Objective: To gather detailed morphometric data of the patellar ligament in human fetuses. Method: Presentstudy is carried out on 32 human fetuses (18 males, 14 females) aged 18–32 weeks of gestation with no grosspathology or anomaly. Following the general external measurements of the fetuses each knee region weredissected. The relationships between the patellar ligament and surrounding structures and its localizationwere determined. Morphometric data on length, width, thickness and diameters were gathered. Results:Means and standard deviations of all parameters were calculated for each gestational week. There weresignificant relations between measured parameters and gestational age (p 0.05). All data were compared with previous studies and discussed. Conclusion: Dataobtained in this study will contribute to other studies carried out in the areas of obstetrics, perinatology,forensic medicine and fetal pathology, aimed at identifying anomalies, pathologies and variations of thepatellar ligament and treatment of such cases

During abdominal dissection of a 32-year-old Caucasian female cadaver, an anomalous artery originating from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta was found. This artery had its origin between the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries. It was 2.2 mm in diameter and formed an arch ascending to the left of the midline supplying the transverse colon. It was divided into right and left branches; the former anastomosing with the right colic artery, the latter with the left. During the diagnostic imaging of the abdominal vasculature and the practice of colonic surgery, the possibility of the existence of an anomalous artery must be kept in mind.

Otuz iki yasinda beyaz, kadin bir kadavrada gerceklestirilen karin bolgesi disseksiyonu sirasinda aortanin on yuzunden koken alan anormal bir arter bulundu. Bu arterin baslangic noktasi a. mesenterica superior ile a. mesenterica inferior arasindaydi. Capi 2.2 mm idi ve orta hattan sola dogru bir kavis yaparak yukari ilerlemekte, colon transversum'u beslemekteydi. Sag ve sol olmak uzere iki dala ayrilip sag dali ile a. colica dextra, sol dali ile de a. colica sinistra ile birlesmekteydi. Karin damarlarinin teshis amacli goruntulenmesi ve kalin bagirsak cerrahisi sirasinda anormal bir arter varliginin olasiligi akilda bulundurulmalidir.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the range of motion (ROM) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in males and in females by using digital inclinometer and its correlation with the interincisial distance.Patients and Methods: One hundred and five healthy (50 males, 55 females) volunteers who were studying at our university participated in this study. Maximum opening, right-left excursion and protraction degrees were determined with electronic digital inclinometer which was extremely sensitive but practicable. Besides, interincisial distance was measured by using vernier caliper during maximum mouth opening.Results: The average values for males and females were found as follows: maximum mouth opening 30.58 degrees, 27.16 degrees; right excursion 4.96 degrees, 6.85 degrees; left excursion 5.40 degrees, 7.43 degrees and protraction 13.38 degrees, 11.85 degrees, respectively. Interincisial distances were measured as 52.4 mm in males and 52.2 mm in females.Conclusion: The evaluation of ROM values for the TMJ are important in the diagnostic and treatment of the musculoskeletal and neurological diseases affecting joint movement. We conclude that interincisial distance measurements may be a practical method for the evaluation of the derangements in this joint.

Background/objectives: Even though catheter ablation is the established curative therapy for paediatric tachyarrhythmias, exposure to ionizing radiation from fluoroscopy during the procedure is of concern to both patients and caregivers.We sought to assess the impact of an impedance-based three-dimensional navigation system (NavXTM, Endocardial Solutions, Inc., St Paul, MN, USA) on paediatric catheter ablation fluoroscopy times.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the procedural data during a 7-year period (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), which spanned the transition between the standard fluoroscopic mapping and adoption of routine NavXTM mapping for catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and right-/left-sided accessory pathways (RAP/LAP).Comparisons of total procedure time, total fluoro time, and ablation fluoro time (from insertion of ablation catheter until completion of procedure) between NavXTM and conventional mapping were made.Results: A total of 388 patients (aged 1 -18 years, M:F 236:183) underwent ablation of AVNRT (n ¼ 101), LAP (n ¼ 130), or RAP (n ¼ 157) using either CONV (n ¼ 70) or NavXTM (n ¼ 318) mapping.Overall, success rates were similar between the two mapping systems (95.7% for conventional vs. 95.9% for NavXTM).NavXTM mapping significantly reduced the ablation fluoro time (15.9 + 14.3 min vs. 11.0 + 8.9 for NavXTM, P , 0.01) with a trend towards a decrease in total fluoro time (26.4 + 15.6 min vs. 23.8+ 11.1 for NavXTM, P ¼ 0.095).The total procedure time was not significantly different between the two methods (210.1 + 66 vs. 222.8+ 61 min for NavXTM, P ¼ 0.7).When analysed by arrhythmia substrate, there were significant reductions in the ablation fluoro time for both LAP and RAP.Conclusion: NavXTM mapping reduced ablation fluoro times during paediatric catheter ablation, particularly in accessory pathways.

The perireticular nucleus consists of scattered neurons that are located in the internal capsule. The presence of perireticular neurons in the rat, ferret, cat and human has been described previously. Evidence suggests that the perireticular neurons in various species decrease in number with increasing gestation, but in humans this finding has not been supported by quantitative data. This study aimed to investigate (1) the morphology of the human fetal perireticular neurons, (2) the average number of perireticular neurons within the anterior and posterior crus of the internal capsule per unit area, and (3) the magnitude and the stage of neuronal loss in the human perireticular nucleus subsequent to maturation. Nissl‐stained sections of the internal capsule of human fetal brains of 24, 26.5, 32, 35, 37 and 39 weeks of gestation showed a number of clearly distinguishable large perireticular and small microglia cells. A regular increase of both perireticular and microglial cells was observed up to 32 weeks of gestation, after which a dramatic reduction in the number of both perireticular and microglia cells was observed. The average number of perireticular and the microglia cells per unit area, located within the posterior crus, was more than in the anterior crus of the internal capsule. In the adult, no perireticular neurons were detected within the internal capsule. The results show that perireticular neurons are not restricted to the region lateral to the thalamus and medial to the globus pallidus (posterior crus) but are also present at the region lateral to the caudate nucleus and medial to the globus pallidus (anterior crus).