Background:Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) is a recently identified subtype of functional mitral regurgitation (MR), which necessitates a distinct therapeutic approach to that of traditional functional MR. However, diagnosing AFMR remains a complex challenge. Thus, this study aimed to establish a straightforward and effective method for the accurate diagnosis of AFMR using a nomogram. Methods:In total, 489 patients with clinically significant (moderate-to-severe or severe) functional MR who were admitted to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2020 to May 2023 were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly divided into training and validation groups at a 7:3 ratio. The predictors for AFMR were screened out by uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and a nomogram model was constructed. The model's predictive accuracy and discriminative capacity were subsequently assessed. Results:The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were independent predictors of AFMR: left atrial diameter (LAd) [odds ratio (OR): 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-1.24, P=0.004], left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd) (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65-0.82, P<0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13-1.29, P<0.001), previous atrial fibrillation (AF) (OR: 9.34, 95% CI: 2.89-30.45, P<0.001), and myocardial infarction (MI) (OR: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00-0.40, P=0.007). These factors were integrated into the diagnostic nomogram model. The area under the curve (AUC) values of the model were 0.993 and 0.979 in the training and testing cohorts, respectively. Conclusions:This study developed a simple way to diagnose AFMR using a nomogram model that incorporated the LAd, LVDd, LVEF, AF, and MI. This model could help cardiologists in treatment determination and prognosis evaluation.

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has emerged as a novel physiological pacing method to produce narrower QRS duration, but whether it could restore mechanical synchrony and improve myocardial work still lacks sufficient evidence. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate mechanical synchrony and myocardial work in LBBP. We collected 20 patients with LBBP due to symptomatic bradycardia and another 29 age-matched patients with right ventricular pacing (RVP). For LBBP patients, cardiac electro-mechanical synchrony and myocardial work were measured at baseline and 7 days after implantation and compared with the RVP patients. In the LBBP group, paced QRS duration and mechanical synchrony were not significantly different from baseline(all P > 0.05), but significantly smaller than that in the RVP group (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, global longitudinal strain (GLS) in LBBP was greater than that in the RVP group (17.7 ± 3.5

BACKGROUND:The assessment of interatrial septum (IAS) requires a standardized, systematic approach, including two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D TTE), 2D transesophageal echocardiography (2D TEE), and three-dimensional (3D) TEE. Although 2D TEE has been widely used for the preoperative assessment of atrial septal defect (ASD), its ability to provide reliable information is often limited due to the structural characteristics of IAS. The introduction of 3D TEE provides a unique "en face" view of IAS, which allows the visualization and accurate measurements of diameters, area, and rims of ASD. Hence, appropriate ASD imaging information is particularly important in successful transcatheter closure.METHODS:In this retrospective study, 2D TTE/TEE, and 3D TEE were performed before ASD closure, with 2D minimal and maximal diameters, areas, and residual rims being recorded. Adequate 3D TEE imaging data sets were collected and then analyzed. ASD related parameters were compared using different echocardiography. Patients who underwent ASD closure completed a clinical follow-up.RESULTS:The mean defect maximal diameter and aperture area by 3D TEE was significantly larger than that of the corresponding 2D TEE (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the minimal and maximal diameter or area by TEE for circular-shaped ASDs. For oval ASDs, mean minimal diameter on 2D TEE was larger than that on 3D TEE. The mean maximal diameter measured using 2D TEE was smaller than the 3D TEE measurement (16.0±7.1 vs. 19.8±8.6; P<0.05). For complex-shaped defects, there were statistical differences in minimal and maximal diameter between TEEs. Furthermore, 2D and 3D TEE had a longer superior vena cava (SVC) residual rim than did 2D TTE (P<0.05). The 3D TEE residual rims of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was significantly larger than the corresponding 2D TEE. There was a very strong correlation between the residual rim measurements using 3D and 2D TEE. However, the limits of agreement between 2D and real-time 3D TEE measurements were more apparent in the IVC rim group than in the other groups.CONCLUSIONS:Our study confirms the value of 3D TEE in assessing ASD shape and size reported by previous studies, and is also the first to accurately and systematically characterize ASD residual rim in complex ASDs.

Radar Cross Section (RCS) is an important physical quantity that measures the ability of a target to scatter incident electromagnetic waves. The target RCS can be measured with high precision by using radar imaging technology, and the uncertainty analysis of RCS is helpful to evaluate the reliability of measurement results, However, the relevant research on the RCS uncertainty analysis of 3-D imaging has not been carried out. In this paper, combining with IEEE Standard 1502-2020: IEEE Recommended Practice for Radar Cross-Section Test Procedures, a reference standard for RCS uncertainty analysis based on 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is provides. Firstly, analyze the sources of uncertainty factors in the RCS measurement mode of 3-D SAR imaging, and then analyze the generation process in detail. Through simulation analysis, its influence on RCS measurement results is obtained, finally the uncertainty estimation of each factor is given. Therefore, the uncertainty analysis proposed in this article can be effectively used as a reference standard for quantitative analysis of 3-D imaging RCS measurement results, which is conducive to improving the standardization of the RCS measurement process and the accuracy and reliability of the results.

The measurement accuracy of radar cross section (RCS) based on radar image is usually affected by the image quality. The sidelobe and clutter in the image will reduce the accuracy of RCS measurement. In order to solve the problem, a RCS measurement method based on near-field L 1 regularized three-dimensional (3D) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is proposed. Compared with the traditional matched filtering (MF) method, L 1 -regularization method can effectively improve the quality of 3D SAR image, such as clutter and sidelobe suppression. Firstly, the near-field echo is processed by MF to obtain the three-dimensional image of the scene. Then, an L 1 -regularization technique based on 3D SAR image is used to suppress the sidelobe and clutter. Next, the far-field compensation factor is used to obtain the far-field RCS of the target. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the image quality and RCS measurement accuracy.

AIMS:Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention to prevent gastric bleeding, but whether PPIs are beneficial for the heart is controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of lansoprazole on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, as well as the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS:Adult male C57 mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham surgery and then were treated with lansoprazole or vehicle for 5 weeks. In addition, cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to angiotensin II in the presence or absence of lansoprazole. At 5 weeks after TAC, the heart weight/body weight ratio was lower in lansoprazole-treated mice than in untreated mice, as was the lung weight/body weight ratio, while left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening and the maximum and minimum rates of change of the LV pressure were higher in lansoprazole-treated mice, along with less cardiac fibrosis. In cultured cardiomyocytes, lansoprazole inhibited angiotensin II-induced protein synthesis and hypertrophy, as well as inhibiting proliferation of fibroblasts. Lansoprazole decreased myocardial levels of phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and active β-catenin in TAC mice and in angiotensin II-stimulated cardiomyocytes. After overexpression of active β-catenin or knockdown of H+/K+-ATPase α-subunit, lansoprazole still significantly attenuated myocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSION:Lansoprazole inhibits cardiac remodelling by suppressing activation of the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway independent of H+/K+-ATPase inhibition, and these findings may provide a novel insight into the pharmacological effects of PPIs with regard to alleviation of cardiac remodelling.

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular three layers myocardial circumferential strain in Bama mini pigs with coronary vein ligation.Methods The great cardiac vein of 12 healthy Bama mini pigs were ligated.Left ventricular circumferential strain of three layers myocardium at basal,middle and apical muscle level were compared before ligation,and 30,60,90,120,150,180 min after ligation,respectively.Results Compared with the basic state,there were no significant differences in the left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular end diastolic and end systolic diameter,left ventricular diastolic end and end systolic volum and stroke volume.Three levels of circumferential strain decreased significantly after great cardiac vein ligation:apical level ＞ basal level ＞ middle level;three myocardial layers circumferential strain decreased significantly:inner layer ＞ middle layer＞ outer layer.Conclusions Layer-specific strain is a promising approach to evaluate left ventricular global and regional myocardial function in Bama mini pig,and has a value of potential applications in evaluating the influence of cardiac vein ligation to left ventricular myocardial function.

Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is often responsible for the failure of chemotherapy treatment, and current strategies for cancer MDR are not adequately satisfying as to their efficacy and safety. In this study, we sought to determine the anti-MDR effects of ultrasound (US) irradiation and its underlying mechanisms against drug-resistance. Methods: MDR variant MCF-7/ADR cell lines and endothelial cell lines were used to determine the appropriate ultrasound intensity for in vitro experiments. MCF-7/ADR cell and HEPG2/ADM cells were used to assess the anti-MDR effect of US irradiation. Intracellular adriamycin (ADM) accumulation, Cell viability, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were evaluated after ADM + US treatment or ADM treatment alone. MCF-7/ADR xenograft mice were used to investigate the appropriate ultrasound intensity for in vivo experiments and its effect on the long-term prognosis. Underlining mechanisms by which ultrasound exposure reversing MDR phenotype were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results: Combination of ADM and 0.74 W/cm(2) US irradiation enhanced ADM intracellular concentration and nuclear accumulation in MCF-7/ADR and HEPG2/ADM cells, compared to those treated with ADM alone. Enhanced cellular ADM uptake and nuclei localization was associated with increased cytotoxicity of ADM to ADM-resistant cells, lower ADM-resistant cell viability and proliferative cell ratio, and higher apoptotic cell ratio. More importantly, US exposure increased the effectiveness of ADM to inhibit tumor growth in MCF-7/ADR xenograft mice. Mechanistically, US exposure promoted ADM accumulation in MDR cells mainly through down-regulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is dependent on US-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. US-induced oxidative stress promoted miR-200c-3p and miR-34a-3p expression by forming miR-200c/34a/ZEB1 double-negative feedback loop. Finally, US-induced miR-200c/34a overexpression decreased P-gp expression and reversed MDR phenotype. Conclusion: US irradiation could reverse MDR phenotype by activating ROS-ZEB1-miR200c/34a-P-gp signal pathway. Our findings offer a new and promising strategy for sensitizing cells to combat MDR and to improve the therapeutic index of chemotherapy.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been frequently used for coronary artery imaging clinically. More importantly, IVUS is the fundamental image modality for most advanced multimodality intravascular imaging techniques, since it provides a more comprehensive picture of vessel anatomy on which other imaging data can be superimposed. However, image quality in the deeper region is poor because of the downgraded lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). In this paper, we report on the application of an ultrasound beamforming method that combines virtual source synthetic aperture (VSSA) focusing and coherence factor weighting (CFW) to improve the IVUS image quality. The natural focal point of conventional IVUS transducer was treated as a virtual source that emits spherical waves within a certain region. Mono-static synthetic aperture focusing was conducted to achieve higher resolution. Coherence factor was calculated using delayed RF signals and applied to the synthesized beam to increase the CNR and focusing quality. The proposed method was tested through simulations in Field II and imaging experiments in both linear and rotational scans. The lateral resolution for linear scan mode is improved from 165-524 to 126-143 μm ; resolution for rotational scan mode improves by up to 42%. CNR improvement by up to 1.5 was observed on the anechoic cysts of different sizes and at different locations. Herein, it is demonstrated that the beamforming method, which combines VSSA and CFW, can significantly improve the IVUS image quality. This approach can be readily integrated into the current IVUS imaging system for enhanced clinical diagnosis.

Background: Multisite biventricular pacing (MSP) has been proposed as an alternative strategy to improve the efficiency of conventional biventricular pacing (BVP), but its utility remains unclear. This study sought to investigate whether MSP induced better synchrony and hemodynamic effects in canines with heart failure.Methods and Results: After 3 weeks' rapid right ventricular pacing, 7 canines were sutured with 4 left ventricular (LV) leads on the anterior, lateral, posterior, and apical walls and followed by MSP and BVP. Hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters were measured. Dyssynchrony was assessed by tissue Doppler imaging for Yu-index (longitudinal direction) and speckle tracking imaging for the standard deviation of time to peak radial strains (SD epsilon, radial direction). Compared with BVP, mean MSP reduced QRS width (P < .05), Yu-index (25.3 +/- 1.9 ms vs 31.6 +/- 4.3 ms, P = .008), SIDE (32.8 +/- 5.9 ms vs 37.3 +/- 7.9 ms, P = .032), and LV end-diastolic pressure (P < .05). The optimal pacing site combination improved QRS width, Yu-index, SD epsilon LV end-diastolic pressure, and the maximum derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt(max)) significantly (all P < .05), but the worst MSP (with the smallest dP/dt(max)) did not show any improvement to BVP.Conclusions: MSP is superior to BVP in reducing dyssynchrony and improving hemodynamics. The pacing site combination has a potential effect on MSP response.

Abstract Walking speed is a measure of gait performance after a stroke and a predictor of community ambulatory competence. Although gait decrements during a cognitive or motor task after stroke are well-documented, the differential effects of motor and cognitive tasks on the comfortable and maximum walking speeds of individuals with chronic stroke have not been investigated. This study aimed to compare the effects of cognitive and motor tasks on the comfortable and maximum walking speeds of individuals with chronic stroke. This is a cross-sectional study. Thirty community-dwelling chronic stroke individuals were included. Time taken to complete the 10-meter Walk Test under various conditions, including walking alone, walking while completing a cognitive task, and walking while completing a motor task, was recorded, with each condition performed at comfortable as well as maximum walking speeds. Accuracy in performing the cognitive tasks was also assessed. The cognitive and motor tasks caused decrements in both comfortable and maximum walking speeds (P ⩽ 0.001). The cognitive task had a greater influence than the motor task on maximum walking speed (P < 0.01). Individuals with chronic stroke tend to prioritize task accuracy and completion over maintaining walking speed. This phenomenon was more evident during the cognitive task than the motor task and was especially evident at maximum walking speed.

Non-contact precise manipulation of single microparticles, cells, and organisms has attracted considerable interest in biophysics and biomedical engineering. Similar to optical tweezers, acoustic tweezers have been proposed to be capable of manipulating microparticles and even cells. Although there have been concerted efforts to develop tools for non-contact manipulation, no alternative to complex, unifunctional tweezer has yet been found. Here we report a simple, low-cost, multifunctional single beam acoustic tweezer (SBAT) that is capable of manipulating an individual micrometer scale non-spherical cell at Rayleigh regime and even a single millimeter scale organism at Mie regime, and imaging tissue as well. We experimentally demonstrate that the SBAT with an ultralow f-number (f# = focal length/aperture size) could manipulate an individual red blood cell and a single 1.6 mm-diameter fertilized Zebrafish egg, respectively. Besides, in vitro rat aorta images were collected successfully at dynamic foci in which the lumen and the outer surface of the aorta could be clearly seen. With the ultralow f-number, the SBAT offers the combination of large acoustic radiation force and narrow beam width, leading to strong trapping and high-resolution imaging capabilities. These attributes enable the feasibility of using a single acoustic device to perform non-invasive multi-functions simultaneously for biomedical and biophysical applications.

A 35-year-old male was admitted due to increasing dyspnea and chest pain. Physical examination found cyanosis, clubbed fingers, and systolic murmur at the left sternal border. Laboratory tests showed polycythemia (hemoglobin 221 g/L) and hypoxemia (PO2 50.8 mmHg). Echocardiography revealed that there was discontinuity of the pulmonary artery branches with the left pulmonary artery (LPA) …

Objective: Superharmonic contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging, also called acoustic angiography, has previously been used for the imaging of microvasculature. This approach excites microbubble contrast agents near their resonance frequency and receives echoes at nonoverlapping superharmonic bandwidths. No integrated system currently exists could fully support this application. To fulfill this need, an integrated dual-channel transmit/receive system for superharmonic imaging was designed, built, and characterized experimentally. Method: The system was uniquely designed for superharmonic imaging and high-resolution B-mode imaging. A complete ultrasound system including a pulse generator, a data acquisition unit, and a signal processing unit were integrated into a single package. The system was controlled by a field-programmable gate array, on which multiple user-defined modes were implemented. A 6-, 35-MHz dual-frequency dual-element intravascular ultrasound transducer was designed and used for imaging. Result: The system successfully obtained high-resolution B-mode images of coronary artery ex vivo with 45-dB dynamic range. The system was capable of acquiring in vitro superharmonic images of a vasa vasorum mimicking phantom with 30-dB contrast. It could detect a contrast agent filled tissue mimicking tube of 200 mu m diameter. Conclusion: For the first time, high-resolution B-mode images and superharmonic images were obtained in an intravascular phantom, made possible by the dedicated integrated system proposed. The system greatly reduced the cost and complexity of the superharmonic imaging intended for preclinical study. Significant: The system showed promise for high-contrast intravascular microvascular imaging, which may have significant importance in assessment of the vasa vasorum associated with atherosclerotic plaques.

Bath sonication completely destroys lipid microbubbles which are used for rapid analysis of encapsulated gas by GC-MS.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an attractive agent for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, however, systemic delivery of H2S may cause unwanted side effects. Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction has become a promising tool for organ specific delivery of bioactive substance. We hypothesized that delivery of H2S by ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and could avoid unwanted side effects. We prepared microbubbles carrying hydrogen sulfide (hs-MB) with different H2S/C3F8 ratios (4/0, 3/1, 2/2, 1/3, 0/4) and determined the optimal ratio. Release of H2S triggered by ultrasound was investigated. The cardioprotective effect of ultrasound targeted hs-MB destruction was investigated in a rodent model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The H2S/C3F8 ratio of 2/2 was found to be an optimal ratio to prepare stable hs-MB with higher H2S loading capability. Ultrasound targeted hs-MB destruction triggered H2S release and increased the concentration of H2S in the myocardium and lung. Ultrasound targeted hs-MB destruction limited myocardial infarct size, preserved left ventricular function and had no influence on haemodynamics and respiratory. This cardioprotective effect was associated with alleviation of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Delivery of H2S to the myocardium by ultrasound targeted hs-MB destruction attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and may avoid unwanted side effects.

Acoustic trauma damages the cochlea but secondarily modifies circuits of the central auditory system. Changes include decreases in inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, degeneration and rewiring of synaptic circuits, and changes in neural activity. Little is known about the consequences of these changes for the representation of complex sounds. Here, we show data from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of rats with a moderate high-frequency hearing loss following acoustic trauma. Single-neuron recording was used to estimate the organization of neurons’ receptive fields, the balance of inhibition and excitation, and the representation of the spectra of complex broadband stimuli. The complex stimuli had random spectral shapes (RSSs), and the responses were fit with a model that allows the quality of the representation and its degree of linearity to be estimated. Tone response maps of DCN neurons in rat are like those in other species investigated previously, suggesting the same general organization of this nucleus. Following acoustic trauma, abnormal response types appeared. These can be interpreted as reflecting degraded tuning in auditory nerve fibers plus loss of inhibitory inputs in DCN. Abnormal types are somewhat more prevalent at later times (103–376 days) following the exposure, but not significantly so. Inhibition became weaker in post-trauma neurons that retained inhibitory responses but also disappeared in many neurons. The quality of the representation of spectral shape, measured by sensitivity to the spectral shapes of RSS stimuli, was decreased following trauma; in fact, neurons with abnormal response types responded mainly to overall stimulus level, and not spectral shape.

Imaging of coronary vasa vasorum may lead to assessment of the vulnerable plaque development in diagnosis of atherosclerosis diseases. Dual frequency transducers capable of detection of microbubble superharmonics have shown promise as a new contrast-enhanced intravascular ultrasound (CE-IVUS) platform with the capability of vasa vasorum imaging. Contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) in CE-IVUS imaging can be closely associated with low frequency transmitter performance. In this paper, transducer designs encompassing different transducer layouts, transmitting frequencies, and transducer materials are compared for optimization of imaging performance. In the layout selection, the stacked configuration showed superior super-harmonic imaging compared with the interleaved configuration. In the transmitter frequency selection, a decrease in frequency from 6.5 MHz to 5 MHz resulted in an increase of CTR from 15 dB to 22 dB when receiving frequency was kept constant at 30 MHz. In the material selection, the dual frequency transducer with the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) 1-3 composite transmitter yielded higher axial resolution compared to single crystal transmitters (70 mu m compared to 150 mu m pulse length). These comparisons provide guidelines for the design of intravascular acoustic angiography transducers.

Targeted nanoparticle (NP) delivery vehicles are emerging technologies, the full potential of which has yet to be realized. Sulfatide is known to bind to extracellular matrix glycoproteins that are highly expressed in breast tumors. In this study, we report for the first time the combination of sulfatide and lipid perfluorooctylbromide NPs as a targeted breast cancer delivery vehicle for paclitaxel (PTX). PTX-sulfatide-containing lipid perfluorooctylbromide NPs (PTX-SNPs) were prepared using the emulsion/solvent evaporation method. PTX-SNPs exhibited a spherical shape, small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and a biphasic release in phosphate-buffered solution. The cytotoxicity study and cell apoptosis assay revealed that blank sulfatide-containing lipid perfluorooctylbromide NPs (SNPs) had no cytotoxicity, whereas PTX-SNPs had greater EMT6 cytotoxicity levels than PTX-lipid perfluorooctylbromide NPs (PTX-NPs) and free PTX. An in vitro cellular uptake study revealed that SNPs can deliver greater amounts of drug with more efficient and immediate access to intracellular targets. In vivo biodistribution measured using high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the PTX-SNPs can target breast tumor tissues to increase the accumulation of PTX in these tissues. The in vivo tumor inhibition ability of PTX-SNPs was remarkably higher than PTX-NPs and free PTX. Furthermore, toxicity studies suggested that the blank SNPs had no systemic toxicity. All results suggested that SNPs may serve as efficient PTX delivery vehicles targeting breast carcinoma.

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a rare cardiomyopathy with high incidence of heart failure (HF). It is unclear whether LVNC patients with desynchronized HF would benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). In order to evaluate the effect of CRT on LVNC, this study explored left ventricular (LV) remodeling and mechanical synchronicity before and after CRT in LVNC patients, and compare with that in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients. We collected 15 LVNC and 30 matched DCM patients. All the patients underwent clinical evaluation,electrocardiogram and echocardiography before CRT and ≥6 months later. LV response was defined as ≥15 % decrease in LV end-systolic volume (LVESV). Longitudinal synchronicity was quantified by YU-index using tissue Doppler imaging. The time delay of peak radial strain from anteroseptal to posterior wall, which derived from speckle tracking imaging, was used to quantify radial synchronicity. In LVNC group, LV ejection fraction increased from 27.6 ± 5.5 to 39.1 ± 7.0 % (P < 0.01) during follow-up, but LV volumes did not change significantly (both P > 0.05). Five LVNC patients (33.3 %) responded to CRT, and all of them were super-responders (reduction in LVESV > 30 %). In addition, the number of noncompacted segments and the thickness ratio of noncompacted to compacted myocardium decreased (both P < 0.05). Inter-ventricular, longitudinal and radial intra-ventricular dyssynchrony also reduced significantly (all P < 0.05). Compared with DCM group, there was no significant difference in LV response rate (33.3 vs. 60.0 %, P = 0.092), improvement of LV function and dyssynchrony index (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, CRT improved heart function, morphology and mechanical dyssynchrony in LVNC patients.