This study rigorously assessed the efficacy of gas-permeable membrane (GPM) technologies in recovering ammonia from landfill leachate, focusing on polypropylene (PP) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes within in-situ (INS) and shell-tube (ST) configurations. The research spanned an array of determinants, including influencing factors, sustained operational efficiency, fouling dynamics, and recovery product purity. It was established that the INS-ePTFE configuration demonstrated formidable recovery capabilities and durable performance after fouling cleaning, with ammonia removal efficiency resurging to its initial state and stabilizing at 93 % post-maintenance. In contrast, the ST-PP configuration experienced an unrecoverable drop in removal efficiency to 83 %. Fouling analysis indicated that ePTFE membranes retained structural stability against organic and inorganic deposition, with humic substances and metal carbonates as predominant constituents. Conversely, PP membranes exhibited a decline in hydrophobic properties and structural integrity upon contamination. Furthermore, pH elevation significantly enhanced ammonia nitrogen mass transfer coefficients without increasing osmotic water transfer in INS systems. The INS system also showed promise for synergistic phosphorus recovery within the pH of 9 to 10. Then, NO3-, SO42- and humic acid did not impede ammonia translocation, whereas a 1.5 % mass fraction of Ca2+ incurred a roughly 30 % reduction in ammonia mass transfer coefficients across each system. The recovery of high purity (NH4)2SO4 attested to the exceptional retention capabilities of GPMs for organics and ions, with rejection rates surpassing 99.6 %. The comprehensive analysis underscored the operational superiority of the INS-ePTFE configuration in ammonia recovery.

Microplastics have become ubiquitous in the environment due to the uncontrolled usage of plastic products. During their migration, microorganisms colonize their surface, forming what is known as plastisphere. The presence of human pathogenic bacteria on the plastisphere presents new opportunities for the spread of diseases during its extensive migration. Additionally, the plastisphere has been found to adsorb significant amounts of antibiotics from the environment, serving as a breeding ground for antibiotic resistance genes, posing significant risks to global antimicrobial medicine. Furthermore, plastisphere has the capability to adsorb heavy metals and co-select for co-resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals, exacerbating the complexity and persistence of antibacterial genes. Finally, various emerging pollutants, prevalent in the environment, may enhance the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. Nevertheless, research on the genetic mechanisms, transmission properties, and environmental risks of co-resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals in microplastics is still in its infancy and requires comprehensive exploration.

Sulfide produced from sewers is considered one of the dominant threats to public health and sewer lifespan due to its toxicity and corrosiveness. In this study, we developed an environmentally friendly strategy for gaseous sulfide control by enriching indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) from sewer sediment. Ceramics acted as bio-carriers for immobilizing SOB for practical use in a lab-scale sewer reactor. 16 S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the SOB consortium was successfully enriched, with Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes occupying a dominant abundance of 64.7% in the microbial community. Metabolic pathway analysis in different acclimatization stages indicates that microorganisms could convert thiosulfate and sulfide into elemental sulfur after enrichment and immobilization. A continuous experiment in lab-scale sewer reactors confirmed an efficient result for sulfide removal with hydrogen sulfide reduction of 43.9% and 85.1% under high-sulfur load and lowsulfur load conditions, respectively. This study shed light on the promising application for sewer sulfide control by biological sulfur oxidation strategy.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential of CMs-dominated DIET in the degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants in AD. The review covers the mechanisms and efficiencies of recalcitrant organic pollutant degradation by CMs-dominated DIET, the comparison of degradation pathways between DIET and chemical treatment, recent insights on DIET-enhanced degradation, and the evaluation of the potential and future development of CMs-dominated DIET. The review emphasizes the importance of coupled syntrophic microorganisms, electron flux, and physicochemical properties of CMs in enhancing the degradation performance of AD. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of DIET-led syntrophic metabolism over traditional oxidation technologies in terms of environmental friendliness and efficiency. Finally, the review acknowledges the potential risks associated with introducing CMs into AD systems and provides guidance for waste treatment and energy recovery.

Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) stimulated by conductive materials (CMs) enables intercellular metabolic coupling that can address the unfavorable thermodynamical dilemma inherent in anaerobic digestion (AD). Although the DIET mechanism and stimulation have been extensively summarized, the methanogenesis contribution, characterization techniques, and downstream processes of CMs-led DIET in AD are surprisingly under-reviewed. Therefore, this review aimed to address these gaps. First, the contribution of CMs-led DIET to methanogenesis was re-evaluated by comparing the effect of various factors, including volatile fatty acids, free ammonia, and functional enzymes. It was revealed that AD systems are usually intricate and cannot allow the methanogenesis stimulation to be singularly attributed to the establishment of DIET. Additionally, considerable attention has been attached to the characterization of DIET occurrence, involving species identification, gene expression, electrical properties, cellular features, and syntrophic metabolism, suggesting the significance of accurate characterization methods for identifying the syntrophic metabolism interactions. Moreover, the type of CMs has a significant impact on AD downstream processes involving biogas purity, sludge dewaterability, and biosolids management. Finally, the central bottleneck consists in building a mathematical model of DIET to explain the mechanism of DIET in a deeper level from kinetics and thermodynamics.

Multivalent ion storage mechanism is applied to construct high-performance aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs). The constructed MnO2 nanorods//activated carbon (AC) ZHSs with ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte are significantly different from the common MnO2//AC asymmetric supercapacitors with Na2SO4 electrolyte in electrochemical behaviors and energy storage mechanism. The ZHSs show the maximum specific capacity of 54.1 mA h g(-1) and maximum energy density of 34.8Wh kg(-1) at the optimal mass ratio of AC to MnO2. The ZHSs are capable of being charged/discharged rapidly within only 2-17 s, delivering a large power of 3.3-13.0 kW kg(-1). Reversible insertion/extraction of Zn2+ into/from MnO2 nanorods and ion adsorption/desorption on AC particle surface, as well as partially reversible formation/dissolution of Zn-4(OH)(6)SO4 center dot nH(2)O participates on both electrodes, are established as the energy storage mechanism of the ZHSs. Electrochemical performance of the ZHSs can be further optimized through electrolyte composition regulation. Addition of Mn2+ cations into ZnSO4 electrolyte leads to significantly enhanced energy density (58.6Wh kg-1) of the ZHSs, while anion replacement of SO42- by CF3SO3-suppresses manganese dissolution and Zn-4(OH)(6)SO4 center dot nH(2)O formation, thus resulting in good cycling stability with 93.4% capacity retention over 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Overall, the ZHSs based on multivalent ion storage are promising to be applied as high-performance, extremely safe and eco-friendly energy storage devices for wearable/portable electronics and hybrid electric vehicles.

Multivalent ion storage mechanism is applied to construct high-performance aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs). The constructed MnO2 nanorods//activated carbon (AC) ZHSs with ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte are significantly different from the common MnO2//AC asymmetric supercapacitors with Na2SO4 electrolyte in electrochemical behaviors and energy storage mechanism. The ZHSs show the maximum specific capacity of 54.1 mA h g(-1) and maximum energy density of 34.8Wh kg(-1) at the optimal mass ratio of AC to MnO2. The ZHSs are capable of being charged/discharged rapidly within only 2-17 s, delivering a large power of 3.3-13.0 kW kg(-1). Reversible insertion/extraction of Zn2+ into/from MnO2 nanorods and ion adsorption/desorption on AC particle surface, as well as partially reversible formation/dissolution of Zn-4(OH)(6)SO4 center dot nH(2)O participates on both electrodes, are established as the energy storage mechanism of the ZHSs. Electrochemical performance of the ZHSs can be further optimized through electrolyte composition regulation. Addition of Mn2+ cations into ZnSO4 electrolyte leads to significantly enhanced energy density (58.6Wh kg-1) of the ZHSs, while anion replacement of SO42- by CF3SO3-suppresses manganese dissolution and Zn-4(OH)(6)SO4 center dot nH(2)O formation, thus resulting in good cycling stability with 93.4% capacity retention over 5000 charge/discharge cycles. Overall, the ZHSs based on multivalent ion storage are promising to be applied as high-performance, extremely safe and eco-friendly energy storage devices for wearable/portable electronics and hybrid electric vehicles.

将两款商业化石墨烯材料用于超级电容器中,考察材料的结构特性及应用方式对超级电容器性能的影响.结果 表明:对于高比表面积石墨烯材料,因堆叠团聚问题导致板片过于致密,影响电解液渗透和有效利用面积,因此单独作为活性材料使用不能带来性能提升.而高电导率、比表面积适中的石墨烯材料,则适合作为活性炭电极的导电添加剂,可促进电荷传输和电解液离子扩散,提高电极比电容和功率特性;在0.5A/g电流密度下,该电极在有机电解液中的比电容值可达64.7F/g,即使在4A/g的高倍率条件下,性能相比低倍率也未出现明显下降,综合表现优于纯活性炭材料制作的电极.

The storage capacity or capacitance of a material could be enhanced significantly by replacing univalent ion with multivalent ion in the energy storage field. However, the mechanism of the enhancement is unknown. Here, we dedicate to understand the origin of the enhancement on the storage capacity of multivalent ions over univalent ions. The experimental results show that the specific capacitance and charge-discharge rate of α-MnO2 are doubled by using Ca2+ cation to replace Na+ cation in the electrolyte as the energy storage medium. The First-principles calculations are used for a further understanding for the enhancement on the capacity, charge rate and the insertion mechanism. The given number of cations (two Na+ or Ca2+ ions) can be preferably stabled in one α-MnO2 unit cell to decrease the irreversible tetragonal-orthorhombic deformation caused by John-Teller effect. Because the insertion of Ca2+ triggers double electron transfer than Na+, the capacity and charge-discharge rate of α-MnO2 using Ca2+ cation as storage medium are doubled. The result pave a path to understand the enhancement on the storage capacity by replacing the univalent ions (such as Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) with multivalent ions (such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, etc.).

随着社会发展,超级电容器需求日益增加,对不同种类超级电容器集流体的研究十分重要.本文选用一种商业化涂炭箔作为超级电容器的集流体,通过对比光箔和腐蚀箔,研究了集流体种类对超级电容器性能的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了不同箔材的作用机理.结果表明:使用涂炭箔集流体的电极比使用其他两种集流体的电极具有更高的比电容值(电流密度为0.5 A/g),而且循环稳定性良好.涂炭箔表面为颗粒碳与片层碳的混合包覆结构,该结构可以从两方面提高超级电容器的性能:一方面涂炭箔可以提高电极材料在集流体上的附着力,抑制电极材料脱落,增加活性物质的利用率;另一方面涂炭箔可以增强电极中的电荷传导,所制作电极的电极阻抗与放电电压降相对更小,功率特性明显优于其他箔制作的电极.

以高锰酸钾和硫酸锰为原料,在室温利用液相共沉淀法合成了前驱体,后将前驱体在400℃空气气氛下热处理得到了α-MnO2纯相.通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段,研究了α-MnO2在近中性ZnSO4溶液中的首次放电过程中物相的变化.根据物相变化结果,我们发现在Zn|ZnSO4|MnO2电池体系中α-MnO2既能与锌离子发生嵌入反应,又能与质子发生转化反应,锌离子嵌入反应的理论电动势比质子转化反应要高,锌离子嵌入反应先于质子转换反应发生.

Zn-ion batteries have been widely investigated due to their low cost, high safety and eco-friendliness. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of oxides (MoO3, TiO2, and Fe3O4), sulfides (MoS2, WS2, and MnS) and borides (TiB2 and ZrB2) in zinc ion battery systems. It is found that MnS is a good alternative cathode material with a reversible capacity of 221 mA h g-1, while the other materials show different behaviours.