Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) was tested as an assistive device for drivers with an acquired brain injury (ABI). The study was part of the "Pay as You Speed" project (PAYS) and used the same equipment and technology as the main study (Lahrmann et al., in press-a, in press-b). Two drivers with ABI were recruited as subjects and had ISA equipment installed in their private vehicle. Their speed was logged with ISA equipment for a total of 30 weeks of which 12 weeks were with an active ISA user interface (6 weeks = Baseline 1; 12 weeks = ISA period; 12 weeks = Baseline 2). The subjects participated in two semi-structured interviews concerning their strategies for driving with ABI and for driving with ISA. Furthermore, they gave consent to have data from their clinical journals and be a part of the study. The two subjects did not report any instances of being distracted or confused by ISA, and in general they described driving with ISA as relaxed. ISA reduced the percentage of the total distance that was driven with a speed above the speed limit (PDA), but the subjects relapsed to their previous PDA level in Baseline 2. This suggests that ISA is more suited as a permanent assistive device (i.e. cognitive prosthesis) than as a temporary training device. As ABI is associated with a multitude of cognitive deficits, we developed a conceptual framework, which focused on the cognitive parameters that have been shown to relate to speeding behaviour, namely "intention to speed" and "inattention to speeding". The subjects' combined status on the two independent parameters made up their "speeding profile". A comparison of the speeding profiles and the speed logs indicated that ISA in the present study was more efficient in reducing inattention to speeding than affecting intention to speed. This finding suggests that ISA might be more suited for some neuropsychological profiles than for others, and that customisation of ISA for different neuropsychological profiles may be required. However, further studies with more subjects are needed in order to be conclusive on these issues. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

To simulate a market introduction of Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) and to study the effect of a Pay as You Speed (PAYS) concept, a field trial with 153 drivers was conducted during 2007-2009. The participants drove under PAYS conditions for a shorter or a longer period. The PAYS concept consisted of informative ISA linked with economic incentive for not speeding, measured through automatic count of penalty points whenever the speed limit was exceeded. The full incentive was set to 30% of a participant's insurance premium. The participants were exposed to different treatments, with and without incentive crossed with informative ISA present or absent. The results showed that ISA is an efficient tool for reducing speeding particularly on rural roads. The analysis of speed data demonstrated that the proportion of distance driven above the speed where the ISA equipment responded (PDA) was a sensitive measure for reflecting the effect of ISA, whereas mean free flow speed and the 85th percentile speed, were less sensitive to ISA effects. The PDA increased a little over time but still remained at a low level; however, when ISA was turned off, the participants' speeding relapsed to the baseline level. Both informative ISA and incentive ISA reduced the PDA, but there was no statistically significant interaction. Informative reduced it more than the incentive.

The Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project we describe in this article is based on Pay as You Drive principles. These principles assume that the ISA equipment informs a driver of the speed limit, warns the driver when speeding and calculates penalty points. Each penalty point entails the reduction of a 30% discount on the driver's car insurance premium, which therefore produced the name, Pay as You Speed. The ISA equipment consists of a GPS-based On Board Unit with a mobile phone connection to a web server. The project was planned for a three-year test period with 300 young car drivers, but it never succeeded in recruiting that number of drivers. After several design changes, the project eventually went forward with 153 test drivers of all ages. This number represents approximately one thousandth of all car owners in the proving ground of North Jutland in Denmark. Furthermore the project was terminated before its scheduled closing date. This article describes the project with an emphasis on recruitment efforts and the project's progress. We include a discussion of possible explanations for the failure to recruit volunteers for the project and reflect upon the general barriers to using ISA with ordinary drivers.

This study is a part of an ongoing ISA project in Denmark. Its aim was to clarify two human factors issues, (1) the difference in attitude between ISA-volunteers and non-volunteers, and (2) the relative impact on speeding of two factors, ISA-information and driver motivation. The first part of the study compared survey data from ISA-volunteers with those of non-volunteers. The two groups differed in their judgement of ISA features and anticipated effects of driving with ISA, whereas no differences were found in judgement of speed limits, attitude to speeding or reported driving style. The second part of the study was a driving experiment in which two factors, informative ISA and an economic incentive for not speeding, were manipulated between groups of volunteers. A control group had ISA switched off and received insurance discount independent of their speeding. This group did not reduce their speeding in the experiment period, whereas another group, also with ISA switched off but with insurance discount dependent on their speeding reduced their speeding by a small amount. Two groups, both driving with ISA switched on showed a substantial reduction in their speeding. The effect of informative ISA alone was substantial, which presumably prevented a further gain from combining ISA information with the incentive.

The driving behaviour of participants in the Danish Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project 'Pay as You Speed' (PAYS) is described. The project is the first ISA project based on Pay as You Drive principles. Thus, the ISA equipment both notifies the driver that he/she is speeding ('information') and applies penalty points which decrease the driver's chance of a potential 30% discount on the cost of his/her automobile insurance ('incentive'). The results presented are based on the first 38 of 180 participants. The key result is that the combination of 'information' and 'incentive' almost eliminated speeding on rural roads while significant reductions in speeding were found also for urban roads and to some extent motorways. On roads with speed limits of 50, 80 and 110 km/h the proportion of distance travelled when speeding was reduced significantly. No significant results were found for motorways with speed limits of 130 km/h. In a future paper the final results from 'PAYS' will be presented.

This article describes the “Pay as You Speed” project being conducted by Aalborg University in Denmark. The project involves Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) equipment comprised of an On Board Unit (OBU) that receives Global Positioning System (GPS) information and a digital speed map. An LCD display unit shows the actual speed limits, while a voice warns the driver when speeding occurs. Penalty points relating to the degree of speeding that takes place and the ensuing insurance consequence are detailed. The article also discusses the effect of ISA information and the associated economic incentives.

med Intelligent Farttilpasning (ISA) har i det seneste arti vaeret gennemfort i og udenfor Danmark. Det forste danske projekt af denne type, INFATI-projektet, blev gennemfort i Nordjylland i perioden 1998-2001 og viste lovende resultater. Det igangvaerende ISA-projekt, Spar pa Farten (SPF) er en kvantitativ og kvalitativ videreudvikling af INFATI-projektets teknik og ide. SPF er et resultat af et omfattende arbejde med at udarbejde digitale hastighedskort for hele Nordjylland samt udvikling af teknologi for kontinuerlig positionsbestemmelse af koretojer pa vejnettet. SPF retter sig specielt til unge bilister i Nordjylland, der tilbydes en rabat pa deres bilforsikring pa 30 % forudsat at de ikke overskrider hastighedsgraensen. Den kombinerede brug af ISA-udstyr og incitament (forsikringsrabat) er ny. Derfor er der i forbindelse med projektet gennemfort et fuldskalaforsog der skal belyse betydningen af henholdsvis ISA-information og incitament for de unge deltageres hastighedsvalg i forsogsperioden. Her praesenteres de forste resultater, der omfatter hastighedsdata fra 38 unge forsogsbilister i projektets forste 3 maneder samt resultater af en sporgeskemaundersogelse, der blev besvaret af unge deltagere i SPF-projektet og af unge bilister, der fik tilbud om at deltage, men ikke onskede det. Sporgeskemaundersogelsen skal belyse den mulige forskel i baggrund og holdning mellem deltagere og ikke-deltagere i SPF-projektet. De forste resultater tyder pa, at bade ISA- information og kombinationen af ISA-information med incitament medforer en betragtelig reduktion i andelen af kilometer, hvor bilisten overskrider den gaeldende hastighedsgraense. Effekten er saerligt udtalt ved en hastighedsgraense pa 80 km/t. Det er den hastighedsgraense, der normalt overskrides oftest og som bilister, bade i denne og tidligere undersogelser, finder mindst acceptabel. Desuden er landeveje den vejtype, hvor flest alvorlige uheld indtraeffer. Trods den korte forsogsperiode og det lille antal deltagere viser disse forste resultater endnu engang positiv effekt af intelligent farttilpasning.

The paper describes an Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project in Denmark based on pay-as-you-drive principles, which means that the ISA equipment both gives a warning when the driver is speeding but also gives penaltypoints which reduce a promised discount of 30 % on the insurance rate. AnOn Board Unit (OBU) for ISA was developed with a mobile telephone (GPRS) connection to a web server, an advanced map matching program, and an air based map update function. A speed map was developed for 22,000 km of roads, including a web based maintaining tool. The project will proceed in a three year test period with the aim of involving 300 car drivers as participants in the project. There are some very promising preliminary results from the first 3 months of driving, e.g. showing that the percentage speedingmore than 5 km/h on 80km/h roads is reduced from 28% to 2%. For the covering abstract see ITRD E140665.

The present study is a part of the ISA PAYD project being conducted in the County of North Jutland, Denmark. The first part of the study compared background data and attitudes between young ISA-volunteers and non-volunteers. Volunteers and non- volunteers differed only with respect to their judgement of ISA effects. The second part of the study compared effects of ISA on speeding for ISA-volunteers exposed to different combinations of informative ISA and incentives e.g. speed dependent insurance discounts. Comparisons of amount speeding between treatment groups showed that ISA in combination with incentives and ISA alone reduced speeding, incentive without ISA had some effect on speeding whereas the control group, which neither had ISA or incentives continued to speed throughout an observation period of 18 weeks.

The paper describes an Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project in Denmark called Spar på Farten. The project is based on Pay As You Drive principles, which means that the ISA equipment both gives a warning when the driver is speeding but also gives penalty points which reduce a promised bonus of 30 % on the insurance rate. In the project we have devel- oped an On Board Unit (OBU) for ISA with mobile telephone (GPRS) connection to a web server, an advanced map matching program, and an air based map update function. We have developed a speed map for 22,000 km roads, including a web based maintaining tool. The project will proceed in a three year test period with the goal to involve 300 car drivers as participants in the project, and we have some very promising preliminary results from the first 3 months of driving, e.g. showing that the percentage speeding more than 5 km/h on 80 km roads is reduced from 28% to 2%. Until now 90 OBU are installed. INTRODUCTION Europe's grim road accident statistics compelled the European Commission in 2001 to set a target of halving the number of road deaths in Europe by 2010, but still in 2005 41,000 peo- ple were killed and 1.7 million were severely injured in the 1.3 million accidents that oc- curred only on Europe's roads. To achieve this ambitious goal of the European Commission the efforts to prevent the accident from occurring in the first place has been increased. Intel- ligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) and other ITS-systems will certainly be a key factor to achieve the target. (1). ISA is a general term for systems that establish the geospatial position of a car, compare its current position and speed with a digital road map which includes the local speed limits, and it prompts the driver if the speed limit is exceeded. The prompting can take various forms; it can be as a visual and/or audio signal; ISA can register the speed limit violation in an on- board car computer; there can be a built in resistance in the accelerator when the speed limit is exceeded; and eventually it can be made impossible to exceed the speed limit. The differ- ent ISA-systems can be classified as informative, advisory, recording, or intervening systems (2). In the last 10 years many ISA projects in several European countries have shown the poten- tial of ISA. The large-scale Swedish trials in Borlänge, Lidköping, Lund and Umeå during

Forsøg med Intelligent Farttilpasning (ISA) har i det seneste årti været gennemført i og udenfor Danmark. Det første danske projekt af denne type, INFATI-projektet, blev gennemført i Nordjylland i perioden 1998-2001 og viste lovende resultater. Det igangværende ISA-projekt, Spar på Farten (SPF) er en kvantitativ og kvalitativ videreudvikling af INFATI-projektets teknik og ide. SPF er et resultat af et omfattende arbejde med at udarbejde digitale hastighedskort for hele Nordjylland samt udvikling af teknologi for kontinuerlig positionsbestemmelse af køretøjer på vejnettet. SPF retter sig specielt til unge bilister i Nordjylland, der tilbydes en rabat på deres bilforsikring på 30 % forudsat at de ikke overskrider hastighedsgrænsen. Den kombinerede brug af ISA-udstyr og incitament (forsikringsrabat) er ny. Derfor er der i forbindelse med projektet gennemført et fuldskalaforsøg der skal belyse betydningen af henholdsvis ISA-information og incitament for de unge deltageres hastighedsvalg i forsøgsperioden. Her præsenteres de første resultater, der omfatter hastighedsdata fra 38 unge forsøgsbilister i projektets første 3 måneder samt resultater af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse, der blev besvaret af unge deltagere i SPF-projektet og af unge bilister, der fik tilbud om at deltage, men ikke ønskede det. Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen skal belyse den mulige forskel i baggrund og holdning mellem deltagere og ikke-deltagere i SPF-projektet. De første resultater tyder på, at både ISA- information og kombinationen af ISA-information med incitament medfører en betragtelig reduktion i andelen af kilometer, hvor bilisten overskrider den gældende hastighedsgrænse. Effekten er særligt udtalt ved en hastighedsgrænse på 80 km/t. Det er den hastighedsgrænse, der normalt overskrides oftest og som bilister, både i denne og tidligere undersøgelser, finder mindst acceptabel. Desuden er landeveje den vejtype, hvor flest alvorlige uheld indtræffer. Trods den korte forsøgsperiode og det lille antal deltagere viser disse første resultater endnu engang positiv effekt af intelligent farttilpasning.

Speed Adaptation (ISA) has proved successful at reducing the speed of normal drivers. However, until now the potential of ISA as an assistive device has been neglected. Two case studies were conducted to test ISA as a support for drivers with acquired brain injury (ABI) in driving with appropriate speed and thereby releasing capacity for other aspects of driving. The participants were two persons with ABI, who had retained their driving licenses. They were interviewed about their driving strategies before installation of ISA, and about their experience driving with ISA after the test period. The effect of ISA on the participants' speed is analyzed and combined with their evaluation of the utility of ISA. The results suggest that with further customisation ISA may be a suitable cognitive prosthesis for drivers with ABI, but with some reservations towards certain deficits.

The driving behavior among participants in the Danish Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project Spar paa Farten is described in this paper. The project is the first ISA project based on Pay As You Drive principles. It means that the ISA equipment both gives a warning if the driver is speeding but also gives penalty points which reduce a potential 30% discount on the car insurance. The results are based on the first 38 of planned 300 participants. The key result is that the combination of information and incentive almost eliminates speeding.