The western culture is overwhelmingly attractive to the economic backward nationalities. Presently the relationship between different nationalities become closer and closer, so it has realistic meaning to all the nationalities all over the world to learn correctly about the dialectical relationship between the nationality and cosmopolitan.

At the year of 2006, the general office of the education ministry issued the "The Guidelines of the National College Public Arts Courses", "The Art Appreciation course" is listed as one of restrictive elective courses, and it is required to be add into the teaching plan of colleges and universities, So that all the national colleges basically opened the public art appreciation course. But with the current domestic education pattern reform and update of technology, the original teaching mode cannot adapt to the new situation. So this thesis explores the teaching contents and teaching ways only from the angle of arts appreciation course, in order to find a new thought for art appreciation teaching.

For the transition period of Chinese enterprises, change has become an important part of corporate life, and employees’ support for change is the key to successful business change. Psychological capital, as a core positive psychological element of employee, plays an important role in organizational change. Drawing upon the existing literature and using a sample of employees, this study investigated the relationship of employee psychological capital, cognitive of change, and change-supportive behavior. Results revealed that employee psychological capital was positively related to change-supportive behavior, with this relationship mediated by cognitive of change.

As shown in Table 1, bioaerosols cover a wide size range, of which viruses are the smallest. Viruses, bacteria, and fungal spores that are capable of causing disease are referred to as pathogens. Some pathogens are specific for certain hosts, like humans or animals, while others can infect a wide host range that may include humans as well as animals. Those pathogens capable of infecting both humans as well as other animals are called zoonotic pathogens.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of in-house ozonation within the public health standard limit (0.1 parts per million [ppm]) for mitigating ammonia (NH3) concentrations inside commercial broiler houses. The project was conducted in four identical tunnel-ventilated houses. Two houses served as treatment and the other two served as control units. The experiment was replicated in five consecutive flocks. Except for ozonation treatment, all other operational parameters including feed, broiler strain, age and number of broilers, and ventilation system were the same among four houses. NH3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the treatment and control houses were measured for a minimum of 48 hr/week throughout the five flocks of 8 or 9 weeks each. The gas measurements were conducted using portable multigas units (PMUs). House temperatures were recorded with data loggers in each flock. Comparison of temperatures and CO2 concentrations among houses indicated no significant differences in ventilation rates among treatment and control houses in any of the five flocks. As a result, comparisons of NH3 concentrations inside houses were used to evaluate the effectiveness of house ozonation for NH3 emission mitigation. Statistical test of mean NH3 concentrations for each flock separated by house indicated that the house-to-house variation was significantly smaller than the flock-to-flock variation. There was a substantial variation in NH3 concentrations across different flocks, but no house had consistently higher or lower mean NH3 concentrations than any other. Evaluations for differences in mean NH3 from week to week, between treatment groups, and differences in week-to-week variations between treatment groups suggested that ozone effect was not uniform for each week and the effect was not statistically significant for any week. Tests of overall ozone treatment effect and treatment-week interaction indicated there was no difference in mean NH3 between the control and ozone treatment groups (P = 0.25), nor was the week effect different for control and treatment groups (P = 0.46). The results of this field evaluation indicate that there was no statistical evidence to suggest that the ozone treatment has any effect on average NH3 concentrations in these chicken houses.

Animal feeding operations (AFOs) contribute directly to primary particular matter (PM) in the atmosphere, and they can also emit large amount of ammonia and other gaseous pollutants. The objective of the study is to investigate the response of PM characteristics to the precursor concentrations in vicinity of a southeast layer operation.PM and gas samples were collected inside the layer houses and around the vicinities. This paper reports the preliminary results for the samples collected from Dec 16, 2008 to April 19. It was observed that, the percentage of both NO3- and NH4+ were higher at ambient than that at source, which indicate the response of particulate matter (PM) to NH3 gas and the formation of NH4NO3. The average molar ratios of NH4+ to SO42- were calculated to be in the range from 2.25 to 2.78, which indicated an ammonia rich environment and complete neutralization of sulfate. The molar concentrations of free ammonia in particulate phase were obviously correlated with the gas phase NH3 concentrations at the ambient stations. It was also found that the mass concentrations of PM increased as NH3 gas concentration increased at the ambient stations. And the increase of PM in response to NH3 gas was mainly due to the neutralization of NH3 by other acid gases besides NO3- and SO42-. The molar ratios of NH3/NH4+ were influenced by the availability of acid gases in the environment. The influences of temperature on gas particulate equilibrium were also observed.

The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the performance of six different aerosol samplers in terms of mass concentration, particle size distribution, and mass fraction for the international size-sampling conventions. The international size-sampling criteria were defined as inhalable, thoracic, and respirable mass fractions with 50% cutoff at an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 100 mu m, 10 mu m, and 4 mu m, respectively. Two Andersen, four total suspended particulate (TSP), two RespiCon, four PM(10), two DustTrak, and two SidePak samplers were selected and tested to quantitatively estimate human exposure in a carefully controlled particulate matter (PM) test chamber. The overall results indicate that (1) Andersen samplers underestimate total suspended PM and overestimate thoracic and respirable PM due to particle bounce and carryover between stages. (2) TSP samplers provide total suspended PM as reference samplers. (3) TSP samplers quantified by a coulter counter multisizer provide no information below an equivalent spherical diameter of 2 mu m and therefore underestimate respirable PM, (4) RespiCon samplers are free from particle bounce as inhalable samplers but underestimate total suspended PM, (5) PM(10) samplers overestimate thoracic PM, and (6) DustTrak and SidePak samplers provide relative PM concentrations instead of absolute PM concentrations. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This preliminary study was to investigate biological characteristics of aerosols emitted from a commercial layer farm (egg production farm). Bioaerosol samples were taken on this farm at five sampling locations covering emission source (inside a layer barn) and four ambient stations at four wind directions. All glass impingers (AGI) were used for the field sampling. The AGI fluid samples were plated in duplicate on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) for growth of bacteria and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for growth of fungi. The most prominent bacterial colony types were identified using a combination of methods that include recording characteristics of colony morphology; performing a Gram staining method and metabolic analyses using the Biolog system. Results from one group of bioaerosol samples at the five stations indicate that the sampling duration played an important role in accurately determining bacteria concentration in air samples; there were significant reductions in total bacteria concentrations in the samples collected from ambient stations compared to the sample collected in the layer house; the most prominent bacteria species differed among all five stations and three of the most prominent bacteria from samples taken at all five stations were gram-positive; fungal type differed from station to station.

A half-year data set of PM10 monitored using the tapered element oscillating micro-balance at 5 stations on a commercial layer farm were collected and analyzed, in conjunction with meteorological data for the same periods. Among these five monitoring stations, one was located inside a layer house and the other four were placed in four directions of ambient locations around the layer houses. The mean monthly PM10 concentrations inside the layer house were in the range of 462.1 to 1218.5 g/m3 and the PM10 concentrations in the vicinity ambient stations were in the range of 12.24 to 24.59 g/m3. From April 2-April 10, TSP mean concentration in layer house was 1957.1(sd=1275.4) g/m3. For all ambient stations, none of observed 24-hour average concentration exceeded 150 g/m3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10. PM10 concentrations at all ambient stations were highly correlated, and the main factors affecting PM10 are common at different locations. Near driving-by traffic and dust blown from layer houses are main factors causing variations in PM10 concentration among stations.

This paper reports a field study on characterizing particle size distribution (PSD) of particulate matter (PM) emitted from a commercial layer operation in Southeast U.S. across three seasons from October of 2008 to April of 2009. Six low-volume (1m3/hr) total suspended particulate (TSP) samplers were used to collect PM samples in two high-rise layer houses. Laser diffraction particle size analyzer (LS13 320) was applied to measure PSD of PM samples collected by the TSP samplers. Results of the study indicate that TSP concentrations across the three seasons ranged from 888 to 5333 g/m3. TSP concentration was affected by season, animal activity, floor and equivalent air flow rate factor. It was observed that TSP concentration in winter was higher than that in spring; concentration on the second floor was higher than that on the first floor; the more active the animals were, the higher the TSP concentration; the more the fans on, the lower the concentration. Compared with PM concentration, PSD (characterized by the mass medium diameter, MMD, & geometric standard deviation, GSD) was much less affected by season, animal activity, floor and equivalent flow rate factor. The MMD was affected by floor and equivalent flow rate factor, but the degree of affection was within the range of one standard deviation. Overall MMDs of PM samples collected in fall, winter and spring were 15.801.05m, 17.130.81m and 18.441.44m, respectively. The difference of MMD among three seasons was within the range of one standard deviation. GSD was relatively constant and not affected by those factors. The overall GSD was 2.650.08.

This paper reports a field study of concentration and chemical characterization of PM2.5 emitted from a large egg production facility. PM2.5 samples were taken at five sampling locations covering emission source (in a layer barn) and four ambient stations at four wind directions surrounding the facility. Eight particulate matter (PM) sampling events were conducted from December 2008 to February 2009, through which 117 filter based PM samples were collected and analyzed for PM2.5 mass concentration, organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC), ionic species (nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, sodium, and potassium) and chemical elements (sodium through lead). PM2.5 concentrations in house were found in the range of 143.85 to 396.48 g/m3, and four ambient stations were in range of 5.94-16.27 g/m3 (station 2), 5.54-13.97 g/m3 (station 3), 5.15-14.20 g/m3 (station 4), and 4.05-16.71 g/m3 (station 5) respectively. These winter data didnt show spatially significant difference in ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations among different locations. Na and K concentrations in house PM2.5 samples were higher than that in ambient locations and they were highly correlated with each other. Aerosol NH4+ showed no difference in samples from house to ambient locations. Majority components in PM2.5 were organic compounds, and all PM2.5 samples had EC/TC ratio less than 0.1. PM2.5 samples in house had much higher concentrations of Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si and Zn than those of ambient PM2.5 samples. Both ambient and house stations had very low concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, In, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zr.

Among various mitigation technologies for ammonia (NH3) emission control at animal feeding operations (AFOs), room ozonation technology is the most controversial. This paper aims to present full perspectives of ozonation techniques through a literature review and a series of laboratory experiments. In the literature review, ozone chemistry was summarized to address (1) ozone and NH3 reactions, (2) ozone and odor reactions, (3) ozone and particulate matter reactions, and (4) ozone and microorganism reactions. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in a dual large outdoor aerosol smog chamber (270 m3). NH3 and fine particle number concentrations from ozone-treated and control experiments were compared. The experimental results indicated that (1) ozone has no significant effect on NH3 emissions concentrations or NH3 decay of an outdoor chamber; and (2) with ozone treatment, high concentration of particles in the “high-risk” respiratory fraction (in submicron range) are generated.

This paper reports a field study of effect of house ozonation on PM concentrations. The experiments were conducted on a commercial broiler farm consisted of four identical tunnel ventilated broiler houses (12.8 meters by 152.4 meters) (42 feet by 500 feet) with two served as treated units and two served as control unit. PM sampling was carried out in January 2008 such that the ventilation system in each house was set in the winter mode. Low-volume total suspended particulate (TSP) samplers were used in sampling PM inside both treated and control houses as well as PM around the farm. It was observed that TSP and PM10 concentrations were significantly higher in O3 treated houses as compared to those in control houses. TSP concentration varied along vertical direction in both treated and control houses. The concentration decreased as height increased.

A mechanistic emission model has been developed to simulate ammonia emissions from broiler litter. In the model, the ammonia emission flux was essentially a function of the mass transfer coefficient and the equilibrium concentration of gas phase ammonia at the litter surface. This study had two main objectives: an investigation of the mass transfer coefficient of ammonia emission from broiler litter under various environmental conditions and the development of a sub-model for estimating the equilibrium concentration of gas phase ammonia at litter surface. In order to collect data under controlled conditions, a wind tunnel was designed for this study. The mass transfer coefficient Km was estimated in the range from 2.15 to 32.66 m/h. The results showed that the Km value increased with increasing air velocity in turbulent airflow and decreased with increasing air velocity in laminar airflow. The Km value decreased as the air temperature increased. A combination of high air velocity (U = 1.3 m/s) and low air temperature (T = 15 oC) generated the highest Km value. The proposed sub-model performed well in estimating the equilibrium concentration of gas phase ammonia at litter surface. And it was estimated that the Freundlich partition coefficient (Kf) had an average value of 0.98 L/mg in broiler litter.

Among various mitigation technologies for ammonia (NH3) emission control at animal feeding operations (AFOs), the room ozonation technology is the most controversial one. This paper aims to present full perspectives of ozonation techniques through a literature review and a serial of laboratory experiments conducted in a dual large outdoor aerosol smog chamber. In literature review, ozone chemistry was summarized to address(1) Ozone and NH3 reactions; (2) Ozone and odor (VOC) reactions; (3) Ozone and particular matter; and (4) Ozone and micro-organisms. To further investigate effectiveness of ozonation techniques to mitigate NH3 emissions from animal manure, a laboratory study was conducted. Both NH3 concentrations and fine particle number concentrations from the ozone treated and control experiments were compared. The experimental results indicate that (1) ozone has no effect on NH3 emissions/concentrations, and no effect on NH3 decay inside the chamber; (2) with ozone treatment, high concentration of particles in the ‘high risk’ respiratory fraction (in submicron range) have been generated, which may link to a myriad of adverse health outcomes.

The particle size distributions (PSDs) of particulate matter (PM) in the downwind plume from simulated sources of a cotton gin were analyzed to determine the impact of PM settling on PM monitoring. The PSD of PM in a plume varies as a function of gravitational settling. Gravitational settling has a greater impact on the downwind PSD from sources with PSDs having larger mass median diameters (MMDs). The change in PSD is a function of the source PSD of emitted PM, wind speed, and downwind distance. Both MMD and geometric standard deviation (GSD) in the downwind plume decrease with an increase in downwind distance and source MMD. The larger the source MMD, the greater the change in the downwind MMD and GSD. Also, the greater the distance from the source to the sampler, the greater the change in the downwind MMD and GSD. Variations of the PSD in the downwind plume significantly impact PM, sampling errors associated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM10 samplers. For the emission sources with MMD > 10 mu m, the PM10 oversampling rate increases with an increase in downwind distance caused by the decrease of GSD of the PSD in the downwind plume. Gravitational settling of particles does not help reduce the oversampling problems associated with the EPA PM10 sampler. Furthermore, oversampling rates decrease with an increase of the wind speed.

A dynamic flow-through chamber system was designed to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter and to investigate the responses of ammonia emissions to litter moisture content under laboratory-controlled conditions. It was observed that ammonia emissions from litter were very sensitive to litter moisture content. As water was added to the litter, the total ammoniac nitrogen content (TAN) in the litter increased, and can potentially increase ammonia emissions. However, measurements of ammonia concentrations in the chamber and total nitrogen losses from litter samples all suggested that water applied to the litter also had an effect of suppressing ammonia emissions for a short time. After enough time (1 to 2 weeks) was allowed, higher moisture content in litter eventually resulted in higher ammonia emissions. It was also noticed that, at very high litter moisture content, even when more time was allowed, ammonia concentrations began to decrease as moisture content further increased.

This paper reports some preliminary efforts to evaluate effects of various influencing factors on ammonia emissions from broiler (meat chicken) houses, and to develop mathematical emission model(s) so that ammonia emissions can be predicted under given conditions. A statistical model was developed based on measurements of ammonia emissions from broiler litter in a dynamic flow-through chamber system. The model inputs include the litter total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content, litter pH value, litter moisture content, litter carbon content, the mass transfer coefficient and ventilation rate. Under the designed operating condition, the mass transfer coefficient has been estimated to have an average value of 8.59 m/h. The model results showed that ammonia emission flux increased with increasing litter TKN content, pH, litter moisture content, mass transfer coefficient and ventilation rate (air flow rate), and decreased with increasing litter carbon content. The model was most sensitive to litter pH value than to other input variables.

This paper reports experimental study of three measurement techniques in ammoniaemission measurement. Thermo Environmental Instruments (TEI) chemiluminescence ammoniaanalyzer, boric acid scrubber, and litter nitrogen mass balance approach were applied in this broilerlitter ammonia emission study to derive emission fluxes. Litter samples at ages of one-year, twoyear,four-year, five-flock, eight-flock and twelve-flock were treated to different moisture contentlevels and were tested simultaneously by TEI and wet scrubber system. In the meantime, thesamples were also analyzed for total nitrogen contents at the beginning and ending of each test forconducting mass balance analyses. TEI measurements of ammonia concentrations were constantlyhigher than scrubber measurements. However, results by these two methods have a strong linearrelationship. Litter nitrogen mass balance approach yielded the highest emission flux while scrubberdata produced the lowest emission flux among three techniques.