The mitochondrial gene ORF188 enhances salt stress tolerance in rapeseed by boosting ATP synthesis, thereby fueling antioxidant defense systems and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Soil salinity severely impairs crop productivity by inducing osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, and oxidative damage. An energy deficit, arising from impaired mitochondrial ATP production under stress, represents a critical bottleneck that compromises the plant’s antioxidant capacity. Here, we report that the mitochondrial gene ORF188, a homolog of the ATP synthase F0 subunit, significantly enhances salt stress tolerance in rapeseed. ORF188-overexpressing lines exhibited superior growth and reduced oxidative damage under salt stress, which was underpinned by constitutively elevated ATP synthase activity and cellular ATP levels. This energy surplus enhanced the antioxidant system, maintained favorable Na+/K+ ratio and orchestrated a homeostasis-oriented stress transcriptome. Crucially, treatment with the ATP synthase inhibitor Oligomycin A abolished both the salt-tolerant phenotype and the associated transcriptional reprogramming, thereby confirming the essential role of enhanced ATP synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that ORF188 as a key genetic determinant of salt stress tolerance via ATP-dependent antioxidant activation, and representing a promising target for breeding salt-resilient crops.

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas primarily from agricultural soils, is mainly produced via microbial nitrification. Newly discovered complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) challenge conventional two-step nitrification by directly oxidizing ammonia to nitrate, yet differential responses of its two predominant evolutionary clades (clade A/B) under long-term fertilization remain unclear. This study investigated the impacts of long-term fertilization (30-year), e.g., non-fertilization control (CK), chemical fertilization (CF), and integrated organic-inorganic fertilization (chemical + manure, OF), on N2O fluxes in paddy fields, especially the response mechanisms of comammox clades A and B. Long-term CF generally increased N2O emissions, particularly during drying periods, which may be partly attributed to the proliferation of comammox clade B. In contrast, OF enhanced soil pH, organic carbon, and phosphorus content, and was associated with a higher abundance of comammox clade A. The community structure and abundance of comammox clades A and B was significantly influenced by soil physicochemical properties such as pH, NH4+-N, and dissolved organic carbon, with clade A being more sensitive to integrated organic-inorganic amendments and clade B responding strongly to chemical fertilization. These findings underscore clade B's potential role in N2O emissions under chemical fertilization and highlight integrated organic-inorganic fertilization as a sustainable strategy to mitigate N2O emissions while enhancing soil fertility. Future research should focus on regulating comammox clade B activity to optimize nitrogen cycling and reduce N2O emissions in paddy field.

Soil microbial-metabolite interactions influence crop productivity,yet their responses to long-term nutrient management in legume systems warrant further investigation.This study examined how fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculation reshape soybean rhizosphere fungal-metabolite networks to improve soil health.Through a decade-long field trial utilizing internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)metabolomics,four treatments were evaluated:no fertilizer application(CK);phosphorus and potassium fertilization(PK);PK chemical fertilizers combined with urea(PK+N);PK fertilization with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5821 inoculation(PK+R).Results indicated that nitrogen fertilization increased fungal diversity at maturity and enhanced co-occurrence network complexity(displaying the highest node and edge counts),while Bradyrhizobium inoculation promoted stochastic assembly.Soil fungi exhibited notable correlations with 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine,chrysophanol,3,7-dihydroxyflavone and triethylamine.Metabolite profiling revealed nitrogen suppression of stress-resistant flavonoids(3-hydroxymethylantipyrine,chrysophanol,3,7-dihydroxyflavone),whereas Bradyrhizobium enhanced these key metabolites.KEGG enrichment identified tryptophan and caffeine metabolism as central during flowering-podding stage,coordinating nitrogen assimilation and defense responses.Additionally,the key metabolites correlated significantly with soil total nitrogen,organic matter,and available nitrogen.These findings reveal that Bradyrhizobium acts synergistically with fertilization to activate fungal-driven metabolic pathways,offering a microbiome-based approach to enhance nitrogen efficiency and reduce agrochemical dependency in soybean systems.

Crop rotations can alleviate the adverse effects of agricultural intensification on ecosystem functioning, yet the effects of previous rotation systems on crop yield and soil microbiome after crop conversion remains unclear. By comparing 8-year continuous cropping systems of wheat sequenced with maize (WM) or soybean (WS) with systems incorporating the conversion of maize and soybean in fifth year (WMS, WSM), this study aimed to i) evaluate the effects of preceding 4-year WM and WS system on soil physiochemical properties and bacterial and fungal communities, and ii) reveal how converting these systems to more diverse rotations (WMS, WSM) impact crop yield and soil functions. Compared to the WM, the initial 4-year WS rotation increased wheat yield and nitrifying bacteria while suppressing pathogenic fungi, despite lower carbon and nitrogen inputs. Preceding 4‑year rotation effect consistently explained more variation in bacterial and fungal β‑diversity than the subsequent 4-year rotation effect after crop conversion. WSM significantly increased wheat yield (3.21%), maize yield (16.5%), soil dissolved organic carbon, and reduced bacterial α-diversity and Fusarium relative to WM. WMS significantly increased wheat yield (13.1%), soybean yield (29.2%), raised soil NO3-, fungal α-diversity and nitrifying bacteria compared to WS. Both diverse rotations enhanced bacterial network complexity, with keystone N-cycling taxa (Ellin6067, MND1 from Nitrosomonadaceae) positively correlated with wheat and soybean yields. These findings demonstrate diverse crop sequencing with soybean optimizes nutrient efficiency, improves crop yields and reduces synthetic input dependency via soil microbial legacy effects, and provides a viable pathway toward more sustainable and productive agricultural systems.

Abstract: Straw incorporation is a pivotal strategy for improving soil quality and enhancing agroecosystem functionality; however, the mechanistic linkages among potato straw incorporation, soil functionality, and plant quick responses remain poorly understood. Therefore, a field-controllable pot experiment was conducted in 2024 to systematically evaluate the effects of potato straw incorporation versus non-incorporation on soybean yield parameters, rhizosphere nutrient availability, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and metabolic profiles. Results demonstrated that, compared with the non-incorporation treatment, potato straw incorporation significantly increased soil organic matter (by 21.60%), available potassium (by 35.39%), available phosphorus (by 15.42%), and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (by 16.94%). Concurrently, the activities of acid phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase were enhanced by 28.63% and 16.04%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that straw incorporation significantly reshaped the soil microbial community structure, as evidenced by increased relative abundances of key bacterial taxa (e.g., Paenibacillus and Nitrosomonadaceae) and fungal taxa (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bionectria). Untargeted metabolomics further demonstrated that accompanying these microbial shifts, the accumulation of flavonoids and phenolic glycosides was elevated, with concomitant activation of key metabolic pathways, including histidine and purine-derived alkaloid biosynthesis, plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis, the arachidonic acid metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These synergistic shifts in microbial communities and metabolites collectively established a coordinated enhancement mechanism linking soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and metabolic functions, effectively promoting soybean productivity, as reflected by significant increases in plant height (14.93%), stem diameter (17.77%), pod number per plant (19.10%), and 100-seed weight (11.40%).This study elucidates the microbial mechanisms by which efficient straw utilization influences plant–soil interactions, providing a theoretical framework for understanding how residue management affects plant physiological performance and soil biochemical processes.

Continuous cropping obstacles (CCOs) severely impede cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivation by degrading soil health and suppressing yield. While excessive mineral fertilization exacerbates soil degradation, partial substitution with bio-fertilizers offers a promising mitigation strategy; however, the underlying microbial mechanisms remain elusive. To address this, a two-year trial was conducted in 12-year continuously cropped soil, substituting 20 % and 40 % of mineral fertilizer with chrysanthemum residue compost (OF) or Bacillus subtilis-inoculated bio-organic fertilizer (BF) on an equivalent nitrogen basis. Organic substitution, particularly high-rate BF in the second year, significantly enhanced plant biomass and quality parameters (e.g., chlorogenic acid and flavonoid), alongside markedly increasing the activities of urease and beta-glucosidase, compared to conventional chemical fertilization (P < 0.05). Concurrently, organic substitution effectively ameliorated soil acidification (increasing pH by 18.0-21.4 %) and compaction. Notably, BF treatments demonstrated the greatest potential for boosting soil fertility, with soil available phosphorus peaking at 114.6 g kg(-1). The BF treatments effectively suppressed the fungal community, notably reducing the abundance of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, while simultaneously promoting bacterial proliferation and enriching the inoculated Bacillus subtilis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BF application maintained bacterial alpha-diversity but reduced fungal diversity (P < 0.05). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that BF shifted the microbial interaction pattern from intense intra-kingdom bacterial competition (under chemical fertilization) toward enhanced inter-kingdom bacteria-fungi interactions, which fostered a more antagonistic profile among the core microbial taxa. Redundancy analysis identified soil pH and available phosphorus as primary drivers of this community reassembly. We conclude that bio-fertilizer substitution overcomes CCOs by restoring edaphic properties and fostering a specific, antagonistic core microbiome, providing a vital waste-to-value strategy to manage continuous cropping problems in the cut chrysanthemum industry.

The increasing commercialization of gene-edited crops has created a growing demand for analytical methods that can reliably distinguish the subtle sequence alterations introduced by genome editing. However, the single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) and small insertions/deletions (INDELs) characteristic of gene-edited organisms remain challenging to detect using conventional PCR and sequencing methods, particularly in field settings. Here, we developed an enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA)-assisted CRISPR/Cas12a platform for the rapid, sensitive, and site-specific identification of gene-edited rice. To improve the discrimination of closely related sequence variants, a PAM-Mismatch-Length (PML) design principle integrating non-canonical PAM selection and mismatch positioning was proposed to guide rational crRNA design. Using this strategy, crRNAs enabled precise discrimination of six gene-edited rice lines at the CAO1 and SP1 loci differing by only a few nucleotides. The optimized assays achieved limits of detection (LOD) of 3 copies per reaction for CAO1-WT, GE1, and GE2 lines, 10 copies per reaction for CAO1-GE3, and 6 copies per reaction for all SP1 lines within 30 min. In laboratory-prepared mixed genomic DNA samples, edited variants were detected at frequencies as low as 0.1% for CAO1-GE1 and GE2, and 0.5% for CAO1-GE3 and all SP1 lines. Comparable performance was obtained in rice seed powder samples. No observable cross-reactivity was detected, and the platform performed consistently across different detection formats. Together, these results establish a reliable and practical approach for routine and on-site identification of gene-edited crops and provide design principles applicable to other CRISPR-based assays requiring precise discrimination of nucleic acid variants.

The intensification of drought and heat waves under climate change poses a severe threat to the stability of soil nitrogen (N) cycling. However, the legacy effects of these extremes on the recovery of key nitrifiers, specifically ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), bacteria (AOB), and complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox Nitrospira), and their subsequent regulation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain poorly understood. We conducted parallel microcosm experiments in acidic red and alkaline calcareous soils to examine microbial responses across a 30-day stress period (control, drought, and extreme drought-heat) and a subsequent 28-day rewetting recovery. Drought legacy significantly delayed and attenuated both peak and cumulative N2O emissions during rewetting. Drought and extreme drought-heat stress significantly decreased abundance of AOA, AOB, and comammox in both soils, they led to significant shifts in the α- and β-diversity of AOA and comammox in red soils, and of AOB in calcareous soils. Regarding ecological strategies, AOA and comammox possessed superior resistance compared to AOB in both soils; while nitrifier resilience exhibited clear soil-specific patterns shaped by co-varying edaphic factors, including pH, NH4+ availability, and DOC/DON, with faster AOB recovery in calcareous soil and stronger AOA persistence in red soil. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that comammox shared closer associations with AOA in red soil but with AOB in calcareous soil. Structural equation modeling further revealed that the resilience of the soil-specific dominant nitrifying guild was the primary driver of the post-drought N2O fluxes. These findings imply that the mitigation of N2O emissions following extreme drought should focus on modulating nitrifier resilience.

In this study, a modified QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed to analyze the residues of seven neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) and twenty-two metabolites (m-NEOs) in seven matrices. Acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid was used for sample extraction. The linearities were acceptable (R2 ≥ 0.9912) within the range of 10-1000 μg mL-1. Average recoveries were 74.5%-107.6% at three spiked levels (10, 100, and 500 μg kg-1), with RSDs between 0.8% and 14.1%. The LODs were below 1.94 μg kg-1, and the LOQs did not exceed 6.45 μg kg-1. In 175 samples, 39.4% samples contained at least one NEO or m-NEO. Notably, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran were the four most frequently detected NEOs in all samples. Moreover, these results implied that the first two generations of NEOs still played an important role in pest control. Both chronic and acute risks were acceptable.

The responses of complete ammonia oxidization (comammox) to compound drought and heat and their contributions to post-drought nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain unclear. Through selective inhibition coupled with qPCR quantification, we partitioned N2O production from ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), bacteria (AOB), and comammox Nitrospira in acidic red and alkaline calcareous soils under three treatments: (i) control (CK): 60 % water holding capacity (WHC), 25 degrees C; (ii) drought (D): 3 % WHC, 25 degrees C; and (iii) compound drought and heat (CDH) stress: 3 % WHC, 45 degrees C. Comammox Nitrospira exhibited faster recovery rates than AOA and AOB during the 28-day rewetting phase. AOA dominated N2O emissions in red soil, contributing 34.41 % in CK, 43.91 % in D, and 42.97 % in CDH. AOB dominated N2O emissions in calcareous soil, accounting for 81.78 % in CK, 76.46 % in D, and 69.77 % in CDH. D stress elevated comammox-driven N2O contributions by 10.43 % in red soil and 1.67 % in calcareous soil compared with CK, while CDH stress increased them by 18.24 % and 4.27 % in these soils, respectively. These results highlight comammox Nitrospira as pivotal and non-negligible regulators in post-drought nitrification, particularly when heat and drought conditions coincide.

Carbon dots (CDs) have been widely used in the detection of pesticide residues in foods owning to their easy surface functionalization, adjustable characteristic, stable photoluminescence properties, and high water solubility. Because CDs have variety of functional groups that could achieve multiple retention mechanisms when it as functional ligands for silica gels-based stationary-phases. However, there have no CDs to optimize the retention of propamocarb (PM) in liquid chromatography based on the adsorption capacity of CDs. In this work, a new CDs (NM-CDs) was obtained by a simple hydrothermal method via using citric acid and glucose as two carbon sources. The analysis results of high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for 0.001-0.1 μg/mL PM that showed excellent retention from 0.9-2.4 min to 0.7-1.4 min, and a single chromatographic peak when added NM-CDs. At the same time, NM-CDs improved the signal-to-noise ratio and stabilized the mass spectrum for PM. Thus, the addition of NM-CDs has improved the efficiency of the chromatographic process, and the stability and sensitivity of detection concentration PM in the C18 chromatography column. Meanwhile, the excellent results were also revealed in the detection of PM with pesticide multiresidue and complex matrix, which has provided an effective implementation for CDs to detect pesticide residues in food at separation science.&#xD.

N. thermophilus is the first true anaerobic halophilic alkalithermophile. It employs a unique dual mechanism for hypersaline adaptation, utilizing both "compatible solutes" and "salt in" strategies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its responses to alkaline pH and thermal stress remain poorly characterized. An iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that N. thermophilus used a cross and unique adaptation strategies to three individual extreme stresses. This study fills gaps by elucidating previously unexplored alkaline-specific regulatory processes. It also provides the first comprehensive analysis of its thermal adaptation mechanisms. In response to high-salt and alkaline stress, the organism shifts its metabolism toward glycolysis and pyruvate-derived acetate synthesis, helping to meet increased ATP demands. Heat shock proteins are up-regulated during both alkaline and thermal adaptations, reflecting the "No free lunch" principle. Alkaline pH uniquely induces DNA repair proteins and S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis enzymes, promoting genomic stability in proton-deficient environments. Besides, the compact genome and the positive correlation between GC content with growth temperature may be also a lineage-specific thermal adaptation of the halophilic and alkalithermophilic order Natranaerobiales. These findings illuminate the layered adaptation strategies that help address cross-stress challenges. Meanwhile, stress-specific reconfigurations enhance flexibility for survival in individual extremes. This work provides novel insights into the survival mechanisms of polyextremophiles, as well as advancing their potential biotechnological applications. SIGNIFICANCE: Halophilic alkalithermophile N. thermophilus exemplify life's capacity to thrive in environments where multiple physicochemical extremes intersect. However, the mechanisms underlying alkaline adaptation remain inadequately characterized, and our understanding of thermal adaptation is limited to genomic analyses. This study addresses critical gaps by disentangling the responses to hypersaline, alkalinity, and thermal stress, thereby elucidating how N. thermophilus organizes its survival strategies. This research reveals that N. thermophilus employs a strategy that combines conserved cross-stress mechanisms with unique stress adaptations to cope with the three distinct extreme stresses of high salinity, alkalinity, and temperature. By identifying the molecular modules through which these mechanisms operate, this research sets the stage for future applications in synthetic biology, particularly in the design of extremophile chassis for bioprocessing under multi-extreme conditions. These insights not only enhance our understanding of polyextremophiles but also pave the way for innovative biotechnological solutions.

This study investigated the preventive effects and mechanisms of Paeonia lactiflora pall stem and leaf extract (PLE) on oxidative stress-induced diarrhea in broilers, using a Diquat (DQ)-induced model. Results indicated that PLE significantly improved growth performance, increased average daily gain (ADG), reduced feed-to-gain ratio (F/G), and enhanced liver and kidney indices. PLE alleviated DQ-induced oxidative stress diarrhea by reducing the diarrhea rate by 63.84%, upregulating mRNA expression of MUC2, Claudin-1, ZO-1, and Occludin, and decreasing AST and ALT activities in serum. Additionally, PLE increased levels of CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH while reducing PCO and MDA levels in serum, intestine, and liver tissues. Furthermore, PLE increased acetic acid content and decreased propionic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid contents. PLE also altered gut microbiota by up-regulated Bacteroidetes and Barnesiella and down-regulated Firmicutes and unclassified_o__Eubacteriales. Network pharmacology suggested that PLE acts via the PI3K-Akt-Nrf2 pathway, confirmed by up-regulated mRNA expression of PI3K, AKT, Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1, and down-regulated Keap1 in intestinal and liver tissues. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between Barnesiella and unclassified_o__Eubacteriales with short-chain fatty acids and PI3K-Akt-Nrf2 pathway-related genes. Thus, PLE prevents and alleviates oxidative stress-induced diarrhea in broilers by modulating the PI3K-Akt-Nrf2 pathway, regulating gut microbiota, and influencing short-chain fatty acids.

The current accurate quantitative technology, such as standard curve-based quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR), is time-consuming and expensive, resulting in high costs for the implementation of the GMO labeling policy. This study proposed a rapid quantitative strategy that combines the 2-Delta Delta Ctmethod with the t-test of Delta Ct values between the test samples and the reference control. This method allowed for an approximate estimation of the GMO content of test samples while identifying the GM events. GMO labeling or exempt for most samples can be determined based on the rapid estimation of GMO content and the t-test result of the Delta Ct values between the test samples and the reference control. This approach streamlines the quantitative analysis process, makes the quantification more accessible and affordable, and supports compliance with GMO labeling regulations worldwide.

A growing population necessitates the development of sustainable agriculture, which requires achieving atom economy in pesticide delivery, fertilization, and so on. To this end, we focus on single-atom materials (SAMs) to enhance atom utilization within agricultural systems. In this study, we report a novel pesticide for plants, a single-atom copper (Cu1) formulation, by employing a precipitation-equilibrium-driven (Ksp-driven) method to anchor Cu1 onto a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) carrier. Thanks to its high atom dispersion and utilization efficiency, the Cu1 formulation (Cu1/CaCO3) significantly enhances crop disease resistance while exhibiting minimal phytotoxicity in the tested species. Notably, this formulation leads to nearly 20-fold less copper residue in the soil after field application compared to traditional copper formulations. It inhibits microbial growth potentially by targeting key bacterial membrane components through interactions with phosphate groups (-PO42-) in membrane phospholipids and binding to sulfhydryl (-SH) residues in respiratory chain proteins. Cu1/CaCO3 represents SAMs as a promising tool for designing green pesticides to manage crop diseases and a novel interdisciplinary approach to promoting sustainable agriculture.

This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the chemical composition and biomethane production of herbaceous, woody, and mossy peats. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic pretreatment were established through single-factor and orthogonal experiments, utilizing reducing sugar yield as a key metric. Daily gas production, volatile fatty acids concentrations, pH levels, and reducing sugar yields during methane fermentation were measured to assess the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on peat biomethanation. The optimal pretreatment conditions for mossy, herbaceous plants, and woody peat are 25 min, 35 min, and 2 min of ultrasonic treatment at 50 degrees C, 70 degrees C, and 60 degrees C, respectively. The solid-liquid ratios are 1:5, 1:3, and 1:3, respectively, and the particle sizes are 250 mesh, 250 mesh, and 40 mesh, respectively. After ultrasonic treatment, the contents of hemicellulose, and lignin decreased by 2.32 %, 1.77 %, respectively, in mossy peat; 1.00 %, and 2.70 %, respectively, in herbaceous peat; and 0.76 %, and 2.28 %, respectively, in woody peat. After ultrasonic treatment, the total biomethane production from mossy, herbaceous, and woody peats increased by 119.05 %, 84.69 %, and 13.55 %, respectively. Ultrasonic pretreatment enhances peat's biodegradability and biomethane production, thus being an effective strategy for increasing peat's biomethane yield.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Cas proteins coupled with preamplification have shown great potential in molecular diagnoses. However, the current CRISPR-based methods require additional reporters and time-consuming process. Herein, a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)enhanced CRISPR/dCas9-mediated fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) termed Au-CFRET platform was proposed for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of nucleic acid for the first time. In the Au-CFRET sensing platform, AuNP was functionalized with dCas9 and used as nanoprobe. Target DNA was amplified with FAM-labeled primers and then precisely bound with AuNP-dCas9. The formed complex rendered the distance between AuNP acceptor and FAM donor to be short enough for the occurrence of FRET, thus resulting in fluorescence quenching. Moreover, AuNPs were demonstrated to enhance binding efficiency of dCas9 to target DNA in Au-CFRET system. The key factors regarding the FRET efficiency were analyzed and characterized in detail, including the length of donor/acceptor and the size of AuNPs. Under the optimal conditions, Au-CFRET could determinate CaMV35S promoter of genetically modified rice as low as 21 copies mu L-1. Moreover, AuCFRET sensing system coupled with one-step extraction and recombinase polymerase amplification can identify the genuine plant seeds within 30 min from sampling to results at room/body temperature without expensive equipment or technical expertise, and requires no additional exogenous reporters. Therefore, the proposed sensing platform significantly simplified the system and shortened the assay time for nucleic acid diagnoses.

Emerging ecological risks of Per - and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in terrestrial environments have received extensive attention. Yet, their impact on microbially-mediated nitrification processes in soils remains insufficiently investigated. Through a 42-day microcosm incubation experiment, we examined how two representative PFASs exposure, i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS), influence nitrification potential (PNR) and the community dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), bacteria (AOB), and complete ammonia oxidization (comammox) in calcareous soil. Both PFOA and PFOS exposure significantly enhanced PNR and the Chao1 index of AOA and comammox (P < 0.05), but had a little effect on AOB. The structure of AOA and comammox was significantly shaped by the PFASs exposure. Mantel test and redundancy analyses identified soil pH, NH4+, DON, and MBC/MBN as critical determinants of community assembly. Network analysis uncovered intensified cross-domain synergies between AOA and comammox, with Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus, Nitrososphaera, and Nitrosospira emerging as keystone taxa governing nitrification. Random forest and structural equation modeling indicated that PFASs exposure altered the nitrification by directly changing soil pH, NH4+, DON, and MBC/MBN and indirectly shifting AOA and comammox co-occurrence patterns. Our results underscored that PFASs contamination accelerates nitrogen cycling through reinforced AOA-comammox cooperation, potentially exacerbating nitrogen depletion in agroecosystems.

Soil continuous monocropping obstacles pose a significant challenge to the sustainable production of cut chrysanthemums. Yet, the effectiveness of integrating biochar and microbial antagonists in alleviating these obstacles in cut chrysanthemum production remains unclear. Here, we collected soils from a 12-year continuous cropping system with a high incidence of disease to establish a pot experiment comprising four treatments: control (CK), biochar (BC), Bacillus subtilis (BM), and their combined addition (BM_BC), investigating the effects of biochar and B. subtilis on the disease incidence, plant growth, pathogenic and antagonistic microbial populations, and the bacterial and fungal communities in diseased soil. The results showed that BM_BC treatment effectively controlled the disease and significantly increased (P < 0.05) the plant biomass and root activity of cut chrysanthemum by 41.3% and 254%, respectively, compared to the CK. Notably, the BM_BC exhibited the lowest population of Fusarium oxysporum and the highest population of B. subtilis, along with the greatest alpha diversity (measured by Chao1 and Shannon indices) of both bacterial and fungal communities among the four treatments. The amendments of BC, BM, and BM_BC significantly altered the structure and composition of bacterial and fungal communities, with BM_BC primarily enriching beneficial bacteria and suppressing pathogen. Microbial co-occurrence network analysis revealed that BM_BC increased the abundance of module 2, co-dominated by bacterial and fungal species, and strengthened the interactions between them. The PLS-PM analysis demonstrated that bacteria-fungi interkingdom interactions played a crucial role in promoting the growth of cut chrysanthemums in diseased soil. Therefore, our findings underscore the synergistic effects of biochar and B. subtilis in suppressing Fusarium wilt disease and enhancing the growth of cut chrysanthemums by strengthening microbial interkingdom interactions.Graphical Abstract

Understanding the fate of dinotefuran, flonicamid, and their metabolites is crucial for accurate dietary exposure assessment and human health. The dissipation and removal of dinotefuran, flonicamid, and their metabolites from apple cultivation to consumer’s plate were studied. The results of field and storage experiments indicated significant differences in half-life at different doses. And the half-life was shorter in the field than that in storage. During washing, the residues of all target compounds were decreased. Among washing solutions, the PF values of each pesticide gradually decreased with the increasing washing time and washing solution concentration. 2 % NaHCO3 produced best removal effect after washing 15 min. Various food processing techniques, including peeling, fermentation, clarification, blanching, drying, enzymolysis, and simmering, were used to confirm the most effective way to remove these target compounds. For majority processes, the PF values were < 1, and the peeling and fermentation could obviously reduce pesticide residues. The risk quotients were < 100 %, implying that the risks were acceptable. This study provided a necessary information for the use of pesticides in apple cultivation and improvement of processing technology to ensure food safety.