In electrical distribution systems multiple outages are usually occurred in severe weather conditions and the out-of-service areas should be restored as soon as possible. This paper presents an application of evolutionary algorithm that is effectively improved by heuristic rules to find the optimal scheme of multiple-objective problem of inter-feeder load transfer in the cases of multiple outages. Constraints of discrete radial feeder configuration, nonlinear time-variant load patterns, voltage drop, and feeder current rating are considered in the problem. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by conducting the simulation of a practical distribution system in Taiwan power distribution system.

Mating system pattern (selfing or outcrossing and correlated matings levels) comparisons between two interior spruce seed orchard designs (clonal-row and random) managed under intensive crown and pollen management were conducted. Crown manipulation consisted of tree topping and branch pruning, while pollen management involved multiple supplemental mass-pollination applications during peak seed-cone reproductive receptivity and pollen agitation using helicopters. Significant differences between orchards' multilocus outcrossing rate estimates were observed, and both estimates significantly departed from complete outcrossing (t = 1.0). Clonal arrangements in the clonal-row design permitted higher chances for selfing (t = 0.948) in comparison with those of the random design (t = 0.989). Intensive pollen management, while effective, still produced a minor component of selfing. Both orchard designs produced similar individual tree's outcrossing rate trends with the majority showing high outcrossing, while few individuals showed high selfing propensity. Estimates of correlated mating varied substantially between the two seed orchard designs with 9.3% and 4.3% for the clonal-row and random seed orchards, respectively. While small but significant differences in the genetic quality of the seed crops were observed between the two orchard designs, the establishment of clonal-row seed orchards should be given serious considerations specifically under committed pollen and crown management. The ease of crop and orchard management in the clonal-row design outweighs the observed differences in the seed crop genetic quality. A slight modification to the clonal-row design is proposed and is expected to reduce the observed minor genetic quality differences between the two orchard designs.

In this paper, the stochastic load flow analysis has been executed to solve the expected values of system bus voltages and variances. The load models of substations have been determined according to the typical load patterns and load composition of various customer classes. The random load behavior of customers served by each substation has been identified and applied to find the noise level of substation power demand. The dc circuit model of Taipower system is created and the temperature effect of customer power consumption is considered in the stochastic load flow analysis. It is found that the voltage angle difference between system buses has been introduced by the bulk power transmission. Power system operation may be deteriorated by the significant standard deviation of angle difference due to the stochastic load behavior of substations.

This paper proposes a methodology to solve contingency load transfer of distribution systems by applying the object-oriented expert system. By this method, the faulted area is isolated and restored and the unfaulted, but out of service, area is restored effectively. Since the fault restoration has to be performed in a short time period and the affected area has to be constrained in a small area, it has become a critical issue to enhance the system reliability for the distribution system operation. The knowledge rule base with object-oriented programming can be designed to support distribution contingency management in an effective manner. The distribution facilities are designed as a class in the database and the distribution operation rules are created to form the knowledge base. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, one of the Taipower distribution systems is selected for computer simulation. It is concluded that the contingency load transfer of distribution systems can be solved efficiently by identifying the proper switching operation to solve the distribution contingency problem.

Mammalian voltage-gated K+ channels are oligomeric proteins, some of which may be composed in vivo of subunits derived from several similar genes. We have studied N-type inactivation in the rapidly inactivating Kv1.4 channel and, in specific, heteromultimers of this gene product with Kv1.5 noninactivating subunits. Heteromultimeric channels were analyzed for the stoichiometry of Kv1.4:Kv1.5 subunits by observing shifts in the midpoints of steady-state availability from that of homomultimeric channels. This analysis was employed to examine inactivation of heteromultimeric channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes using two model systems: by expression of a Kv1. 4-Kv1.5 tandem fusion construct and by coexpression of native Kv1.4 and Kv1.5 channels across a wide relative concentration range of microinjected mRNA. Additionally, inactivation was examined in coexpression experiments of N-terminal deletion mutants of Kv1.4. We found that (i) a single inactivating subunit conferred inactivation in all hetero-multimers studied; (ii) the rate of inactivation could not be distinguished in channels containing two inactivating subunits from those containing one inactivating subunit; and (iii) large deletions in the linker region between the N-terminal inactivation region and the first membrane-spanning domain had no effect on the rate of inactivation. These data confirm the importance of the proximal N-terminal region in the inactivation of mammalian Kv1.4 channels, and suggest that the inactivation particle remains in close proximity to the permeation pathway even when the channel is in the open state.

In this paper, an automated mapping and facility management (AM/FM) system is integrated with the emergency switching operation routine which is based on the field expertise experience of distribution systems. Since the voluminous data and combinatorial characteristic of switching problems of distribution systems, the sophisticated man-machine interface and rule-based methodology provide high benefit of reality. The database construction and feeder connectivity tracing in the AM/FM database and heuristic rules for the interfeeder switching operations are proposed. A practical distribution system of downtown area is tested to identify the efficiency of the proposed method. In case a system fault occurs, the contingency switching process by retrieving the related facility information in the AM/FM database will providing a very effective tool for the distribution operators by providing not only the switching process to be executed but also the spatial location of system facility to be operated.<>