This study examines vaccination perceptions and practices among rural older adults in China during the COVID-19 pandemic to inform strategies for promoting vaccination among older adults. Qualitative research was employed, involving 13 rural older adults aged 60 and above in Anhui Province. Two rounds of in-depth interviews were conducted in May 2022 (during the severe pandemic period) and May 2024 (post-pandemic era), with data analyzed using grounded theory. Rural older adults exhibited dual perceptions of COVID-19 characterized by “seriousness” and “relative reassurance,” maintaining trust, understanding, and acknowledgment of government prevention policies. They generally recognized the necessity of COVID-19 vaccination as a key means to alleviate infection fears and reduce risk exposure. However, they exhibited self-marginalization, believing vaccine resources should be prioritized for younger individuals and those deemed more deserving. And, collectivist values motivated active compliance with epidemic control policies but also led to attention bias, causing them to overlook routine vaccines such as influenza and pneumonia vaccines that received less government promotion. As the pandemic progressed, individual awareness gradually awakened. Professional authority and family opinions emerged as new drivers for vaccination, though health belief biases also surfaced, with some seniors refusing shots citing “good physical constitution.” The government should intensify vaccination outreach, optimize community services, guide seniors toward accurate self-perception, and leverage the roles of family members and medical professionals in vaccination efforts. These measures will enhance vaccination rates among rural seniors and safeguard the health of the population.

Objective: Before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalizations followed a predictable seasonal pattern in Anhui, China, typically beginning in November and lasting until March of the following year. However, city-specific data for Anhui were limited. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns and risk factors associated with severe RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) among hospitalized children in our centre. Methods: We reviewed the records of children aged ≤14 years who were hospitalized with RSV lower respiratory tract infection between June 2023 and May 2025. RSV infection was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings were extracted from electronic medical records. We analyzed seasonal trends and used logistic regression to identify independent predictors of severe RSV infection. Results: Among 5,755 children tested for respiratory pathogens, 448 tested RSV-positive (overall positivity rate 7.79%). The positivity rate increased from 6.47% (194/3,000) in 2023–2024 to 9.22% (254/2,755) in 2024–2025. A marked epidemiological shift was observed: the 2024–2025 RSV seasonal outbreak began approximately one month earlier and persisted approximately one month longer than that of the prior season. After excluding ten patients with incomplete data, 438 children were included in the clinical analysis; of these, 82 (18.72%) had severe disease. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified that age under 6 months, congenital heart disease, and preterm birth were each independent risk factors for severe RSV-associated LRTI. Conclusion: The overall RSV positivity rate among hospitalized children with respiratory symptoms was 7.79%, which increased from 6.47% in 2023–2024 to 9.22% in 2024–2025. Infants younger than six months, preterm neonates, and children with congenital heart disease remain the most vulnerable to severe RSV infection. These high-risk groups may warrant prioritization in future immunoprophylaxis strategies.

This research explores hairstyle gender stereotypes (HGS) in China and their effects on character evaluation. Study 1 (pilot-experiment) selected 10 gender-typical hairstyles from a common Chinese hairstyle list, which were used to develop the HGS questionnaire. Study 2 examined HGS at both exogenous and implicit levels: Experiment 1 (N = 238) employed the above-mentioned questionnaire, while Experiment 2 (N = 64) used an Implicit Association Test (IAT), revealing stable HGS across both levels, with women exhibiting more consistent attitudes. Study 3 assessed the impact of HGS on evaluations of warmth and competence. Experiment 3 (N = 322) showed that characters with stereotype-consistent hairstyles were rated more favorably, with female participants displaying greater tolerance toward stereotype-inconsistent characters, whereas Experiment 4 (N = 125) confirmed that HGS continued to implicitly influence evaluations of male participants but not female participants. Overall, the study demonstrates that HGS remain stable and significantly shape character evaluations, offering new insights into the role of gendered hairstyles in social cognition, with important implications for social cognition, gender studies, and cross-cultural communication.

Objective At present, COVID-19 has already spread rapidly as a global pandemic, just like SARS in 2003 and H1N1 swine influenza in 2009. This study analyzes surveillance and emergency responses to these three epidemics to identify gaps in public health emergency management.Methods This case-comparative study uses 6 critical time points to evaluate and compare the responses.Results Results indicate that China has demonstrated improvements in pathogen identification and governmental coordination since the SARS outbreak, though its overall responsiveness during COVID-19 remained slower than that of the U.S. during the H1N1 pandemic. Specifically, the total response time for COVID-19 was 47 days-64 days faster than during SARS, but still 19 days slower than the U.S. response to H1N1.Conclusions Big data technology is crucial for China's epidemic prevention and control, and has a significant influence on future detection and prevention.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy is associated with community aggregation, inducing low vaccine coverage and potentially more frequent community-level outbreak. Addressing vaccine hesitancy in community settings should be a priority for healthcare providers. A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted during June and July 2022. Ten sites were set up in eastern, central, and western China, from where residents were recruited in a community setting. In total, 7,241 residents from 71 communities were included. Of the residents, 7.0% had refusal administration, 30.4% had delayed administration, and community clustering accounted for 2.4-3.7% and 8.5-9.6% of the variation, respectively. The reasons for primary-dose refusal were diseases, pregnancy, or lactation, whereas the main reasons for booster-dose refusal were diseases during the vaccination period, no time to vaccinate, and felt unnecessary to vaccinate. Younger age (under 40), female, residing in urban settings and having self-reported diseases were sociodemographic indicators of risk for refusal. In the health belief model of refusing to vaccinate, perceived barriers had a positive impact on refusal (β = 0.08), while perceived benefits had a negative impact (β = -0.09). In conclusion, this study underscores the population heterogeneity and community clustering of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy. Targeted interventions for these high-risk groups are crucial to enhance vaccination coverage and prevent outbreaks. Public health strategies should address vaccine hesitancy at different stages and doses, while considering both individual beliefs and community dynamics.

Managing community cats in urban China is a contentious and emerging issue, with debates centering on the most effective and humane approaches. This study aimed to investigate public attitudes towards community cats and various management strategies. A survey was conducted involving 5382 urban residents in China. Their attitudes towards the positive and negative roles of community cats in urban areas and their support for different management methods were examined, including trap-and-kill, taking no action, centralized management, and trap-neuter-return (TNR) and its variations. Results indicated that 63% of participants were willing to coexist with community cats, 71% opposed trap-and-kill, and 61% agreed or strongly agreed with the TNR method and its variations. Older residents or those with higher incomes were more likely to support coexistence with community cats. In contrast, younger or lower-income residents were more likely to support non-coexistence. Residents in first- or second-tier cities (e.g., Beijing, Hangzhou, and Jinan Cities in China) were more inclined to support trap-and-kill and less likely to support coexistence than their counterparts in fourth-tier cities (e.g., county-level cities in China). Moreover, those with lower education or incomes were more supportive of trap-and-kill and taking no action as the methods to manage community cats than those with relatively higher education or incomes. Those with higher incomes held more positive attitudes towards community cats and were more supportive of TNR and its variations than their counterparts with lower incomes. Males were more inclined to support trap-and-kill and taking no action and less inclined to support centralized management and TNR than females. The implications of the findings on TNR with adoption programs in urban China are discussed. These novel findings underscore the need for targeted educational campaigns to promote humane and effective management strategies, addressing public concerns and community cats' welfare. The study's insights are critical for informing policy and improving community cat management in urban China.

At the end of 2022, the adjustment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic control policy in China resulted in a large-scale increase in public infection. To compare the fertility parameters of male patients before and after the adjustments of the COVID-19 pandemic control policy in China, we collected data on patients' medical histories and laboratory examinations on their first visits between June 2022 and March 2023 in five different hospitals. Data were divided into five groups according to the timeline of the policy adjustment. The data we collected from male patients included semen quality and serum reproductive hormone levels, and intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests. In total, 16 784 cases underwent regular semen analysis, 11 180 had sperm morphology assessments, and 7200 had reproductive hormone analyses. The data showed declining trends in semen volume, sperm motility, and the progressive sperm motility rate after the policy adjustment. Subgroup comparison revealed an initial decrease and gradual recovery in progressive motility rate. Sperm morphology analysis showed increased neck and tail abnormalities after the policy adjustment. No significant change in hormone levels was observed. Following the adjustment of the COVID-19 prevention policy in China, a decline in sperm motility and morphology was observed. This trend may gradually recover over 2 months. After the policy adjustment, reproductive hormone levels were relatively stable throughout, except for an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH). These changes in semen parameters suggest that the policy adjustment had a short- to medium-term impact on male reproductive function.

BackgroundIn recent years, the development of global public health has become a matter of great concern and importance for governments worldwide. China, as the largest developing country, plays a crucial role in shaping the development of the public health and its ability to respond to sudden public health emergencies through the fairness of its human resource allocation in center for disease control and prevention (CDC).ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the situation of health human resource allocation in the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDCs), assess the fairness of the allocation, and provide reference for the rational allocation of human resources.MethodsWe selected data from the China Health Statistics Yearbook on healthcare technical personnel, other technical personnel, managerial personnel, and workforce technical personnel of China CDCs for the period of 2016–2020. We utilized the Health Resource Density Index to evaluate the level of human resource allocation in China CDCs. Additionally, we used the Gini coefficient and Theil index to assess the fairness of human resource allocation in China CDCs from both a population and geographical perspective.ResultsFirstly, the educational qualifications and professional titles of CDC staff have improved, but the workforce is aging. Secondly, HRDI development trends vary among different personnel types and regions with varying levels of economic development. Finally, the results of the Gini coefficient and Theil index indicate that population distribution fairness is better than geographical distribution fairness. Overall, the unfair population distribution is primarily due to regional disparities.ConclusionThe China CDCs should tailor different standards for the allocation of health human resources based on regional characteristics, aiming to enhance the accessibility of health human resources in various regions and achieve equitable allocation.

This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding influenza viruses and vaccines among different professional groups to investigate the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. We collected 2190 questionnaires regarding influenza vaccines in China in 2022. The respondents were categorized into the general population (GP), foreign affairs workforce population (FAWP), and veterinary workforce population (VWP) according to their job positions. Linear regression was used to assess the association between multiple factors and influenza vaccination rates. The association between work and influenza vaccination rates was also assessed by grouping different workforce populations. The vaccination rate of the GP was higher than that of the VWP (odds ratio: 1.342, 95% confidence interval: 1.025-1.853), surpassing the rates reported in previous studies. This may be attributed to heightened concerns about infectious diseases influenced by the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Despite the VWP's more in-depth knowledge of the VWP on zoonotic diseases and their recognition of their importance, there was no significant difference in influenza knowledge among the three populations. This discrepancy contrasts with the observed differences in vaccination rates. Further investigation revealed that, compared with FAWP, the price of vaccines emerged as a primary influencing factor for vaccination rates (odds ratio:0.398, 95%CI; 0.280-0.564). General concerns regarding the protective effects and side effects of vaccines were also noted.

IntroductionEmergency medical rescue plays a vital role in alleviating the harm of all kinds of emergencies to people's physical and mental health and life safety. The current emergency medical teams (EMTs) formation model is not unified. We focused on the disadvantages of the bricolage mode of China EMTs and put forward empirical-based countermeasures to improve the emergency management ability of EMTs.MethodsFrom March to September 2022, 23 leaders of EMTs in North China (Tianjin) were selected by objective sampling method to conduct one-to-half structured in-depth interviews. Nvivo12.0 software was used for three-level coding. The disadvantages of the bricolage model of EMT were analyzed.ResultsBased on the three-level coding, 150 initial concepts, 36 sub-coding, 17 main coding, six categories, and two core categories were sorted out. Management structure, internal stability, and support are recognized as the crucial elements armed with the EMTs.DiscussionThe bricolage EMTs have disadvantages such as a chaotic management structure, weak internal stability, and inadequate support. It is necessary to construct full-time EMTs that incorporate a standardized personnel admission mechanism, full-time training and exercise mechanism, diversified incentive mechanism, and multi-agent cooperation mechanism, etc.

The management and coexistence of community cats in urban areas is a growing concern amid global urbanization. Through a survey-based investigation, we examine the residents’ perceptions of the general health of community cats and human-cat relationships in urban China. The data from 5382 participants revealed that approximately 70% of participants perceived community cats as being in good health, and 60% reported harmonious or non-conflict coexistence between residents and these cats. Around 45% of the participants rescued or helped community cats, 38% expressed their intention to adopt, and 18% complained about the issues of community cats to management staff. Linear, logistic, and multilevel-logistic regressions were employed to examine the associations between the types of cities and communities or the participants’ socio-demographics and the perceived well-being of community cats or human-cat relationships. The results show that the cats in fourth-tier cities (e.g., county-level cities) had poorer living conditions than in first-tier cities (e.g., Beijing), while the cats in urban village communities (e.g., villages in the city) were less likely to exhibit good health than in ordinary commercial housing communities. The results also show that socio-demographic variables, such as educational attainment, marital status, and income level, predicted participants’ relationships with community cats. This study is the first of its kind. It provides valuable insights for stakeholders to develop effective policies and interventions on cat management, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies in diverse urban settings and populations.

The 3 rd International Conference on Psychiatry and Neurorestoratology (ICPN2023) was held in

BACKGROUND:Public health service is an important component and pathway to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), a major direction goal of many countries. China's National Basic Public Health Service Program (the Program) is highly consistent with this direction. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to analyze the key experience and challenges of the Program so as to present China's approach to UHC, help other countries understand and learn from China's experience, and promote UHC across the world. METHODS:A literature review was performed across five main electronic databases and other sources. Some data were obtained from the Department of Primary Health, National Health Commission, China. Data obtained included the financing share of the national/provincial/prefectural government among the total investment of the program in 32 provinces in 2016, their respective per capita funding levels, and some indicators related to program implementation from 2009 to 2016. The Joinpoint regression model was adopted to test the time trend of changes in program implementation indicators. Face-to-face individual interviews and group discussions were conducted with 48 key insiders. RESULTS:The program provided full life cycle service to the whole population with an equitable and affordable financing system, enhanced the capability and quality of the health workforce, and facilitated integration of the public health service delivery system. Meanwhile, there were also some shortcomings, including lack of selection and an exit mechanism of service items, inadequate system integration, shortage of qualified professionals, limited role played by actors outside the health sector, and a large gap between the subsidy standard and the actual service cost. The Joinpoint regression analysis demonstrated that 13 indicators related to program implementation showed a significant upward trend (P<.05) from 2009 to 2016, with average annual percent change values above 10% for 6 indicators and below 6% for 7 indicators. Three indicators (coverage of health records, electronic health records, and health management among the elderly) rose rapidly with annual percent change values above 30% between 2009 and 2011, but rose slowly or remained stable between 2011 and 2016. In 2016, the subsidy standard per capita in the eastern, central, and western regions was equivalent to US $7.43, $7.15, and $6.57, respectively, of which the national-level subsidy accounted for 25.50%, 60.57%, and 79.52%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The Program has made a significant contribution to China's efforts in achieving UHC. The Program focuses on a key population and provides full life cycle services for the whole population. The financing system completely supported by the government makes the services more equitable and affordable. However, there are a few challenges to implementing the Program in China, especially to increase the public investment, optimize service items, enhance quality of the services, and evaluate the health outcomes.

The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy tendency to have community aggregation, the vaccine hesitancy induces high proportion of unvaccinated population, resulting in potentially more frequent community-level outbreak. Overcoming community-setting vaccine hesitancy should be a priority. To identify the major contributing factors to refusals and delays of vaccination behavior in community. A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted in June and July 2022. Ten sites were set up in eastern, central, and western China, from where residents were recruited in a community setting. In total 7 241 residents from 71 communities were included. 7.0% of the residents had refusal administration, 30.4% had delayed administration, and the variation attributable to community clustering was 2.4-3.7% and 8.5-9.6%, respectively. The reasons for primary dose refusal were diseases, pregnancy, or lactation, whereas the main reasons for booster dose refusal were diseases, no time, and unnecessary. Stepwise regressions showed that the factors for refusal were being younger than 60 years (OR=2.05, 95%CI:1.67,2.53), female sex (OR=1.74, 95%CI:1.43,2.12), living in urban communities (OR=1.77, 95%CI:1.47,2.13), having a monthly income of more than 5,000 RMB (OR=1.47, 95%CI:1.13,1.91), and having self-reported diseases (OR=3.18, 95%CI:2.61,3.87). In the health belief model of refusal to vaccinate, there was a positive impact on refusal from perceived barriers (β=0.08) and a negative impact from perceived benefits (β=-0.09). Concerns regarding the impact of delayed vaccination on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 should be raised, and it should be tailored to different groups, stages, and doses when developing interventions and health policies. Vigilance is needed because the perceived threat is downplayed and the scope of vaccine misperceptions has widened.

This chapter provides a critical reflection on a selection of tertiary students’ responses in China in the national battle against COVID-19. It explains how tertiary students have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and why they have responded. Student stories, diaries, and a letter published are reviewed as cases of their response in their national battle against the pandemic. The tertiary students’ response to other national events is also retraced through a diary by the author while participating in higher education of China in the 1990s for further exploration. The impact of Chinese education philosophies, policy, system, and practice on the response to COVID-19 by Chinese tertiary students is explored. The belonging, being, and becoming of tertiary students in China is suggested to be the critical factor for the extensive participation and support by the students in the national battle against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction:Young adults may be facing growing threats from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, vaccination of young adults may not have drawn adequate attention. In Asia, adensely populated region with ahigh proportion of low-income countries, VPDs impose more of an economic and social burden than in western countries. However, knowledge about attitudes toward vaccines among young Asians is limited. This study aims to fill that gap by describing attitudes toward vaccines and how well they are accepted among young Asian adults through asystematic review of relevant Chinese and English publications. Methods:A three-stage searching strategy was adopted to identify eligible studies published during 2009-2019 according to the selection criteria, resulting in 68 articles being included. Results:The review finds that vaccination coverage among young Asians is generally lower than among their western peers, and there is a lack of relevant study in many Asian countries. Factors influencing young Asians' attitudes toward vaccines are categorized into contextual level, individual and social level, and vaccine-specific level. Conclusion:These suggest that there is a need to strengthen young adults' vaccination programs and to promote vaccine-related information and government.

As novel coronavirus pneumonia's epidemic spread around the world, it is difficult for India to be good. Prime Minister Modi announced the ＂seal of the country＂ on March 24. Adopting the ＂seal of the country＂ policy has undeniably achieved certain results in controlling epidemic and has also received active cooperation from all walks of life. However, the policy was put forward without a plan and its implementation was completely transparent, and the State Government, political parties, experts and civil society organizations were not consulted. After the implementation of the policy, the poverty and hunger of millions of people in India have been neglected, and there are no corresponding measures to ensure the basic living needs of the poor. India's left-wing forces, mainly the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India and the Communist Party of India (Marxism-Leninism), actively participated in the epidemic prevention and control and adhered to the people's position as the fundamental position. The left-wing forces have always insisted on taking the people as the center and fully considering the interests of the poor people, both in their statements and claims on epidemic and in their actual anti-epidemic actions. They have fully demonstrated the Communist Party's feelings of taking responsibility for the people, relieving worries for the people and relieving difficulties for the people.

Introduction: Young adults may be facing growing threats from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). However, vaccination of young adults may not have drawn adequate attention. In Asia, adensely populated region with ahigh proportion of low-income countries, VPDs impose more of an economic and social burden than in western countries. However, knowledge about attitudes toward vaccines among young Asians is limited. This study aims to fill that gap by describing attitudes toward vaccines and how well they are accepted among young Asian adults through asystematic review of relevant Chinese and English publications.Methods: A three-stage searching strategy was adopted to identify eligible studies published during 2009-2019 according to the selection criteria, resulting in 68 articles being included.Results: The review finds that vaccination coverage among young Asians is generally lower than among their western peers, and there is a lack of relevant study in many Asian countries. Factors influencing young Asians' attitudes toward vaccines are categorized into contextual level, individual and social level, and vaccine-specific level.Conclusion: These suggest that there is a need to strengthen young adults' vaccination programs and to promote vaccine-related information and government.