ObjectiveEvaluate the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.MethodsArticles of SGLT2i on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were searched. Two authors independently screened the literature, extracted the data, assessed the quality of the study and performed statistical analyses using Review Manager 5.4.ResultsRandom-effect model was used to merge the OR values, and the pooled effect showed that SGLT2i had significant preventive effects on cardiovascular death (OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.64 to 0.89), myocardial infarction (OR=0.90, 95%CI 0.84 to 0.96), heart failure (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.64 to 0.74) and all-cause mortality (OR=0.65, 95%CI 0.58 to 0.73). Empagliflozin, dapagliflozin and canagliflozin all reduced the incidence of heart failure (OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.64 to 0.82; OR=0.56, 95%CI 0.39 to 0.80; OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.53 to 0.73), but only dapagliflozin displayed a favorable effect on inhibiting stroke (OR=0.78, 95%CI 0.63 to 0.98). SGLT2i could prevent stroke (OR=0.86, 95%CI 0.75 to 0.99), heart failure (OR=0.63, 95%CI 0.56 to 0.70) and all-cause mortality (OR=0.64, 95%CI 0.57 to 0.72) compared to DPP-4i. Furthermore, SGLT2i could reduce the incidence of heart failure (OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.67 to 0.77) and cardiovascular death (OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.54 to 0.95) in patients with high-risk factors.ConclusionsSGLT2i affects cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, heart failure and all-cause mortality. Only dapagliflozin displayed a favorable effect on inhibiting stroke. SGLT2i could prevent stroke, heart failure and all-cause mortality compared to DPP-4i. In addition, SGLT2i significantly reduced the development of heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with high-risk factors.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD42024532783.

Selenium, a non-metallic element, is a micronutrient essential for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins containing selenocysteine. In adults, the thyroid contains the highest amount of selenium per gram of tissue. Most known selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase, are expressed in the thyroid and are involved in thyroid hormone metabolism, redox state regulation, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Some clinical studies have shown that lack of selenium will increase the prevalence of several kinds of thyroid diseases. Selenium treatment in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy has been shown to delay disease progression and improve the quality of life. Selenium supplementation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was associated with the decreased levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody and improved thyroid ultrasound structure. In thyroid cancer, various selenium supplements have shown variable anticancer activity. However, published results remain the conflicting and more clinical evidence is still needed to determine the clinical significance of selenium. This article reviews the strong association between selenium and thyroid disease and provides new ideas for the clinical management of selenium in thyroid disease.

Metabolic Reprogramming is a sign of tumor, and as one of the three major substances metabolism, lipid has an obvious impact. Abnormal lipid metabolism is related to the occurrence of various diseases, and the proportion of people with abnormal lipid metabolism is increasing year by year. Lipid metabolism is involved in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of tumors by regulating various oncogenic signal pathways. The differences in lipid metabolism among different tumors are related to various factors such as tumor origin, regulation of lipid metabolism pathways, and diet. This article reviews the synthesis and regulatory pathways of lipids, as well as the research progress on cholesterol, triglycerides, sphingolipids, lipid related lipid rafts, adipocytes, lipid droplets, and lipid-lowering drugs in relation to tumors and their drug resistance. It also points out the limitations of current research and potential tumor treatment targets and drugs in the lipid metabolism pathway. Research and intervention on lipid metabolism abnormalities may provide new ideas for the treatment and survival prognosis of tumors.