen (2019), and the in ovo process was carried out on day 17 by manually injecting 0.5 mL of the solutions into the amniotic fluid. After hatching, the birds were kept in floor pens until day 35 and fed ad libitum in a three-phase feeding program. Body weight, average daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion, and carcass characteristics were measured during the trial. In ovo carbohydrates reduced hatchability by 15%, while growth performance and the weight of thigh and breast muscle were enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) compared with ioS as a possible outcome of carbohydrate-to-muscle satellite cell proliferation and protein accumulation. However, further study is needed to refine the in ovo carbohydrate supplementation method to minimize the mortality of embryos during hatching.

The study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutrient content, fermentation characteristics, microbial counts, and ruminal degradability of two mixtures of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and winter cereal silages. Two mixtures (mixture A: Italian ryegrass, triticale, oats, wheat and barley; and mixture B: Italian ryegrass and oats) were wilted and ensiled in laboratory‐scale silos without additives. At the end of 90 d fermentation mixture B silage had higher (p < .05) dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents than mixture A silage. The pH value of mixture B was higher (p < .05) than mixture A silage. Mixture A had higher lactate, acetate and ethanol contents than mixture B. However, mixture B had higher NH3-N (day 14) than mixture A silage. The mould and yeast count (Log10 CFU g−1) was higher (p < .05) for mixture A than mixture B at opening day 7. The in situ incubation revealed that potentially degradable fraction (b) of DM, CP and NDF was 39.41%, 43.59%, 80.23% (mixture A) and 39.16%, 32.39%, 94.35% (mixture B). The effective protein degradability (EPD) at 0.08 rumen outflow rates was 67.26% (mixture A) and 67.19% (mixture B). These results suggest that with the proper stage of harvesting, Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures were fermented well. This kind of mixtures can be ensiled without additives in the future. The high potentially degradable NDF and effective protein degradability implies that this mixture could be included successfully in high-yielding dairy cattle diets.Highlights Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures are well preserved without additives and it saves the cost of additives for dairy farmers. The ensiled mixtures have high potentially degradable NDF and effective protein degradability, which improve dry matter intake, milk production and increase the net return of farm. The mixture forage can be double-cropped with corn for silage making, which can have both environmental and economic benefits if the ensiled mixture yields are enough to cover expenses.

During silage making microbial fermentation produces an array of end products which can influence the odour of the final silage and can also change many nutritive aspects of a forage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation quality and aroma profile of winter cereals and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four mixtures (mixture A: triticale, oats, barley and wheat; mixture B: triticale, barley and wheat; mixture C: IRG and oats; mixture D: IRG, oats, triticale, barley and wheat) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Mixture C had higher (P < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the ensiled mixtures were dominated by ethyl ester likely producing pleasant fruity odors which could increase the intake of ensiled mixtures. However, the technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages that may likely reduce feed intake.

Általánosságban megállapított tény, hogy az anyanyulak cirkadián ritmus szerint, naponta egyszer szoptatják fiókáikat. A szoptatási idő mindössze 3-4 perc, ezalatt veszik fel a fiókák a napi táplálóanyag-szükségletüknek megfelelő mennyiségű anyatejet, ami a testtömegük 1/6-át is kiteheti. A fogyasztott tej mennyisége, a fiókák súlygyarapodása és életbenmaradása az anyanyulak tejtermelésén és szoptatási hajlandóságán múlik. Egy anyanyúl optimális körülmények között sem képes a fiókái növekedési potenciálját kihasználni. Tanulmányunk célja a szopóskori táplálóanyag-ellátottság valamint bizonyos nevelési rendszerek vizsgálata. Összefoglalja a két anyával történő nevelési technológia elveit, valamint élettani hatásait. Végül a fiókák tekintetében kihangsúlyozza az anyanyúl által a fészekbe ürített bélsárgolyó fogyasztásának jelentőségét.

This study was conducted using three multiparous non-lactating rumen-cannulated Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, with the objective of evaluating the in situ ruminal degradability and fermentation characteristics of novel mixtures of winter cereal and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plus winter cereal silages (mixture A: triticale, oats, barley and wheat; mixture B: triticale, barley and wheat; mixture C: Italian ryegrass and oats; mixture D: Italian ryegrass, oats, triticale, barley and wheat).The rumen fermentation study was conducted replacing the ensiled mixtures (experimental diets) with vetch-triticale haylage in a total mixed ration (control diet).It was found that the effective protein degradability at 0.08 rumen outflow rates was 80.6% (mixture A), 66.2% (mixture B), 79.7% (mixture C) and 79.3% (mixture D).The effective neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) effective degradability at 0.08 rumen outflow rates was 18.0% and 17.7% (mixture A), 19.7% and 20.5% (mixture B), 19.1% and 17.0% (mixture C), and 15.2% and 14.6% (mixture D), respectively.Different dietary treatments did not change (P > 0.05) the rumen fermentation characteristics as there was no difference (P > 0.05) between control and experimental diets, and the inclusion of 40-55% Italian ryegrass (mixture C and D) did not cause any difference.These results suggest that the mixture of winter cereals and Italian ryegrass plus winter cereal-based silages had good potentially degradable dry matter, effective dry matter and effective protein degradability at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.08 rumen outflow rates without affecting the rumen environment maintaining neutral pH.The ensiled mixtures had a moderate level of potentially degradable NDF and ADF fraction.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

The interest in new alternative forages in Europe has increased in recent years. The nutritional composition and fermentation characteristics during different stages of ensiling were studied with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and winter cereal mixtures. The trial was carried out on a large-scale farm Galgamenti Agricultural Limited Company, Tura, Hungary. Two different forage mixes were studied: Mixture A (three types of Italian ryegrass 40% + two types of triticale 20%+ two types of oats 20%+ wheat 15%+ barley 5%) and Mixture B (three types of Italian ryegrass 55% + two types of winter oats 45%). Experimental field was 30.600 m 2 by the treatments, respectively. The two different forage mixes were sown on 11th September 2017 (Mixture A: 75 kg seed/ha; Mixture B: 75 kg seed/ha) with depth of 2-5 cm. Plant protection treatment was not applied during the growing season. Cutting was carried out in heading stage of triticale by hand at 10 cm stubble height. The fresh Mixture A (dry matter 189 g/kg; crude protein: 161 g/kg DM; NDF: 485 g/kg DM) and the fresh Mixture B (dry matter 195 g/kg; crude protein: 159 g/kg DM; NDF: 519 g/kg DM) were wilted to 28-32% DM (24h) without any movement on the windrow. The wilted forage was picked up by hand and chopped by a forage harvester (John Deere 7300) on concrete surface with theoretical chop length of 9 mm (weight: 800 kg). Wilted and chopped material of 510 g were packed by hand into a glass jars (0.00072 m3 volume, n=5, total no. of minisilos = 15). Five laboratory silos per mixtures were opened on 7, 14 and 90 days after ensiling. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ether extract (EE), ash, and total sugar of all treatments were determined. Additionally, pH and the concentration of ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids were measured in the ensiled mixtures. At the end of 90 days of ensiling in both mixture silages, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in all nutrient contents except for ADF in Mixture A and CP, ash and CF in Mixture B which was not affected by fermentation duration. Ensiling caused a significant decrease in pH (p<0.05), due to the production of lactic acid and succeeded to achieve lactic acid type fermentation. Values for ammonia-N, ethanol and acetic acid, butyric acid were all low. These results indicated that the fermentation quality of Italian ryegrass and winter cereal silages underwent rapid fermentation and were well-preserved.

The growing of kits is affected by the genetic background, the maternal (milk production and nursing behavior) and environmental effects. The aim of this study was to examine the willingness and effect of auto-consumption of liquid and powder based drench solutions on does and kits. Two experiments were conducted at Kaposvar University. Experiment 1:24 does were divided into three groups: Control: ad libitum access of water from two drinkers; Liquid-based drench: ad libitum access of water from one drinker and 5% drench solution by volume from the other drinker; Powder-based drench: ad libitum access of water from one drinker and 5% drench solution by weight from the other drinker. Methodology of experiment 2 was similar, however the provision of drench solution was limited to twice a week (24 h). In both experiments rabbits willingly consumed the solutions, preference of powder-based drench was observed (P<0.05) over water and liquid based drench solution. Except the feed consumption in experiment 1 (ad libitum), none of the examined production traits (body weight of does, milk consumption, litter weight, average body weight, weight gain or the mortality of kits) were affected by the provided solutions. Tendencies suggest repetitions of the experiment with different concentrations and different room temperature.

The aim of the experiment was to test a special pen system of combination of group and individual housing, examination of production and preference of rabbit does. The experiment was conducted at Kaposvar University with pregnant and lactating Pannon White rabbit does (n=48). The 1.83 x 2.00 m open top pen consisted of four individual cages (0.5 x 0.91 m) which were connected to the 1.83 x 1.00 m common area throughout a 0.25 m long and 0.20 m wide lockable corridor. The rabbit does were randomly divided into three groups. The groups differed only in that the material of walls of the individual cages. Pen with solid wall cages (Solid, n=16); pen with wire-mesh wall cages (Wire, n=16) and pen with partly solid and partly wire-mesh wall cages (Mix, MP, n=16). Four rabbit does were placed to the closed individual cages 3 days before the expected parturition for 21 days. 18 days after kindling the entrances of the individual cages were opened, and the 21-day group-housing started. All 4 does and their kits could use all individual cages and the common area freely. The kits were weaned at 35 days of age. The injuries on ears, and body were checked on days 2, 4, 8, 14 and 22 after grouping the does. 24-h video recordings were made on days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 13 after opening the doors, and location of rabbits was registered at every 15 min. On day 1 rabbit does preferred to stay alone than together (Solid: 62.3%; Wire: 64.3%; Mix: 82.8%). Later on, less rabbit does located alone (on day 13: Solid: 30.8%; Wire: 51.0%; Mix: 39.2%). On day 1 in all pens the majority of the does located in the individual cages (Solid: 77.3%; Wire: 76.8%; Mix: 83.9%), however later the percentage of does in the individual cages decreased until day 13. At almost every day less rabbit does preferred the individual cages in the Solid than in Wire or Mix group. Rabbit does preferred their own cages, more rabbit does stayed in the own cages than the expected probability (25%) on all days (day 1: Solid: 64.6%; Wire: 68.4%; Mix: 74.6%; day 13: Solid: 28.0%; Wire: 38.0%; Mix: 34.5%). In Mix group rabbit does which were housed in solid wall cages before grouping preferred to stay in the solid wall cages in all days (day 13: 59.1%) and that of housed in wire-mesh cages before grouping preferred to stay in wire- mesh cages (day 13: 65.6%). No significant differences were found between the different types of pens in almost the all production traits. The productive performance fits to the results of Pannon Breeding Program. On the other hand in Wire and Mix groups the does mortality were 6.3% and 12.5% and the kindling rates were 62.5 and 68.8%. The ratio of injured rabbits was higher than 50% in each system. Based on the results it can be concluded that the main problems of group housing of does (aggressiveness, injuries) have not been solved with this system. Keywords: rabbit does, group housing, preference, aggressive behaviour, productive performance

Studies have shown that nutrient requirement of suckling kits is not satisfied, but they can be fed a double quantity of milk (double nursing) resulting in improved BW and weight gain. The aim of our trials was to give additional solid feed during the early suckling period (3 to 15 days of age) when rabbit kits drink exclusively milk. Two experiments were conducted with animals from Pannon Rabbit Breeding Program. In experiment 1 (n=77 does, 734 kits) the does received commercial feed (C) or C pellet supplemented with 0.2 g powdered thyme/kg (CT). Within both dietary groups of the does three groups of litters were formed: no additional solid creep feeding (N); soya bean-based pellet (S); S pellet with 1% added powdered thyme (ST). In group S and ST, cylinder-shaped solid pellets were made. At the beginning (3 days of age) two pieces of pellets were placed daily into the nestbox after nursing. Later on it was increased to six pellets till 15 days of age. The kits consumed the additional solid feed (S and ST), however, it did not affect the BW, weight gain or survival. In experiment 2 (n=30 does, 240 kits) all does consumed commercial feed. The additional feed for kits was based on commercial piglet feed. Three groups were formed: the litters in control group were fed no additional solid feed (K), kits were fed additionally with pellets (8 mm of diameter) based on piglet feed powder, pellet adhesive and water (PI), and extra glycerin powder was added to the mixture of piglet feed powder and water (PG). The experiment lasted from the age of 3 days till 21 days. At the beginning six pellets were placed on the nest material. Later on the amount was gradually increased to 24 pellets till age of 15 days. The kits consumed the pellets. The BW of PI group differed from group PG at age of 5, 9, 12 and 21 days by +7.3%, +6.5%, +5.9%, +4.8%, respectively (P<0.05) and from group K at age of 12 days by +5.9% (P< 0.05). The differences were more expressed at age of 16 and 19 days in favour of group PI (from K by +7.1%, +6.9% and from PG by +5.9%, +5 8%, respectively, P<0.01) and at 21 days of age (from K by +6.2%, P<0.01). To find appropriate composition of creep feed for kits further studies are needed.

In general, rabbit does nurse the kits once-a-day for 3-4 minutes. During this time the kits are able to consume their daily feed requirement, which is about equal to 1/6 of their body weight. The milk intake, body weight gain and survival of the kits depend on the milk production and their mother nursing willingness. However, the does are not able to cover the nutrient requirements of the suckling kits, especially on the 3rd week of lactation. The goal of this study is to examine the nutrient supplementation of nursing kits and to highlight the deficiencies of the nursing systems. The study summarizes the effect of using two nursing does per litter.

During vacuum-packaged frozen storage of fatty goose liver (foie gras), a yet unknown, but fully reversible (package opening and thawing), greening was found at a Hungarian processing plant. Laboratory analysis revealed hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and remnant blood in 35 livers. Microbial spoilage was under the limit of detection for H2S-producing strains. In liver homogenates and in thawing exudates, sulfhemoglobin was found and confirmed (acid-alkali reactions), with spectrophotometric analysis. Slaughtered geese are chilled to 2C (24h) in a non-eviscerated condition to maintain liver shape. With logistic regression, the H2S (most probably from the intestinal tract) was of primary importance in the green color development. In an experimental group (n=10) dissected after 2h of body chilling, H2S was absent in the liver. Results indicate that intestinal tract-originated H2S is diffusing the fattened goose liver, leading to a color defect of a delicatesse, without consumer health risks. Practical Applications Hungary leads the world's foie gras production, and a rarely occurring production-technology-associated green color defect negatively affects product perception. Fattened, slaughtered geese are chilled to 2C for 24h in a non-eviscerated form to keep liver intact during dissection. Based on the industrial observations and analytical results, foie gras contains sulfhemoglobin, a non-toxic, green pigment, which is sensitive towards oxidative stimuli. The color defect occurs only in frozen-stored and vacuum-packaged livers. After excluding microbiological spoilage and proving the presence of sulfhemoglobin, we suggest the application of an oxidative packaging technology, e.g., modified atmosphere. Further conditions possibly precluding the formation of sulfhemoglobin may be fresh, warm dissection (immediately after slaughter) or the improvement of the efficacy of bleeding during slaughter. Though the green pigment has no consumer health risk, its full elimination would positively affect the quality of a high-value delicatesse.

Effects of different oil supplementation on some qu ality parameters and NIR-based classification of nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) T. Molnár, L. Kacsala, R. Romvári , D. Varga Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agricultural and En vironmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental an d Natural Conservation Sciences 2 Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agricultural and E nvironmental Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricu ltural Product Qualification H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40. In our experiment, we analyzed the weight gain, som e quality parameters (fillet pH and color) and near infrared spectroscopy based classif ication of nile tilapia fed three different oil supplementations (fish oil, linseed o il and sunflower oil). No significant differences were found between groups in meat quali ty traits, but significant differences were found between sexes within groups in pH and co lor values. NIRS-based classification of the groups was effective. In conc lusion, no negative effects were found resulted by the vegetable oil supplementation. (

Kiserletunkben harom kulonboző olaj-kiegeszites (halolaj, lenolaj es napraforgoolaj) hatasat vizsgaltuk nilusi tilapia novekedesere, husminősegi tulajdonsagaira (file pH es szin) es kozeli infravoros spektroszkopias modszeren alapulo csoportosithatosagara. A csoportok kozt novekedesben es husminősegben nem talalhato kulonbseg, azonban a halolaj-, es lenolaj-kiegeszitesű takarmanyt fogyaszto csoportokon belul az ivarok kozt szignifikans kulonbsegek adodtak a pH es a szinparameterek tekinteteben. A NIRS analizis alapjan a csoportok megfelelő biztonsaggal elkulonithetők. Kovetkezteteskent levonhato, hogy a novenyiolaj-kiegeszites nem eredmenyezett csokkent novekedest es minősegi valtozast a vizsgalt halakban a halolaj-kiegeszitesű csoporttal osszevetve.