Recently, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on sulfate radical (SO4 center dot-) using sulfite has received increasing concerns. Metal-free activation of sulfite is still in urgent demands from the perspective of cleaner production since the reported efficient systems containing sulfite has been relied on the transition metals. In this work, methylene blue (MB+), a well-known photosensitizer and thiazine dye contaminant, was utilized to activate sulfite for the efficient photooxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) under visible light (LED lamps with wavelength 640 nm) and sunlight, respectively. The initial oxidation rates of 5-40 mu M As(III) are 28-folde116-fold as that of the decolorization of 0.27 mu M MB+ with 50 mu M sulfite at pH 7.3. The maximum stoichiometric ratio MB+: As(III): sulfite was obtained to be 1 : 142: 247, suggesting an efficient utilization of both MB+ and sulfite as waste resources. The electrical energy per order (EE/O) index was calculated to be 1.83 x 10(-3) kWh L-1 for the visible light-MB+-sulfite system, which is much less than those reported systems. Oxysulfur radicals (mainly peroxymonosulfate radical, SO5 center dot-) produced in this photochemical system are responsible for As(III) oxidation. The other two common thiazine dyes (thionine and Azure B) are also capable of activating sulfite for As(III) oxidation due to the same chromophores. Thus the novel strategy of using waste sulfite and the thiazine dyes is promising for As(III) oxidation under sunlight, with which low-concentration wastes of thiazine dye and sulfite can be utilized to achieve the goal of cleaner production. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In recent years, as a novel financing mechanism, crowdfunding has gained popularity worldwide. In China, Crowdfunding started in 2011 and has experienced extremely fast growth since then. Several studies have identified success factors for crowdfunding. While these studies help infer the dynamics of crowdfunding, such dynamics have not been sufficiently examined, particularly by large-scale empirical studies. In addition, the relationship between crowdfunding market characteristics and project funding success remains fuzzy. In this research, we first empirically assessed the effect of crowdfunding success factors using a large sample ( N = 5128) collected from Taobao.com , a leading crowdfunding platform in China. Built upon these factors, we conducted a multi-period, multi-party simulation study that evaluate crowdfund raisers’ project positioning decisions and investors’ project funding decision in a massive market. In the simulation study, we varied market characteristics such as the number of projects, number of investors per project, entrepreneurs’ moral risk, and ratio of community over financial benefits, to observe their effect on participants’ decisions and consequently, project funding success rate. Results reveal that dynamics of a crowdfunding market are rather complex. These insights contribute to a more in-depth theoretical understanding of crowdfunding, as well as provide useful guidance for crowdfund raisers, investors, and administrators.

Crowdfunding is an emerging international financial activity often performed via internet mediated platform. With the rapid growth of this financial system, rising risks would influence participant’s decision making. In this study, we examine the process of a typical crowdfunding activity, pre-ordering pledging as well as its coming risks. Based on the analysis, we combine Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) and General Bass Model (GBM) to build decision-making models for pre-ordering pledging theoretically where risk factors are taken into account. Finally, evolutionary game simulation system is built to simulate the dynamic decision-making behavior in a risk changing environments. The simulation results demonstrate that the currency exchange rate give great impact on international participant’s decision-making behavior in crowdfunding. Low exchange rate brings less investment decision from the investor and high exchange rate leads to overheated investment which challenges funder’s diligence. Project system risk may infest the participant’s decisions-making process and cause ambiguity at the end. Limitation and managerial suggestions are discussed.

In the subprime crisis era, China's economy needs sustainable development. Sustainable entrepreneurship is regarded as the main power for sustainability while shortage of funds extremely restricts the development of sustainable entrepreneurship. Crowdfunding, as a financing platform on the Internet, provides a new solution for sustainable entrepreneurship project to raise money. This paper focuses on the sustainable entrepreneurship projects rely on technology in crowdfunding. We choose totally 63 cases from U.S. and China to carry out the bench analysis in order to find out the critical success factors of sustainable entrepreneurship projects pledging as well as figure out the relationships among each indicator. The statistics analysis of the cases indicates that public opinion and brand effect significant influence the sustainable crowdfunding. The amount of money raised in Chinese sustainable crowdfunding only relies on the number of backers. Furthermore, in order to investigate the social and economic effect on sustainable crowdfunding in China, we build a system dynamic model to simulate the development of sustainable crowdfunding and the influence of government policies. The simulation results show that policy combinations can effectively promote the crowdfunding, which attract more sustainable entrepreneurs to provide sustainable products/services. This in turn promotes the sustainable development and social-economic benefits in China. According to the findings, managerial suggestions and future works are discussed.

In this study, Orange II, a typical and stable azo dye, was chosen as the target pollutant. The works on the decolorization of Orange II become more practical, due to its high chroma, potential carcinogenic effects and the difficulty of degradation. Orange II (10 mg·L -1 ) was efficiently decolorized at initial pH about 6 with an efficiency of 84% by Fe(II)-sulfite complexes after 60 min. As the initial concentration of sulfite ranged from 0.6 mmol·L -1 to 1.5 mmol·L -1 and the initial concentration of ferrous ranged from 0.1 mmol·L -1 to 0.5 mmol·L -1 , the decolorization rate of Orange II increased gradually. Without UV-Vis irradiation, the initial decolorization rates of Orange II by Fe(II)-sulfite complexes increased as the initial concentration of Orange II increased from 2 mg·L -1 to 20 mg·L -1 , thus following pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Consequently, Orange II could be effectively decolorized at near-neutral pH (5-7) by Fe(II)-sulfite system, thus having more advantages for water treatment. But further study is needed for reaction mechanism and improving mineralization rate of organic pollutants and pratical applicability.

This paper conducts a case statistics analysis of 199 mega-accidents in electrical engineering that occurred in China to examine the causes of the accidents. The paper carries out a classification of the mega-accidents in electrical engineering, and conducts a three-dimensional analysis of the accident risk in electrical engineering. In the three-dimensional of material, organization and individual layers, the dispersion of accidents has certain characteristics. This paper provides analytical support to electrical engineering management and accident prevention, and carries out a typical case analysis.

A kind of electrothermal concrete pavement is prepared using carbon black lightweight aggregate concrete as the surface layer, which has high electrical conductivity. The designed pavement model is tested in a simulated low-temperature environment. The relationship between the input electrical power and the temperature rising is observed. Studies have shown that at the same environmental temperature and the same period, the larger input power is applied, the higher temperature of the surface is obtained. As the thickness of the ice on the pavement is no more than 3mm and the ambient temperature are -10 ~-5°C, -15~-10°C, and -20~-15°C respectively, to meet the basic requirements of deicing, the electric power should be 400 W/m2, 500 W/m2, 600 W/m2 respectively. The electrical resistance of carbon black lightweight aggregate concrete keeps stable during the whole test. Thus, the electric power is stable.