Youth drinking is known to be a leading and avoidable risk factor of mortality. However, recent evidence on mortality attributable to youth drinking on a global scale is limited. Using risk-attributable mortality data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we conducted a longitudinal analysis to examine trends in deaths and mortality attributable to youth drinking among individuals under 20 years across 194 WHO member countries/territories from 1990 to 2021. Mortality differences were assessed by sex, socio-demographic index (SDI) levels, and countries/territories. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by Joinpoint regression were used to quantify significant mortality changes. A total of 417,198 deaths attributable to youth drinking were reported from 1990 to 2021, primarily from transport injuries (36.1%) and interpersonal violence (17.7%). The number of total deaths attributable to youth drinking declined from 13,346 in 1990 to 10,563 in 2021 (AAPC = -0.73%, 95% CI: -0.77% to -0.68%). Mortality among males was 5.8-7.5 times that of females. Large mortality decreases occurred over time in countries/territories with high (AAPC=-2.71%, 95% CI: -2.78% to -2.67%) and high-middle SDI (AAPC=-2.06%, 95% CI: -2.26%% to -1.87%%), while those with lower SDI levels showed relatively stable or slightly increasing mortality trends. The percent change in mortality varied greatly across the 194 WHO countries/territories from 1990 to 2021, ranging from - 96.8% (Seychelles) to 772.8% (Libya). Increases occurred in 30.4% of countries (59/194), all in low or middle SDI levels. Despite a substantial decline in mortality, therefore, youth drinking remains a global health challenge that disproportionally affect males and young adults in countries with low or middle SDI levels. Implementation of actions outlined in the WHO Global Alcohol Action Plan 2022-2030 should be accelerated and enhanced, especially in those countries with high attributable mortality rates as well as those experiencing large increases in mortality during between 1990 and 2021.

Objective: Behavioral and environmental risk exposure data are critical for child injury prevention, yet routine surveillance rarely collects such data. Using baseline data from a large cluster RCT conducted in China, we report prevalence rates of behavioral and environmental risks for child injury. Methods: Children aged 0–5 years were recruited between August 2024 and February 2025 from 12 streets/towns in Changsha, China, through local primary health care institutions in both urban and rural areas. Caregivers completed a WeChat-based questionnaire on socio-demographics and 46 behavioral and environmental child injury risk factors. We calculated composite scores for behavioral risk and environmental risk separately and dichotomized at the 66.7th percentile. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. Results: Among 6,701 children aged 0–5 (53.0% boys; 64.1% aged 3–5 years; 59.5% urban), composite behavioral and environmental risk scores were right-skewed, with exposure of specific risk factors ranging from 0.4% to 85.2%. Common risks included infant bed-sharing (85.2% among infants), non-use of child restraint systems (CRS) (34.7%), and climbing or jumping on beds or furniture (29.8%). Compared with infants, children aged 1–2 and 3–5 years had lower behavioral risk (aPR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.78–0.98 and aPR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.82–1.00) and lower environmental risk (aPR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.66–0.86 and aPR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.70–0.87). Boys (aPR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.08–1.24) had higher behavioral risk than girls. Rural children had lower behavioral risk (aPR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.77–0.91) but higher environmental risk (aPR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.29–1.56). Conclusions: Several risky behaviors and hazardous environmental exposures are common among young Chinese children. Targeted injury prevention interventions are recommended. Practical applications: This study provides a comprehensive overview of modifiable injury risks for children aged 0–5 in China. The findings highlight the most prevalent hazards and can inform evidence-based interventions and resource allocation.

What’s already known about this topic?:Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. However, recent large population-based surveys in China remain limited. What is added by this report?:This population-based survey reported a 12-month unintentional injury incidence of 9.12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.47, 9.81] among children aged 0-5 years. The incidence rates were higher in boys, preschoolers, and urban children than in girls, younger children, and rural children. Falls accounted for 69.2% of reported injuries, most of which occurred at home during play. What are the implications for public health practice?:Home-based prevention efforts should prioritize boys and preschoolers.

BACKGROUND:China implemented the 'One Helmet, One Belt' road safety campaign in April 2020 to improve helmet use among cyclists and motorcyclists. We evaluated its long-term effect. METHODS:We analysed crash data from 379 media sources that reported at least one road traffic crash per quarter between January 2019 and September 2024, as indexed by the Automated Road Traffic Crash Data Platform. The proportion of media-reported crashes involving helmeted motorcyclists and cyclists was compared before and after implementation of the national campaign. We calculated adjusted (aORs) using logistic regression, controlling for season and the COVID-19 pandemic period and fitted Joinpoint regression models to identify periods with significant changes. RESULTS:Among 20 546 media-reported crashes involving motorcyclists and cyclists, the overall proportion of riders wearing helmets increased significantly following the campaign's implementation (aOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 2.08 to 2.72). However, this increase emerged only in the first 8 months of the campaign (April-December 2020), after which proportions plateaued. Subgroup analyses detected distinct temporal patterns for motorcyclists (an initial increase followed by decline), professional delivery riders (no significant trends) and publicly shared vehicle riders (consistently increasing trends). CONCLUSIONS:Our study documents an initial increase followed by stabilisation in proportion of media-reported crashes involving helmeted motorcyclists and cyclists following the national injury prevention campaign. The intervention's effectiveness varied across rider subgroups. These findings underscore the importance of sustaining and enhancing the national campaign while developing targeted interventions for distinct user groups in China, also suggesting similar initiatives might be effective in other international contexts.

OBJECTIVES:Injuries are the leading cause of death among children and adolescents. Although numerous risk assessment tools for unintentional injuries in children have been developed and published both domestically and internationally, there is currently no global consensus on standardized use. This study aims to systematically characterize existing unintentional injury risk assessment tools for children aged 0-6 years, with the goal of informing scientific tool selection and optimization. METHODS:Relevant literature published up to January 2025 was retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, and Web of Science. An information extraction form was developed to gather data on the basic features of each assessment tool, assessment format, scoring methods and criteria, dimensions assessed, reliability and validity, and types of unintentional injuries covered. RESULTS:A total of 50 risk assessment tools for unintentional injuries among children aged 0-6 years were included. Among them, 35 tools assessed two or more types of unintentional injuries. Regarding assessment format, 38 tools relied on caregiver self-report, 2 on investigator interviews, 3 on direct observation by investigators, and 7 used multiple methods. The tools covered four major dimensions: knowledge, attitude, behavior, and environment. Eleven tools covered 3 dimensions, while only one tool addressed all 4. Nineteen tools provided clear scoring methods, 14 included criteria for risk determination, and only 11 had both scoring methods and risk criteria. Twenty-eight tools lacked both. Twenty-two tools had been evaluated for reliability and/or validity. Among the 25 English-language tools, only 3 had been translated into Chinese. CONCLUSIONS:Currently, no existing tool comprehensively assesses all major types of unintentional injuries for children under six years of age. It is recommended that practitioners select appropriate tools based on specific needs. In addition, improvements should be pursued, such as translating and validating English-language tools, developing quantitative scoring methods and criteria for tools tailored to Chinese children for important but underrepresented injury types (e.g., road traffic injuries, drowning).

Abstract Objective: This study aims to investigate the inducing factors that cause ischemic events and summarize the clinical features between TIA and infarction in pediatrics with ischemic MMD. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted from September 2015 to September 2021 in-patients and out-patients admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Results: The results indicated that 74.1% (63/85) of patients had obvious inducing factors before the ischemic attack, among which fever accounted for 41.3% (26/63). TIA patients with obvious inducing factors accounted for 83.3% (25/30) cases, and cerebral infarction patients with obvious inducing factors accounted for 69.1% (38/55). The inducing factorof fever is significantly higher in patients with infarction than in those with TIA ( p =0.0023). The inducing factors of crying ( p =0.0006) and consumption of irritating foods ( p =0.0018) are significantly higher in patients with TIA than infarction. The age was younger in patients with infarction than TIA (8.8 ± 0.7 vs 5.8 ± 0.5, p =0.0011). The infarctions were more common in patients with PCA involvement than in patients present with TIA ( p =0.0044). Multivariate analysis revealed that crying ( p = 0.002) was independently associated with TIA. Conclusions: The occurrence of ischemic events in children with ischemic MMD tends to be associated with a clear inducing factor. Fever is more common in causing cerebral infarction, while crying and eating irritating foods are easy to cause TIA. Crying was identified as an independent risk factor for inducing TIA. The patients present with infarction are associated with younger age and PCA involvement in pediatric ischemic MMD.

带状疱疹后遗神经痛(Postherpetic Neuralgia,简称PHN)为带状疱疹最常见的并发症之一.由于其是持续性的神经性疼痛,因此依赖于现有的半导体技术,能在一定程度上对其疼痛进行有效的控制及改善.现对半导体激光技术用于治疗带状疱疹后神经痛的研究现状及新进展进行补充与概括.

2019年4月,美国食品和药物管理局提出"智慧食品安全新时代"这一倡议,旨在继续实施美国《食品安全现代化法案》(FDA Food Safety Modernization Act,FSMA)科学和基于风险的要求,同时纳入新技术、工具和方法 ,帮助消费者更好地免受食源性疾病侵害.智慧食品安全作为一种新的食品安全方法 ,促进社会和商业部门使用新技术,如区块链、传感器技术、物联网和人工智能,以建立一个更数字化、可追溯和更安全的食品体系,包括依靠技术的可追溯性和对食源性疾病暴发的响应、更智能的预防工具和方法 、适应新商业模式和零售现代化、食品安全文化4个方面.本文介绍了美国智慧食品安全监管方法 ,并通过借鉴美国今后食品安全监管思路,提出对未来我国食品安全监管的建议.

The integration of Chinese medicine (CM) and Western medicine (WM) has obvious advantages. However, basic theories of CM and WM are hard to integrate at the present stage due to radical difference in world view and methodology between them. CM and WM share the same objective, i.e., saving life and treating disease, so they can be integrated technologically. And only in this way can focus the integration of CM and WM on solving practical problems and obtaining clinical efficacy. The integration in this way is firmly and valuable.

ObjectivePublished research has not considered acute diseases and injuries in assessing the impact of varying disease counts on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We used Chinese value sets of EQ-5D-3L to examine the relationship between the number of diseases individuals had (including chronic diseases, acute diseases and injuries) and their HRQoL.MethodsA total of 19 387 individuals aged 18 years and older were included in the study. Using data from the First Provincial Health Services Survey of Hunan, China, HRQoL was assessed with the EQ-5D-3L scale, a standardized instrument developed by the EuroQoL group. The EQ-5D-3L utility score was calculated using the Chinese EQ-5D-3L value set. This survey coded disease using the list of 133 conditions that was defined by the First Provincial Health Services Survey of Hunan, China, based on the 10th International Classification of Diseases. 126 conditions were disease-related and were therefore included in data analysis.ResultsOf 15 245 respondents, urban residents and male constituted 53.0% and 48.2%, respectively. 19.3% of respondents had one disease and 5.0% had at least two diseases. Of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L, the pain/discomfort dimension had the highest proportion of moderate or serious problems among the respondents (14.4%, 95% CI 10.5% to 18.2%). The average Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and utility score were 78.0 (95% CI 76.9 to 79.1) and 0.958 (95% CI 0.946 to 0.970), respectively. Residents with 1 and ≥2 diseases had higher proportions of moderate or serious problems in five dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L scale during the previous 2 weeks than those without disease after controlling for location (urban/rural), sex, age, education level and household income, respectively (adjusted ORs: 3.1–3.7 and 4.4–6.6, respectively). The mean of the EQ VAS score was 8.4 and 13.6 points lower in respondents with 1 and ≥2 diseases than in respondents without disease; the corresponding mean score difference was 0.048 and 0.086 in EQ-5D-3L utility score. Disease-specific analyses were not conducted due to the inadequacy of sample size.ConclusionsThe HRQoL of residents aged 18 years and older declines distinctly as the number of diseases increases. Actions should be taken to improve the HRQoL of residents with multiple diseases in China (including acute diseases, chronic diseases and injuries).

We aimed to examine progress in global road injury mortality since the initiation of Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020. We examined annual percent changes in age-adjusted road traffic mortality using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Association between changes in road traffic mortality and legislative efforts in individual nations was explored using data from Global Status Reports on Road Safety 2013 and 2015. We found that global age-adjusted mortality, both overall and for user-specific road traffic injuries, decreased significantly between 2010 and 2013 (annual percent change in rates range from -1.43% to -0.99%). Developed countries witnessed a larger decrease than developing countries in both overall and user-specific road mortality (about 2.0-4.6 times). However, there were substantial disparities within developed countries and within developing countries, with some countries seeing large reductions in mortality rates and others seeing none. The annual percent change in road traffic mortality during 2010-2013 was significantly correlated with total national law enforcement score (Spearman rs = -0.38). We concluded that results highlight the need for continued effort to reduce the burden of road injury mortality, especially in LMIC countries.

Objective To determine the characteristics and pattern of published injury prevention literature in China,2001- 2010. Methods Wan Fang databases and other five databases were used to search the published studies between January 1,2001 and December 31,2010 about injury prevention. A bibliometric analysis was done to describe the characteristics and pattern of injury prevention literature. Results From 2001 to 2010,the total numbers of injury prevention articles were 2 101 in China,and the cumulative numbers of research increased linearly over year. The proportion of funded paper was 19. 4%. 22 journals published ≥20 papers,accounting for 53. 7% of total articles. 114 core authors published 370 papers as the first author in sum,accounting for 17. 6% of all articles. 45. 0% publications were conducted by public health agencies. Guangdong,Zhejiang,Shanghai,Beijing,Shandong,Jiangsu,Anhui and Hubei were the most common provinces of the publications,accounting for 65. 1% of total articles. 92. 1% of publications were descriptive studies. Few published studies adopted the designs of case-control study,cohort study,randomized controlled trial and quasiexperimental study. 71. 6% of published studies targeted multiple injuries. Conclusions The injury prevention literature increased linearly between 2001 and 2010 in China. Most of them were conducted by public health agencies,and were from developed regions( typically eastern provinces) with strong research capacity. Descriptive studies were the most common,and multiple injuries were investigated in most studies. Children,adolescents,and the whole population were most selected as study subjects.

Objective To evaluate the methodological quality of published case-control and cohort studies on injury prevention in China from 2001 to 2010. Methods Publications between 2001 and 2010 were retrieved from four major Chinese electrical databases and two international electrical databases. Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale( NOS) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of searched articles. Results From 2001 to 2010,the numbers of case-control studies and cohort studies about injury prevention were 84 and 13 in China,respectively. Occupational population,children and adolescents accounted for 45. 2% and 36. 9% of case-control studies,respectively. Multiple injuries were mostly studied,accounting for 71. 4% of case-control studies. 46. 2% of published cohort studies focused on children and adolescents,and92. 3% of them targeted multiple injuries. All of published case-control studies scored over 5. 0 points. The mean quality scores of case-control studies was 6. 1 points( standard deviation: 0. 7 points). Many studies had low scores in the items ofascertainment of exposure,non-response rateandadequate case definition. Most of published cohort studies were scored 6-7 points. The mean quality scores was 6. 3 points( standard deviation: 0. 9 points). The cohort studies had low scores in the item ofassessment of outcome. Conclusions Published case-control studies and cohort studies about injury prevention were limited in China between 2001- 2010. Studies were focused on children,adolescents and occupational population,mostly on multiple injuries. The methodological quality of published case-control studies and cohort studies is relatively high.

Previous studies on the autobiographical memory (AM) of depressed patients had inconsistent findings. Various severities of depression in patients in these studies may lead to conflicting results. However, the differences in the procedure of the autobiographical memory tests (AMTs) may also influence the AM results. In this study, we analyse the results published so far to research the AM characteristics of patients with depressive disorders and identify moderators that affect the assessment results while using AMT in this field. A systematic search was conducted using following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cnki, and Google Scholar, yielding 22 studies of patients with depressive disorders and autobiographical memory published between 1986 and 2010. The results of meta-analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the patients with depressive disorders reported less specific AMs ( g  = −1.051) and more overgeneralized AMs ( g  = 1.115). The patients with depressive disorders also recalled more slowly ( g  = 0.400). The effect sizes of overgeneral memory could be predicted by the self-reported depression score of the depressed patients ( B  = −.329, p  <   .01). The mean effect sizes of AMT indices were affected by the AMT characteristics (i.e., number of cue word, max response time, prompting, presentation of cue word, taping, and so on). Our results suggest that overgeneralization and response lag are the AM deficits in patients with depressive disorders. The parameters of AMT are important factors, which are related to the inconsistency in the assessment of AM in patients with depressive disorders. Some recommendations on AMT and programme research design are given for future research.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the current knowledge and attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHAs) in Chinese registered nurses (RNs) and describe the relationships between the nurses' HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes towards PWHAs.METHODSA cohort of 1350 RNs from 51 comprehensive hospitals in Hunan, China were studied over a 4-month period. A 3-stage random sampling method was used.RESULTSThe total correct rate in AIDS Knowledge Scale was 63.2%. Most nurses were good at conceptions of routes of AIDS infection and some basic characteristics, with more than 80% of the correct responses rate of relevant items. Their weakness was in the knowledge of some activities which would not transfer AIDS, such as "eating in a restaurant where the cook has AIDS may infect HIV", with less than 50% of the correct response rate of relevant items. As for attitudes, 94% of the nurses sympathized with HIV patients. About 82.7% of the nurses showed little sympathy to patients getting HIV by sexual promiscuity. Among all the AIDS related knowledge, nurses' conception of non-infectious activities was significantly related to their attitudes to HIV/AIDS.CONCLUSIONChinese nurses waster well about HIV/AIDS basic characteristics and the routes of infection, and most nurses sympathize with PWHAs. Their weakness is in the knowledge of non-HIV-infectious activities and they hold different attitudes to those patients getting HIV/AIDS in different ways. There are some barriers for Chinese nurses to take care of all patients equally. Professional development programs are urgently needed to remedy this situation including clarifying the nurses' misconceptions on AIDS related knowledge, developing non-judgmental professional attitudes, and using universal prevention measures when they take care of all patients.