Characteristics and challenges of psychological first aid in China during the COVID-19 outbreak With the outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (Wang et al., 2020), mental health professionals in China actively participated in combating the disease, especially in the psychological first aid.There are several features in the present psychological first aid which are different from previous rescue works in China such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan in 2008.There are some reflections that are useful for us to prepare for the future as well.

背景 个体高愤怒倾向和愤怒压抑与其焦虑症状存在关联,家庭人际关系与个体焦虑亦相关,但家庭人际关系在愤怒影响焦虑的路径中发挥何种作用尚不明确.目的 探讨大学生家庭人际关系在愤怒倾向和愤怒表达对焦虑影响中的调节作用,为大学生焦虑障碍的防治提供参考.方法 于2018年2-4月,采用方便抽样法选取上海市某大学一、二年级学生2451例.采用症状自评量表、状态-特质愤怒表达量表修订版、家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版、家庭环境量表中文版施测,评估被试的焦虑水平、愤怒倾向和愤怒表达,以及家庭亲密度、适应性、矛盾性.采用多元线性回归,分析大学生家庭亲密度、适应性、矛盾性在愤怒倾向和愤怒表达对焦虑影响中的调节作用.结果 共回收有效问卷1986份(81.03％).男女生焦虑得分无统计学差异(P＞0.05).男女生焦虑得分与愤怒气质、愤怒反应、愤怒内部表达、愤怒外部表达、家庭矛盾性得分呈正相关(相关系数为0.17～0.46,P＜0.05),与家庭亲密度、适应性得分呈负相关(相关系数为-0.24～-0.16,P＜0.05).男生家庭矛盾性在其愤怒气质对焦虑的影响中发挥调节作用(b'=-0.07,P＜0.05);女生家庭适应性在其愤怒反应对焦虑的影响中发挥调节作用(b'=-0.26,P＜0.05).结论 大学生越易怒,越易出现焦虑症状.男生家庭冲突和情绪公开表达越多,越不容易因高愤怒倾向而出现焦虑症状.灵活和有弹性的家庭沟通模式是高愤怒倾向女生免受焦虑困扰的保护因素.

Objective:This study examined whether the variances in family affective responsiveness moderated the link between anger trait and somatization in college students of with different genders.Methods:2008 college students were recruited from a comprehensive university.All participants completed questionnaires including demographic data,Symptom Check List-90(SCL-90),State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2(STAXI-2) and Family Assessment Device(FAD) to assess current somatization,depression,anger trait and family affective response respectively.Results:①Female subjects reported higher scores on anger trait(P=-0.01),and lower scores on family affective responsiveness than male(P=0.009).②Somatic symptoms were positively linked with anger trait,family affective responsiveness,depression and anxiety in both genders(r=-0.12 ～ 0.70,Ps＜0.001).③For males,affective responsiveness moderated the link between anger trait and somatization(β=0.25,P＜0.05),but for women this moderation effect was insignificant.Conclusion:Higher proneness in anger contributes to somatic symptoms in low-grade college students.For male students,low level of family affective responsiveness is a protecting factor which may reduce the influence of anger trait on somatic symptoms.

Previous research has shown strong connections of anger experience and expression with obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Additionally, studies have demonstrated links between family environment variables and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our study aims to integrate the perspectives from these two literatures by exploring the moderating roles of family cohesion and family adaptability in the relationship between anger proneness and suppression and OCD symptoms. A total of 2008 college students were recruited from a comprehensive university in Shanghai, China between February and May 2016. The subjects completed self-report inventories, including the Symptom Check List-90, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (Chinese version), and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, second edition (Chinese Version). Controlling for age, one-child family status, ethnicity, family income, current depression, and anxiety, our analyses showed that the association between anger proneness and OC symptoms was moderated by family cohesion among men and that family adaptability moderated the connection between anger suppression and OC complaints among women. The findings imply that a more cohesive and empathic family environment may protect male students with high levels of anger proneness from developing OC behaviors or thoughts. The results suggest that for female subjects who are accustomed to suppressing angry feelings, flexible family coping strategies and communication atmospheres would reduce their vulnerability to OC symptoms. The findings are somewhat consistent with those of previous studies on psychotherapy outcomes that showed that OCD patients benefitted from psychotherapeutic interventions that cultivated the clients' family cohesion and adaptability.

Background Between 22% and 58% of patients in primary care settings complain of somatic symptoms. Previous research has found that somatization was associated with anger traits and family functions. However, studies that specifically assess the moderating effect of family function in how anger traits become somatic complaints are lacking. Aim This study was designed to examine whether the variances in family cohesion and family adaptability moderated the strength of the relationship between anger traits and somatization. Methods A cross-section design was conducted and 2008 college students were recruited from a comprehensive university in Shanghai. All participants finished questionnaires including Symptom Check List- 90 (SCL-90), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2, Chinese version) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, second edition (FACES II, Chinese Version) to assess their degree of current somatization, anger trait and family function. Hierarchical linear regression analysis (Enter) was conducted respectively for men and women to examine the moderation effect of family cohesion and family adaptability in the association between anger and somatization. Results Somatic symptoms were significantly linked in the expected directions with depression and anger trait for both genders. Family cohesion and family adaptability were negatively associated with somatic symptoms. For female college students family cohesion was found to moderate the link between anger trait and somatization, but for male college students the moderation effect of family cohesion was marginally significant. The moderating role of family adaptability was significant for neither male nor female after current depressive symptoms were accounted for. Conclusion Proneness to anger is an independent predictor of somatization. For women, a high level of family cohesion was a protective factor which could reduce the influence of anger trait on somatic symptoms. Without comorbidity of current depression, family adaptability to some degree exempted individuals with anger proneness from developing somatic complaints. Interventions that integrate family cohesion cultivation, family flexibility fostering and depression treatment might be more effective for somatic patients high in anger trait.

Research in the U.S. has shown strong connections between insecure attachment in close relationships and somatization. In addition, studies have demonstrated connections between somatic symptoms and anger experience and expression. In this study, we integrate perspectives from these two literatures by testing the hypothesis that proneness to anger and suppression of anger mediate the link between insecurity in relationships and somatization. Between 2000 and 2003, a community-based sample of 101 couples in a large U.S. city completed self-report measures, including the Somatic Symptom Inventory, the Relationship Scales Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Anger Inventory, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Controlling for age, income, and recent intimate partner violence, analyses showed that the link between insecure attachment and somatization was partially mediated by anger proneness for men and by anger suppression for women. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that men who are insecurely attached are more prone to experience anger that in turn fosters somatization. For women, findings suggest that insecure attachment may influence adult levels of somatization by fostering suppression of anger expression. Specific clinical interventions that help patients manage and express angry feelings more adaptively may reduce insecurely attached individuals’ vulnerability to medically unexplained somatic symptoms.