To understand the variation rules of seed and fruit traits of Oplopanax elatus in different populations,with the aim of providing the basis for breeding of high quality varieties.Five different populations of Oplopanax elatus in the Paoziya Xiaogou of Changbai Korean Autonomous County,Lenggouzi Forest Farm,East Hill Forest Farm of Linjiang City,Fifteen Daogou and Ji'an Dadingzi Village were taken as research objects.The peduncle length,peduncle diameter,fruit longitudinal diameter,fruit transverse diameter,fruit type coefficient,single fruit weight,seed length,seed width,seed type coefficient and 1 000-grain weight of seed were measured and analyzed statistically.The results showed that the mean coefficient of variation of seed-fruit traits among populations(28.3%)was larger than that within populations(20.63%),and the variation of seed-fruit traits was mainly from inter populations.Correlation analysis showed that 10 pairs of seed-fruit traits were not significantly correlated each other,and the rest showed significant or extremely significant correlation each other.The results of principal component analysis showed that fruit transverse diameter,fruit longitudinal diameter,single fruit weight,seed length and 1 000-grain weight of seed represented most of the information of seed-fruit traits of Oplopanax elatus.Comprehensive evaluation results showed that the traits of seed and fruit of Oplopanax elatus population in the Fifteen Daogou of Changbai Korean Autonomous County were the best.

以3 年生的山楂海棠幼苗为研究对象,使用LI-6800 便携式光合测定仪测定其光合参数,旨在为山楂海棠苗木培育提供理论依据.结果表明:净光合速率(A)日变化曲线呈双峰,峰值出现在08:00 和16:00,08:00 光合能力最强;11:00 蒸腾速率(E)最大;09:00 水分利用效率(WUE)最大;05:00 光能利用效率(QUE)最大;08:00 气孔导度(GSW)最大,14:00 最小;胞间 CO2 浓度(Ci)曲线呈 U 型,14:00 最小,05:00 最大;光合有效辐射(QIN)在1 249.420 μmol·m-2·s-1时达到饱和光强;CO2 浓度在1 082.800 μmol·mol-1时达到饱和CO2 浓度.

采用MaxEnt模型、ENM Tools、R语言和地理信息系统(ArcGis)相结合的方法,预测天女木兰在我国的适生区域,确定影响天女木兰地理分布的主导环境因子.结果表明,预测的天女木兰高适生区主要分为2个主要区域:一个位于东北地区的吉林省南部与辽宁省中东部组成的带状适生分布区;另一个由华东和华中地区的安徽省南部、浙江省西部、江西省中东部与福建省北部等地区组成不均匀的团块适生分布区.天女木兰在我国的高、中和低适生区面积分别为21.96、52.41×104 km2和155.627×104 km2;年均温较差和最湿季度降水量环境变量在预测天女木兰在我国的地理分布中起着主导作用,为我国天女木兰迁地保护引种地的选择与科学保育提供依据.

本文概述了粗毛牛膝菊的地理分布、生物学特性、生理生态特性、繁殖特性、遗传特性、危害、防治对策、应用价值等方面的研究现状,分析了粗毛牛膝菊研究及应用中存在的问题,并提出了研究、治理与开发利用对策,以期为防治该恶性杂草提供参考.

Thuja koraiensis Nakai is a kind of precious economic tree species with fragrance, ornamental and medicinal functions. The essential oil has the satisfactory antibacterial activity. In this paper, the essential oil from the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai was studied by optimization of extraction process, and the optimized parameters mainly include solid-liquid ratio, NaCl concentration, distillation time, storage conditions, etc. Which provided technical scientific basis for the development and utilization of Thuja koraiensis Nakai. The essential oil from the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai was extracted by steam distillation, and the single factor experiment was carried out. The extraction process of the essential oil from the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai was optimized by response surface methodology. The chemical constituents were analyzed by GC-MS. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was detected by filter paper and plate coating methods. Thuja koraiensis Nakai showed that when the material-to-liquid ratio was 50 g/400 ml, the NaCl concentration was 6.0%, the distillation time was 5 h,the storage condition was dry branch, the oil content was the highest. The response surface optimization method showed that material-to-liquid ratio was 7.8804 ml/g, distillation time was 2.23 h, NaCl concentration was 6.56%, under such condition, the yield was 1.1712%. The chemical constituents of the essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), and 45 compounds were detected, accounting for 96.03% of the total number. The bacteriostatic activity was detected by filter paper method. The results showed that the essential oil of Thuja koraiensis Nakai had antibacterial effect on three strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli), among them, the diameter of bacteriostatic circle against S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli was 10.00 mm, 15.20 mm and 9.86 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai to S. aureus was 5 mu g/ml, to B. subtilis was 0.625 mu g/ml and to E. coli was 2.50 mu g/ml. The highest extraction yield of essential oil from the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai by steam distillation was 1.30%. A total of 45 compounds were identified from the essential oils of Thuja koraiensis Nakai, among which carverol acetate was the highest. The essential oil from the branches and leaves of Thuja koraiensis Nakai has obvious antibacterial effect and great development potential, for example, making insect repell0ents, fungicides, essential oil soaps, so it is recommended to collect and use it.

短梗五加为药食两用珍贵木本经济植物,是新型保健食品和药品的优质原料,市场前景广阔.综述短梗五加的地理分布、生物学特性、光合生理特性、繁殖(种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、组培繁殖、压条繁殖)与栽培技术、主要化学成分(挥发油类、黄酮类、多酚类、苷类、色素类)及药理活性、产品研发等方面的研究进展,介绍短梗五加目前的开发利用现状,主要有野菜、挥发油、饮品、药品等开发产品.分析研究及开发存在的问题,主要有地理分布多局限于大尺度描述,光合生理特性缺少系统研究,繁育技术体系尚未建立,研制的产品种类少、单一,濒危机制不清等,并提出短梗五加保育研究及开发利用展望.

为探究光响应模型对不同遮阴环境下刺楸幼苗光响应参数的适应性,采用4种模型(直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型)分别拟合4种遮阴环境下(0％、30％、50％与70％遮阴)的刺楸幼苗的光响应参数,分析不同遮阴环境下刺楸幼苗光响应的变化并利用R2、MAE、MSE结合实测值与拟合值对4种模型拟合效果进行综合评价.结果显示:不同遮阴处理影响刺楸幼苗的光响应参数,遮阴处理后的刺楸幼苗适应弱光能力较强,在弱光环境下的光合能力也较强,而无遮阴处理的刺楸幼苗对强光的利用能力高于遮阴处理后的幼苗;0％和70％遮阴处理下指数模型的拟合效果最佳,30％和 50％遮阴处理下非直角双曲线模型拟合最佳.

基于33个刺人参在中国的地理分布信息和22个环境因子,采用MaxEnt模型与地理信息系统相结合的方法,对刺人参在中国的潜在适生区进行预测,为刺人参引种栽培与保育提供重要参考.结果表明:ROC曲线下面积(AUC)平均值为0.997,MaxEnt模型对刺人参潜在适生区的预测结果准确率高;影响刺人参潜在适生区分布的主导环境因子从大到小依次为气温年较差、年均降水量、最冷季度降水量及海拔,4个因子累积贡献率达到94.9％;刺人参适宜分布区面积约88732.14 km2,主要集中在吉林省东南部和辽宁省东部山区,沿长白山脉呈带状分布,在我国新疆维吾尔自治区及台湾省少部分地区也有分布.

为了解外来入侵植物三裂叶豚草(Ambrosia trifida L.)的群落特征和危害状况,采用样方法对净月潭国家森林公园生长的三裂叶豚草群落进行调查,分析了群落物种组成、种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:三裂叶豚草群落共有维管束植物21科38属45种,群落优势科为菊科(Asteraceae);群落优势种为三裂叶豚草,其重要值为31.35％,远高于其他物种;三裂叶豚草生态位宽度最大,其Levins和Shannon生态位宽度指数分别为7.75和2.09;群落中主要种群间的生态位重叠程度总体较低,种群生态位重叠值平均为0.389 4.三裂叶豚草在净月潭国家森林公园生态适应能力较强,入侵较为严重,亟待进行治理.

豚草是一种恶性入侵杂草,为了解其生物量特征及分配规律,探讨其入侵特性,本文从构件水平研究了豚草各构件生物量结构及分配特征和各构件生物量之间的关系模型.结果表明豚草各构件生物量及其分配比率均表现为茎＞花＞叶＞根;豚草各构件生物量之间、各构件生物量与植株大小之间均呈极显著正相关关系,可用线性函数和幂函数模型较好地表达.

将MaxEnt生态位模型与ArcGis技术相结合,根据朝鲜崖柏在我国的准确有效地理分布地点,采用气候、地形和土壤3种环境因子(28个环境变量指标)预测潜在适生区,划分适生区等级,评价适应性.结果表明:朝鲜崖柏在我国的潜在适生分布区可划分为高、中、低适生区,面积分别为3.67×104、6.99×104、33.12×104 km2,分别占中国国土面积的0.38％、0.73％和3.45％.其中,高适生区主要包括吉林省、黑龙江省、辽宁省和新疆维吾尔自治区,主体呈带状分布.影响朝鲜崖柏分布的主导环境因子由大到小依次为最干季度平均温度、最暖季度降水量、海拔、温度季节性变化标准差和最干月降水量.

刺楸是一种集食用、药用、观赏好材用于一身的珍贵野生植物资源.基于此,概述了刺楸的分类、地理分布、形态、遗传多样性、资源培育、濒危机理和开发利用的研究现状,分析了刺楸研究和利用中存在的问题及濒危原因,提出了刺楸保育及综合利用策略.

为了研究干旱胁迫对豚草种子萌发及幼根生长的影响,采用5％、10％、15％、20％、25％5个质量浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟不同干旱胁迫强度(以不加PEG为对照)的方法对豚草种子萌发进行研究,测定和分析豚草种子的日相对发芽率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数.并对PEG溶液浓度为0、5％、10％和15％下豚草幼苗根生长指标进行测定与分析,建立PEG溶液浓度与豚草种子萌发率的三次回归方程.结果 表明:浓度为0、5％、10％、15％、20％PEG溶液处理豚草种子的日相对发芽率、发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数随胁迫强度的增加而减小,其中对照组发芽指标最高.25％PEG溶液处理的豚草种子不发芽,而基于回归方程得出PEG浓度为24.34％时豚草种子不发芽.与对照组相比,PEG溶液浓度为5％和10％时,对豚草幼苗根长无显著影响,而15％PEG溶液浓度使豚革根长显著变短.PEG溶液浓度为5％和15％时抑制豚草侧根和不定根生长,但10％的PEG浓度溶液,可促进豚草侧根和不定根数量的增多.说明豚草种子的发芽指标随PEG溶液浓度升高而逐渐降低;豚草幼根生长因PEG溶液浓度不同而存在差异.

[目的]朝鲜崖柏是集芳香、观赏、药用于一身的珍贵经济树种,其精油具有良好抑菌性.对朝鲜崖柏枝叶精油的提取工艺优化、成分分析和抑菌性进行研究,旨在为朝鲜崖柏精油的开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取朝鲜崖柏枝叶的精油,进行单因素试验,并采用正交试验法和响应面优化法对提取工艺进行优化.采取GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联用)技术对其化学成分进行分析.并用滤纸片抑菌法和平板涂布法检测精油的抑菌活性.[结果]水蒸气蒸馏法提取朝鲜崖柏枝叶精油的单因素试验显示:液料比7.0 mL/g,NaCl质量分数2.0％,蒸馏时间2.0 h,新鲜枝叶时提取率较高.通过正交试验分析,蒸馏时间2.0 h、液料比7.0 mL/g、NaCl质量分数2.0％为最优组合,其精油提取率为4.2％.响应面优化法得到的最优组合为:液料比6.9 mL/g、蒸馏时间2.7 h、NaCl质量分数2.6％,在此条件下的精油提取率为4.3％,实际值为4.4％,两者拟合良好.通过化学成分分析,从精油中共检出48种化合物,占所提取精油总量的93.79％,其中以乙酸香芹酯含量最高.烯类物质17种,醇类物质15种,酯类物质6种,酮类物质5种,酚类等物质5种,分别占总质量的26.79％、25.40％、28.47％、11.84％和1.11％.精油对金黄葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为13.28 mm,枯草芽孢杆菌的为12.04 mm、大肠杆菌的为12.94 mm,均表现为中度敏感.精油对金黄葡萄球菌的MIC值为0.005μg/L,对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的MIC值均为0.010μg/L.[结论]水蒸气蒸馏法提取朝鲜崖柏枝叶精油的最佳工艺研究,既节省了溶剂用量,缩短了蒸馏时间,又保证了提取率,有利于后续的研究,对企业生产有一定的借鉴价值.朝鲜崖柏枝叶精油的抑菌效果明显,有较大开发潜力,建议加以收集利用.

本文概述了外来入侵植物三裂叶豚草的起源与分布、生物学特性、生态学特性、危害现状和防治措施,分析了研究和防治中存在的问题,提出研究展望和防治策略.