This study examines the current e-learning implementation in Tanzanian universities, highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with its utilisation. Data was collected from 610 respondents, including e-learning support staff, lecturers, and students from five selected universities through questionnaires and interviews. The findings reveal that universities in Tanzania still face implementation challenges despite significant growth in e-learning adoption. These challenges encompass limited internet and technological infrastructure, inadequate access to high-quality e-learning materials, low digital literacy proficiency among students and educators, insufficient support systems, and resistance to change. Strategies such as improving internet connectivity, developing relevant educational materials, providing comprehensive training and support, establishing robust learner support systems, and fostering an innovative culture are recommended to address these issues. By tackling these challenges, Tanzanian higher education institutions can effectively integrate e-learning and enhance the educational experiences of their students.

In the era of Industry 4.0, fostering innovation through strong collaboration among universities, industry, and government is crucial. However, the Tanzanian economy has faced challenges due to, among others, weak links between these entities. To address this, Sida initiated the Innovation Systems and Cluster Development Program (ISCP-Tz) in partnership with the University of Dar es Salaam. This was followed by a program at COSTECH focused on fostering innovation for socio-economic development. As part of these programs, 15 clusters, including KIWANGO Leather, were selected for documentation of their experiences. KIWANGO Leather exemplifies successful collaboration between cluster firms, the university, local government, and research institutions. Operationalizing guidelines for collaboration led to cooperative innovations, knowledge exchange, internships, and long-term partnerships established through Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The cluster's experiences highlight a less-linear, inclusive innovation process with positive outcomes. Thus, this paper not only illustrates a less linear, inclusive innovation process, but also its results can motivate actors in emerging innovation ecosystems in the Global South to adopt and scale up suggested approaches for knowledge co-creation benefitting sustainable development. By adopting these approaches and fostering collaborative networks, countries can leverage their resources and expertise to drive innovation, create economic growth, and address societal challenges.

This study examines the challenges and students’perceptions of adopting and implementing e-learning in Tanzanian universities to facilitate the shift towards personalised learning. Although technology and online courses provide chances to customise training for unique student requirements, challenges impede the successful incorporation of e-learning in Tanzanian higher education, particularly regarding user training and technical support. The absence of crucial amenities for online education, such as computer laboratories and dependable internet connectivity, exacerbates the challenges in executing implementation endeavours. We employed a mixed-methods approach to investigate universities’preparedness for implementing e-learning and evaluate the impact of e-learning platforms and Artificial Intelligence(AI) in facilitating personalised learning experiences. Our findings emphasise the significance of tackling identified obstacles to enhance education quality and provide a basis for customised learning. Subsequent studies should focus on filling the existing voids to improve the incorporation of artificial intelligence in e-learning platforms, explicitly addressing the obstacles faced by universities in underdeveloped nations. The study suggests that institutions should allocate resources towards developing e-learning infrastructure, offer extensive training for instructors, and create customised e-learning methods.

Personalized learning tailors material and strategy to student requirements, interests, and goals in e-learning. These developments help educational institutions and other organizations to keep up with the fast pace of information technology, communications, and computing power. Studies show that self-adaptive learning and relevant learning information improve study efficiency.Compared to traditional teaching methods, the practice of online education is well in its infancy. On the other hand, the pedagogy and evaluation of students in online courses have a large gap that has to be filled, necessitating significant improvements in e-learning. We call this approach to education "personalized learning," which is a central focus of today's leading online education platforms. Several studies have been conducted on e-learning and personalized learning, but few investigated the development trend of personalized learning technologies and applications. Therefore this study examines the literature to close the gap and promote the development trend for personalized learning technologies and applications in higher education from 2010 to 2021 by analyzing related journal articles. The pivotal studies used inclusion criteria after a searchgenerated 372 complete research articles and reduced them to 146 publications based on their proposed learning domains and research themes. Through carefully reviewing current trends and successes in numerous aspects of personalized learning, this discussion analyzes prospective future research directions in the field of personalized learning.

In Tanzania, many poultry farms are considered to have ineffective poultry management practices mainly due to the lack of adequate systems and procedures to assist poultry farmers in making decisions. However, in a range of industries and agricultural sectors, including poultry farming, information is widely recognized as a crucial component for good decision-making. Furthermore, many researchers agree that using mobile decision-support systems to assist farmers in making better decisions is an effective technique. The goal of this research was to create a mobile-based decision support system that will assist small-scale poultry farmers in Tanzania in obtaining trustworthy poultry farming information that would enable them to make informed decisions about their farming operations. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are well-known in this context as interactive computer based systems that assist individuals in problem-solving and decision-making using information technology, data, documents, and knowledge. This study outlines how a data-driven strategy was utilized to construct a decision-support system for Tanzanian poultry farmers. The systematic approach used in this study comprised of the following steps: The first step was to perform a thorough literature analysis to identify and assess the information management needs of Tanzanian small-scale poultry farmers. Poultry farmers commonly seek information about chicken health, housing, egg production, chicken diets, and chicken breeds, among other things. Second, the gathered data was processed and used to create user requirements for the decision support system. Finally, after determining user needs, the implementation of the mobile-based decision support system began. Using Android Studio and RASA, an open-source machine learning framework for developing chat and voice context assistants, a conversational, mobile-based decision support application that offers information to farmers based on their needs through a text-based chat conversation was developed. The study findings identified that majority of the small-scale poultry lack reliable sources to obtain poultry management information like poultry diseases, poultry feeds, housing, and breed types. Furthermore, after conducting a user acceptance test, the study findings indicated that the developed system will be very helpful to the small-scale poultry farmers, and therefore it was recommended that the extension officers and small-scale poultry farmers should be made aware of the developed mobile-based decision support system (KaPU) for productive poultry management practices.

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of traffic differentiation and priority scheduling in providing Quality of Service (QoS) for e-learning applications in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) networks. A simulation model of the UMTS network has been developed and used to study performance of e-learning applications as perceived by users. Priority scheduling is used to prioritize traffic between e-learning and other conventional users according to their QoS requirements. Simulation results show that a UMTS network configured with traffic differentiation and priority scheduling can deliver e-learning services with page response time of less than 4 seconds. This performance is within the acceptable values of web-based applications quality of service.

Broadband connectivity is a necessary servicerequired not only in urban areas but more so in rural areaswhere most of the basic services are inadequate or do not existat all. Broadband services can ...

Lee Pegler, International Institute of Social Studies Kathi N. Miner, Texas A&M University Sandra Cortesi, Harvard University Andrea Whittaker, Monash University Peter Hayes, University of Sunderland Roli Varma, University of New Mexico Akin Iwilade, University of Oxford Nancy Johnson, CGIAR Elizabeth Waithanji, International Livestock Research Institute Lakshmi Balachandra, Babson College Kelly Ward, Washington State University Eleanor T. Loiacono, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Richa Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Laura Zseleczky, International Food Policy Research Institute May-Len Skilbrei, University of Oslo Shuchi Karim, Radboud University Gender, Technology and Development 19(3) 370–371 ©2015 Asian Institute of Technology SAGE Publications sagepub.in/home.nav DOI: 10.1177/0971852415609481 http://gtd.sagepub.com

Inefficient information flows are a global problem but are particularly acute in less-developed countries like Tanzania. The purpose of this study was to identify the information requirements for information logistics in the food processing value chain for SMEs in Tanzania. Information logistics in this work referred to an intervention to improve information flow on the value chain of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study proposes a conceptual model of information logistics on value chain of food processing SMEs in Tanzania. One of the conceptual model relationships for information flow and value chain activities of SMEs determined using multiple regression analysis was tested with empirical data. The findings indicated a positive significant effect of SMEs value chain activities on information flow. The conceptual model serve as a basis for developing an information logistics system to assist SMEs, in developing countries like Tanzania, make informed ICT investment decisions in improving their performance.

GENISLAB, is a four year project (2011 - 2014) within the 7th Framework Programme for research and technology. The aim of the project is to promote organizational change in six European scientific organizations. Each partner develops its own Tailored Action Plan based on three dimensions, Gender Budgeting, Human Resources (HR) Management and Gender and Organisational Culture and Stereotypes. This report presents results of quantitative and qualitative data on Gender Budgeting and HR management as well as comments on organizational culture.

In this article we explore conditions for gender mainstreaming innovation in different policy contexts, Nordic as well as African. We contend that the ability to open up and question the validity of our own scientific-institutional taken-forgranted assumptions and routines is vital for walking the talk of gender mainstreaming as well as addressing grand challenges through innovation. The aim of our explorations is to contribute to the practice of ”becoming answerable for what we learn how to see” (Haraway, 1991).

Manufacturing firms ought to innovate in order to stay competitive in a highly liberalised and open economy. This is even more crucial in low income countries, which seek accelerated economic growth and transformation. In this paper, we describe innovation characteristics of formal manufacturing firms in Uganda, in the subsectors of food and beverages, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. We show from empirical findings that formal manufacturing firms in the aforementioned subsectors in Uganda are active in incremental and adaptive innovations. The innovations are accomplished in-house with some assistance from other firms abroad. Local universities and research organisations appear not to be participating much in formal manufacturing firms' innovation processes. The challenge, from the perspective of firms, is fear of competition and lack of trust. Universities and research organisations, on the other hand, need to be proactive in engaging firms. Conferences, business associations, inter-firm visits, and joint programmes are some of the firm-preferred means of fostering interactions between firms, universities and other organisations. Innovation capabilities of Ugandan manufacturing firms could be enhanced if local universities and research organisations become more actively involved in firm innovation processes.

Universities are relatively neutral bodies/platforms in political contexts that can differ profoundly. Please note relatively. The universities have to manoeuvre strategically, though, in order to be durable. In low income countries with more or less stable political systems the university is a vital asset for social, cultural and economic sustainability and development. The universities in these countries face challenging demands to have their outcomes used in society for economic growth, challenging of more reasons than e.g. in Europe. This means that the “voice of society” in science argues for use of the very limited public resources in ways benefitting the people as soon as possible, if not immediately. Society speaks back in demand for relevant knowledges for survival and better living conditions. This is a strong incentive to find other ways than a dominant linear way of disseminating R&D results, which often takes too long time and is not always efficient or context relevant. In this chapter I will give some aspects on why and how initiatives from universities for trying other models like inclusive innovation and cluster development are relevant, important and have a proved success record.

It has been well known since the 1960s that developing countries need to improve their capacity to use science and technology and that more efforts must be put into R& D that would benefit poor countries and people. Serious efforts to accomplish this exist but they are still too few and small in relation to the size of the problem. Whilst the supply of knowledge and competent people slowly has been growing, there is still a continued lack of demand for domestic knowledge. Foreign consultants dominate knowledge supply to government, industry and aid donors. Small firms and farms are not used to articulate their demand for knowledge. Such weak demand and timid articulation are typical signs of emerging innovations systems. Despite this, there are signs of a fragmented domestic creative potential that could be mobilised to increase innovation for inclusive development. In this article, practical experiences in Uganda and Tanzania illuminate possibilities to articulate and address the knowledge demand from firms and farms through cluster formation. In this type of cluster formations, universities have key roles as knowledge providers and as intermediaries that assist in building the ties and linkages necessary to move the innovation system to a higher state.

Aspirations in gender research within technology and engineering have developed into a research-transforming activity focusing on societal relevance and engineering faculties. The conditions that are needed and created require epistemological pluralism. The gender research referred to here is also called feminist technoscience. When discussing gender in sectors like technology and engineering, we often tend to count heads, i.e. how many women are present in which functions. By contrast, gender issues are much less seen as generating knowledge and technology in themselves. This chapter will illustrate what kind of added value certain academic activities starting in gender-related issues can have. Epistemological comments on feminist technoscience are presented as fostering and attempting to advance our understanding of knowledge production in technology and engineering. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the recognition of feminist technoscience and its knowledge-producing values. Discussions of key understandings of feminist technoscience are illustrated by two cases and summed up by some closing remarks.

In this paper, bioethanol and fruit processing clusters in Uganda were taken as sectoral innovation systems, and enabling conditions and barriers to their growth analysed from a technoscientific and innovation systems perspective. Active participation of entrepreneurial university scientists in the clustering process appears to be an enabling factor. Absence of goals and incentives for investing in the cluster areas and for driving formation of markets for cluster products is a major barrier. Adopting more inclusive innovation policies, and having in place good community engagement strategies, could help overcome the barriers and expand opportunities for clusters in low resource settings to grow and become competitive.