Some mutations of the LRRK2 gene underlie autosomal dominant form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The G2019S is a common mutation that accounts for about 2% of PD cases. To understand the pathophysiology of this mutation and its possible developmental implications, we developed an in vitro assay to model PD with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) reprogrammed from skin fibroblasts of PD patients suffering from the LRKK2 G2019S mutation. We differentiated the hiPSCs into neural stem cells (NSCs) and further into dopaminergic neurons. Here we show that NSCs bearing the mutation tend to differentiate less efficiently into dopaminergic neurons and that the latter exhibit significant branching defects as compared to their controls.

Event Abstract Back to Event Identifying novel molecular hallmarks for Parkinson’s disease Laurence Borgs1, Elise Peyre1, Juliette Godin1, Kevin Hanon1, Patrik Foerch2, Brigitte Malgrange1 and Laurent Nguyen1* 1 Giga neurosciences, Belgium 2 UCB Biopharma, Belgium Mutations in the LRRK2 gene are implicated in autosomal dominant form of Parkinson's disease. The G2019S is a very common mutation that accounts for about 2% of all Parkinson's disease cases. To understand the physiopathology of this mutation and its possible developmental implications, our laboratory developed in vitro assays to model Parkinson's disease with human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs ). Skin fibroblasts of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease caused by LRKK2G2019S mutation were reprogrammed into hiPSCs. Healthy, age and gender matched skin fibroblasts were also reprogrammed to serve as controls. We validated hiPSCs for expression of pluripotency genes and for their ability to generate teratomas in immunodepressed mice. We then developed a protocol to differentiate the hiPSCs into neural stem cells (NSCs) and further into dopaminergic neurons. We showed that NCS bearing the LRRK2 G2019S mutation had a delay in their ability to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. These newly produced neurons were less branched and have a decreased total arborization length. Finally, we show that the progenitor of DA neurons derived from LRKK2 G2019S patients displayed increased microtubule polymerization rate, a possible cause for the branching defects. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, LRRK2 G2019S mutation, hiPSC, Dopaminergic Neurons, Microtubules Conference: 11th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience, Mons, Belgium, 22 May - 22 May, 2015. Presentation Type: Poster presentation Topic: Neuroscience Citation: Borgs L, Peyre E, Godin J, Hanon K, Foerch P, Malgrange B and Nguyen L (2015). Identifying novel molecular hallmarks for Parkinson’s disease. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: 11th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2015.89.00088 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 11 May 2015; Published Online: 14 May 2015. * Correspondence: Dr. Laurent Nguyen, Giga neurosciences, Liège, Belgium, lnguyen@ulg.ac.be Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Laurence Borgs Elise Peyre Juliette Godin Kevin Hanon Patrik Foerch Brigitte Malgrange Laurent Nguyen Google Laurence Borgs Elise Peyre Juliette Godin Kevin Hanon Patrik Foerch Brigitte Malgrange Laurent Nguyen Google Scholar Laurence Borgs Elise Peyre Juliette Godin Kevin Hanon Patrik Foerch Brigitte Malgrange Laurent Nguyen PubMed Laurence Borgs Elise Peyre Juliette Godin Kevin Hanon Patrik Foerch Brigitte Malgrange Laurent Nguyen Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

The cerebral cortex contains layers of neurons sequentially generated by distinct lineage-related progenitors. At the onset of corticogenesis, the first-born progenitors are apical progenitors (APs), whose asymmetric division gives birth directly to neurons. Later, they switch to indirect neurogenesis by generating intermediate progenitors (IPs), which give rise to projection neurons of all cortical layers. While a direct lineage relationship between APs and IPs has been established, the molecular mechanism that controls their transition remains elusive. Here we show that interfering with codon translation speed triggers ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), further impairing the generation of IPs and leading to microcephaly. Moreover, we demonstrate that a progressive downregulation of UPR in cortical progenitors acts as a physiological signal to amplify IPs and promotes indirect neurogenesis. Thus, our findings reveal a contribution of UPR to cell fate acquisition during mammalian brain development.

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a progressive, fatal, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, behavioural, and psychological dysfunction. HD symptoms usually appear at middle age. However, the disease can start earlier, and about 6% of HD patients develop juvenile forms (Foroud et al., 1999). Affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 people worldwide (Myers et al., 1993), the most obvious aspect of the pathology is a progressive neurodegeneration, particularly within the striatum (caudate and putamen). The massive loss of neurons in this region, normally responsible (among many things) for facilitation of volitional movement, is believed to lead to the characteristic motor dysfunctions of HD, such as uncontrolled limb and trunk movements, difficulty in maintaining gaze, and general lack of balance and coordination. The initial symptoms vary from person to person but the early stage of the disease is generally marked by involuntary movements of the face, fingers, feet or thorax associated with progressive emotional, psychiatric, and cognitive disturbances (Folstein et al., 1986). Psychiatric symptoms include depression, anxiety, apathy and irritability (Craufurd et al., 2001). In the later stages, HD is characterized by motor signs (mainly rigidity and akinesia), progressive dementia, or gradual impairment of the mental processes involved in comprehension, reasoning, judgment, and memory (Bachoud-Levi et al., 2001). Weight loss, alterations in sexual behaviour, and disturbances in the wake-sleep cycle are other characteristics of the disease and may be explained by hypothalamic dysfunction (Petersen et al., 2005). The patient usually dies within 10 to 20 years after the first symptoms appear, as there is currently no treatment to prevent or delay disease progression. As the disease progresses, there is general neuronal loss in several brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, the globus pallidus, the subthalamic nuclei, the substantia nigra, the cerebellum and the thalamus. Together with the neuronal loss, glial proliferation is observed (Vonsattel et al., 1985), although whether this proliferation is a cause or a consequence of the disease remains to be determined. The cause of HD is an expansion of CAG tract (encoding polyglutamine, polyQ) in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (also called IT15 gene for Interesting Transcript) (HDCRG, 1993). The

Human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic (hES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS), retain the ability to self-renew indefinitely, while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the nervous system. While human pluripotent cell-based therapies are unlikely to arise soon, these cells can currently be used as an inexhaustible source of committed neurons to perform high-throughput screening and safety testing of new candidate drugs. Here, we describe critically the available methods and molecular factors that are used to direct the differentiation of hES or hiPS into specific neurons. In addition, we discuss how the availability of patient-specific hiPS offers a unique opportunity to model inheritable neurodegenerative diseases and untangle their pathological mechanisms, or to validate drugs that would prevent the onset or the progression of these neurological disorders.

The cochleo-vestibular ganglion contains neural crest-derived glial cells and sensory neurons that are derived from the neurogenic otic placode. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the tightly orchestrated development of this structure. Here, we report that Sox10, a high-mobility group DNA-binding domain transcription factor that is required for the proper development of neural crest cell derivatives, is specifically expressed in post-migratory neural crest cells in the cochleo-vestibular ganglion. Using Sox10-deficient mice, we demonstrate that this transcription factor is essential for the survival, but not the generation, of the post-migratory neural crest cells within the inner ear. In the absence of these neural crest-derived cells, we have investigated the survival of the otocyst-derived auditory neurons. Surprisingly, auditory neuron differentiation, sensory target innervation and survival are conserved despite the absence of glial cells. Moreover, brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression is increased in the hair cells of Sox10-deficient mice, a compensatory mechanism that may prevent spiral ganglion neuronal cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that in the absence of neural crest-derived glial cells, an increase trophic support from hair cells promotes the survival of spiral ganglion neurons in Sox10 mutant mice.

In mammals, 24 hours rhythms are organized as a biochemical network of molecular clocks that are operative in all tissues, with the master clock residing in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The core pacemakers of these clocks consist of auto-regulatory transcriptional/post-transcriptional feedback loops. Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a crosstalk between molecules that are responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms and molecules that control the cell cycle progression. In addition, highly specialized cell cycle checkpoints involved in DNA repair after damage seem also, at least in part, mediated by clock proteins. Recent studies have also highlighted a putative connection between clock protein dysfunction and cancer progression. This review discusses the intimate relation that exists between cell cycle progression and components of the circadian machinery.

For a long time it was believed that the adult mammalian brain was completely unable to regenerate after insults. However, recent advances in the field of stem cell biology, including the identification of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and evidence regarding a continuous production of neurons throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ), have provided new hopes for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to induce regeneration in the damaged brain. Moreover, proofs have accumulated this last decade that endogenous stem/progenitor cells of the adult brain have an intrinsic capacity to respond to brain disorders. Here, we first briefly summarize our current knowledge related to adult neurogenesis before focusing on the behaviour of adult neural stem/progenitors cells following stroke and seizure, and describe some of the molecular cues involved in the response of these cells to injury. In the second part, we outline the consequences of three main neurodegenerative disorders on adult neurogenesis and we discuss the potential therapeutic implication of adult neural stem/progenitors cells during the course of these diseases.

BACKGROUND:Newborn granule neurons are generated from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells and integrated into mature synaptic networks in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Since light/dark variations of the mitotic index and DNA synthesis occur in many tissues, we wanted to unravel the role of the clock-controlled Period2 gene (mPer2) in timing cell cycle kinetics and neurogenesis in the adult DG.RESULTS:In contrast to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, we observed a non-rhythmic constitutive expression of mPER2 in the dentate gyrus. We provide evidence that mPER2 is expressed in proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) and persists in early post-mitotic and mature newborn neurons from the adult DG. In vitro and in vivo analysis of a mouse line mutant in the mPer2 gene (Per2Brdm1), revealed a higher density of dividing NPCs together with an increased number of immature newborn neurons populating the DG. However, we showed that the lack of mPer2 does not change the total amount of mature adult-generated hippocampal neurons, because of a compensatory increase in neuronal cell death.CONCLUSION:Taken together, these data demonstrated a functional link between the constitutive expression of mPER2 and the intrinsic control of neural stem/progenitor cells proliferation, cell death and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small non-coding endogenous RNAs that downregulate gene expression by binding to 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of target messenger RNAs. Although they have been found to regulate developmental and physiological processes in several organs and tissues, their role in the regulation of the inner ear transcriptome remains unknown. In this report, we have performed systematic in situ hybridizations to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of three miRNAs (miR-96, miR-182 and miR-183) that are likely to arise from a single precursor RNA during the development and the maturation of the cochlea. Strikingly, we found that the expression of miR-96, miR-182 and miR-183 was highly dynamic during the development of the cochlea, from the patterning to the differentiation of the main cochlear structures.

Transcription factors of the SoxE family are critical players that underlie various embryological processes. However, little is known about their function during inner ear development. Here, we show that Sox10 is initially expressed throughout the otic vesicle epithelium and becomes later restricted to supporting cells as cell differentiation proceeds in the organ of Corti. Morphological analyses of Sox10 mutant mice reveal a significant shortening of the cochlear duct likely resulting from the progressive depletion of cochlear progenitors. While Sox10 appears dispensable for the differentiation and patterning of the inner ear prosensory progenitors, our data support a critical role for this transcription factor in the promotion of their survival. We provide genetic evidences that Sox10, in a concentration-dependant manner, could play a role in the regulation of Jagged1, a gene known to be important for inner ear prosensory development. Together, our results demonstrate that Sox10 regulates the biology of early cochlear progenitors during inner ear development, but, in contrast to neural crest-derived cells, this transcription factor is dispensable for their differentiation. Evidence also suggests that this effect occurs via the activation of the Jagged1 gene.

Granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus undergo continuous renewal throughout life. Among cell cycle regulators, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is considered as a major regulator of S-phase entry. We used Cdk2-deficient mice to decipher the requirement of Cdk2 for the generation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. The quantification of cell cycle markers first revealed that the lack of Cdk2 activity does not influence spontaneous or seizure-induced proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPC) in the adult DG. Using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays, we showed that the number of mature newborn granule neurons generated de novo was similar in both wild-type (WT) and Cdk2-deficient adult mice. Moreover, the apparent lack of cell output reduction in Cdk2(-/-) mice DG did not result from a reduction in apoptosis of newborn granule cells as analyzed by TUNEL assays. Our results therefore suggest that Cdk2 is dispensable for NPC proliferation, differentiation and survival of adult-born DG granule neurons in vivo. These data emphasize that functional redundancies between Cdks also occur in the adult brain at the level of neural progenitor cell cycle regulation during hippocampal neurogenesis.

In white matter disorders such as leukodystrophies (LD), periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), or multiple sclerosis (MS), the hypomyelination or the remyelination failure by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells involves errors in the sequence of events that normally occur during development when progenitors proliferate, migrate through the white matter, contact the axon, and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Multiple mechanisms underlie the eventual progressive deterioration that typifies the natural history of developmental demyelination in LD and PVL and of adult-onset demyelination in MS. Over the past few years, pathophysiological studies have mostly focused on seeking abnormalities that impede oligodendroglial maturation at the level of migration, myelination, and survival. In contrast, there has been a strikingly lower interest for early proliferative and differentiation events that are likely to be equally critical for white matter development and myelin repair. This review highlights the Yin and Yang principles of interactions between intrinsic factors that coordinately regulate progenitor cell division and the onset of differentiation, i.e. the initial steps of oligodendrocyte lineage progression that are obviously crucial in health and diseases.