In modern Industrial era the demand for electricity is increasing exponentially with each passing day. Distribution transformer is the most vital component for efficient and reliable distribution and utilization of electrical energy. With the increased demand in energy it has become essential for utilities to expand the capacity of their distribution networks significantly resulting in tremendous increase in demand of distribution transformers of various ratings. So the economic optimization by minimizing the mass of distribution transformer is of critical importance. This research paper focuses on the global minimization of the cost function of 3- phase core type oil immersed distribution transformer. The methodology used in this research work is based on nonlinear constrained optimization of the cost function subjected to various nonlinear equality and inequality constraints. The non-linear mathematical model comprising of the cost function and a set of constraints has been implemented successfully by using Mathematica software which provides a very robust and reliable computational tool for constrained nonlinear optimization that ensures the solution of the problem to be the global minimum. Finally, based on the above mentioned optimization technique, a 25 kVA 3-phase core type distribution transformer has been designed according to the latest specifications of PEPCO (Pakistan Electric and Power Company). It is found that the innovative optimization technique for transformer design that is developed during this research resulted in considerable cost reduction.

Demand Side Management (DSM) programs consist of the scheduling, planning, executing and monitoring activities of load demand in such a way to ensure the load side management at utilities as well as consumers ' levels. The main objective of DSM is optimizing the utilization of available electricity. In developing countries like Pakistan the importance of DSM has increased significantly due to considerable gap in supply and demand of electricity. With effective use of DSM, this supply-demand gap can be minimized to extensive limits. For this purpose one of the power distribution companies of Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) named as Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO) located in the hub of industrial and commercial zone and also suffering from huge supply-demand gap has been selected as a case study. The complete data in the form of load curves spread over the period of May 2009 - April 2010 has been taken from Regional Control Centre (RCC) of GEPCO. Various DSM techniques have been applied keeping in view the requirement of solution of supply-demand gap and to increase the efficient use of electricity. Literature review reveals that the innovative approach presented in this paper based on Feed Forward Neural Network will really help the energy stake sector holders to overcome this world wide issue. The reason of choosing Neural Network (NN) among the other Artificial Intelligence ( AI) techniques is that the Neural Networks are more suitable for recognition of patterns that consists of crisp mathematical combinations. Proposed innovative technique has been implemented successfully by using the Neural Network toolbox of MATLAB to implement DSM practically which results in a complete plan/schedule to get the desired output. Final results have been shown graphically for better understanding in the form of load curves.

Modern induction furnaces in power distribution network always play pivotal role when connected to the grid stations independently. This paper focuses on indirect consequences caused by distorted current waveform drawn by modern induction furnaces in terms of operational and economic impacts, particularly the derivation of distortion power, extra active power and reactive power in the distribution network, percentage increase in system losses, displacement and true power factor measurement and finally the calculation of extra bill charged from the consumers. Mentioned above parameters have been derived mathematically and simulated in Matlab, which also demonstrate their drift as a function of distance from grid to furnace at 11 kV feeder.

Modern induction furnace draws heavy current with considerable distortion in the current waveform. This heavy distorted current causes distortion in the system voltage. Owing to the insulation limitations at 11 KV line, it is very taxing for modern power quality analyzers to capture the exact distorted voltage waveform. However the distorted waveform of current with high amplitude, drawn by induction furnace, can be captured by these analyzers by virtue of the appropriate CT ratios of their current clamps. By using the FFT of the distorted current waveform, a new mathematical approach using MATLAB has been developed in this paper for the exact modeling of distorted voltage waveform resulted in by distorted current waveform. Finally, this new approach has further been worked out to derive mathematical relation to compute the THDv which also shows its trend as a function of distance between the supply (utility) and Induction furnace load.

Power system analyses and monitoring of power system engineering are as essential as oxygen for human beings. This innovative approach deals with a 132 kV grid simulation in electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP). The existing power distribution system in Pakistan consists of approximately six thousand 11 kV feeders, which are mainly analyzed by software FDR-ANA (Feeder Analyses). This software does not have capability to provide comprehensive analyses for integrated power system. The case under study is 132 kV grid situated in Gujranwala electric power company (GEPCO), one of the distribution companies (DISCO’s) of Pakistan electric power company (PEPCO) which has been selected for comprehensive analyses using ETAP software. This software performs numerical calculations of large integrated power system with fabulous speed, besides generating output reports. In a developing country like Pakistan it is first time that analyses based Off-line monitoring has been made, which includes load flow, harmonic, transient, short circuit and ground grid analyses. In load flow analysis, current flowing in every branch, power factor, active and reactive power flow, line losses, voltage magnitude with angle etc. have been calculated. During harmonic analysis, distorted current and voltage waveforms along with their harmonic spectrum caused by non-linear loads have been recorded. Transient analysis has been performed to record different waveforms like variation in bus frequency, bus real power loading, bus voltage angle, and bus reactive power loading for short interval of time during transient conditions. In ground grid modeling, step, and touch potentials have been calculated in comparison with set standards. While performing short circuit analysis, all the possible short circuit faults like line to ground, double line to ground, 3-phase faults etc. on ½ cycle, 1.5 to 4 cycle, and 30 cycle networks have been performed to record the short circuit currents. These analyses have been executed using ETAP software, based upon historical data obtained from original system that will be very helpful for system security and reliability.