Electrodynamic forces for moving waste or trash from beneath and around textile processing equipment are produced by a set of parallel electrodes encased in a plastic panel and connected to a polyphase source of AC power. Such an apparatus is known as an electric curtain of the contact type, or more simply, an "electric panel." When the panel is energized, particles in contact with it become charged and are levitated and transported. An electric panel is mounted beneath an experimental opener-cleaner that is considered representative of cotton trash-removing machines. Trash is separated from fibers by mechanical action at a rate implied to be a function of the opener- cleaner's velocity and the amount of cotton processed. Particles of trash, linters, and fine dust fall onto the electric panel and are removed from beneath the opener-cleaner by the electrodynamic forces of ElectroSweep, which removes trash at its maximum production rate of 20 mg/s. To promote the scaling of ElectroSweep to regular mill operation, the effectiveness of a panel was determined. To do this the weight of trash transported in a unit time per unit of panel's surface area was determined. The max imum trash encountered in practice was 0.8 g per (m 2 X sec), and this specific trash was satisfactorily swept along by electrical forces.

Investigations have shown that electrostatic charge, usually an undesirable attri bute, has the potential of being beneficial in textile processing. A set of parallel electrodes insulated from each other and connected to a poly-phase AC power source sets up an electrical field of non-uniform travelling waves which exerts a dynamic force on a charged particulate and fibrous material. When this device, known as an "electric curtain," is encased in plastic the system becomes an "electric contact curtain" or "electric panel." The electric panel can charge, levitate, and transport materials placed on its surface. These actions occur as if the material is on an invisible conveyor whose direction and speed are under remote control. The movements are readily accomplished with inexpensive and standard equipment and are especially effective when applied to materials approaching a point-mass. Results are reported on the more difficult task of simultaneously charging, levitating, and transporting different types of fibers. The effectiveness of these actions is studied using electrodes or grids encased in four different plastics. A number of natural and manmade fibers of importance in textiles are evaluated. Based on the relative activity of each type of fiber, a triboelectric series is determined. Such effects as the panel's grid spacing, the fiber's length, and the moisture regain of the materials are also evaluated.

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 10, Issue 2 Physical Inorganic ChemistryToken Access ChemInform Abstract: ABSORPTION AND MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM SPECTRA OF HEXAFLUOROOSMATE(IV) AND HEXAFLUOROIRIDATE(IV) IN THE CUBIC HOST DICESIUM HEXAFLUOROGERMANATE L. C. WEISS, L. C. WEISSSearch for more papers by this authorP. J. MCCARTHY, P. J. MCCARTHYSearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. JASINSKI, J. P. JASINSKISearch for more papers by this authorP. N. SCHATZ, P. N. SCHATZSearch for more papers by this author L. C. WEISS, L. C. WEISSSearch for more papers by this authorP. J. MCCARTHY, P. J. MCCARTHYSearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. JASINSKI, J. P. JASINSKISearch for more papers by this authorP. N. SCHATZ, P. N. SCHATZSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 9, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197902018AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue2January 9, 1979 RelatedInformation

Research to enhance the storage of electrical charge in lint cotton led to imparting electret-like properties to cotton fibers. An electrostatic field introduced stored, oriented charges within a bundle of cotton fibers. The threshold values of temperature, time, and electric field for production of cotton electrets are defined, and specifications for measuring charge-density distribution are presented. The electret nature of the phenomenon is substantiated by findings that cotton fibers exposed to electric fields at elevated temperatures show long-term, charge-retention properties that are enhanced by short-circuiting. These fibers also display a tendency to a charge-polarity reversal after being removed from the electric field. Furthermore, the waxes native to the single fiber seem to be the basis of this new cotton property. These waxes are related to one of the best known electret materials—carnauba wax. A similar effect with analogous characteristics has also been produced in polyester fibers. With both fibers the effect is less than that possessed by ideal electrets.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLewis orbital models of diborane(6), methylborane, and ethyl(1+) cationCarl Trindle and Lucy Cline WeissCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 22, 2435–2439Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/j100589a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views277Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (500 KB) Get e-Alerts

Changes in length with increases in temperature have been determined for two flame-retardant cotton yams and fabrics—one treated with a zinc chloride-ammonia complex and the other treated with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phos phonium hydroxide, then cured with ammonia vapor. Other modified cottons, ramie, and glass-fiber yarns were also tested in flowing oxygen or nitrogen atmospheres. The elongation vs. temperature curves for Deltapine cotton yams and fabrics when under load indicate that results are influenced more by the chemical treatment or material than by the form or shape of the textile. Thus, flame-retardant cotton increases in length with increasing temperature until 300°C is exceeded; thereafter, contraction vitiates the initial elongation and continues until rupture or until the termination of heating at approximately 500°C. Measurements of this type are made possible only by the use of a recently developed thermal analysis system.

This paper describes a strain tester that stretches a knitted fabric or other low-modulus material such that the strain at any point in the specimen is uniform in any planar direction. Radial strain is produced by expanding the perimeter of a circular sample radially. Uniform radial strain is of interest in testing the effects of chemical or other treatments on knitted materials which undergo minimal yarn-loop sliding during use. The apparatus is attachable to a standard tensile tester which records the cumulative stress-strain curve. Force-deformation curves and unrecovered-strain data are given for three patterned jersey knits.

Low-twist yarns made from Deltapine cotton were ethanol-extracted and chemically treated while slack. Fibers were taken from yarns treated with formaldehyde, by various procedures producing differences in swelling of the fiber structure when cross-linked; dimethylol ethyleneurea; N-methylol-N'-methylethyleneurea; and oleoyl chloride. Single fibers progressively lose strength and elongation with increasing cross links when tested at 70°F, 65% RH and when wet. Cross links introduced in the swollen fiber structure usually cause less strength loss than those introduced in the nonswollen structure. Tensile strain recovery for single fibers increases with increasing cross links. The initial are more effective than the subsequent cross links. Increased energy recovery is related to increased strain recovery. Single fibers cross-linked in slack yarns show increases in recovery with decreases in stiffness. The retention of strength and the improved ability to recover are limited to some modifications, especially under the wet conditions. Changes in mechanical properties of cottons by smooth-drying treatments are due, in part, to changes in mechanical properties of the individual fibers.

Fiber toughness, fabric construction, and pretreatment were found to affect abrasive wear in permanent-press trouser cuffs. Samples of Pima S-2, Hopi Acala, and Delta pine 15 cottons were processed into twelve constructions of print-cloth weight fabrics. Cross-linking with the dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-type resin was applied as a continuous process to fabrics after scouring and after slack mercerizing. Nitrogen con tents of treated fabrics show that type of cotton, fabric construction, and pretreatment affected the amounts of resin reacted with the fabric. Pima cotton had the lowest and Deltapine the highest level of nitrogen in almost every fabric construction. Pima cotton fabrics showed less wear during conventional abrasion test and laundering and greater crease-recovery angles than did the other cottons. Cuffs of basket-weave fabrics with 0.87% nitrogen showed less crease wear during laundering than did plain weave at 0.64% nitrogen. At comparable nitrogen content, slack-mercerized fabrics were more durable at a higher crease-recovery angle than were cuffs made from scoured fabrics.

Scoured and slack-mercerized fabrics were treated with dimethylol ethylene urea, methylated methylol melamine, and formaldehyde. Fabries with differences in resin add-on and differences in stretch during the cure were examined. Changes in tensile modulus caused by addition of resin were smaller than those caused by stretching during treatment. The elongation at break was greater for the slack-mercerized than for the scoured fabries. Also, the recovery from strain during the testing was greater for the slack- mercerized than the scoured fabric. Recovery increased with add-on for both the basket and the plain-weave fabrics. Stretch during treatment had-only minor effects on strain recovery during the testing. The correlation coefficients of fiber strain recovery to fabric strain recovery are lower than those of fabric strain recovery to wrinkle recovery. The correlation coefficient of the latter is increased if recovery is a function of both strain and stress rather than of either used separately.

Strength and elongation measurements were made on single cotton fibers and on yarns which had been subjected to various temperatures from 110° to 162°C and various moisture conditions from 3% R.H. up to saturation for periods of heating from 2 to 128 hrs. Moisture contents and degrees of polymerization were also determined, the latter being used to calculate cellulose chain rupture. The simultaneous reduction in strength and elongation at break indicates that heat degradation weakens fibers by creating or intensifying weak points along the fiber. An equation similar to that derived by Sippel, relating fiber strength loss to time of heating and percentage of cellulose links broken, is discussed. Yarn strength, although not as readily affected by heat degradation as fiber strength, follows a similar pattern.